Transcript 2014 CWI Europe Problems and Change

Europe
Religion, Colonialism, Changes and
Conflict
Christianity
• Romans
• Allowed the Jews to worship freely, only thing they
cared about was being loyal to Emperor
• Jesus: Christianity is based off his teachings (a lot of
Jewish principles as well)
• Romans feared Jesus, though teachings might cause an
uprising
• Pontius Pilate: Roman governor, arrested Jesus and had
him crucified
• Christians believe that Jesus rose from the dead and
that through faith all believers could be saved.
Christianity
• Romans
• Christianity started to spread slowly throughout the
Roman Empire. Eventually the Roman Empire began to
see it as a threat.
• Christianity became more popular in times of struggle
(wealth and social status also did not matter)
• By 300 AD, Christianity had grown so much that the
Roman Empire was forced to accept Christianity as a
religion.
• Constantine supported Christianity, by 391 AD
Christianity was adapted as the official religion of
Roman Empire.
Christianity
• Roman Religious Structure
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Priest: Local Levels
Bishops: Head of all churches in an large city/area
Pope: Supreme power over all the church
Holy Trinity: Father, Son, Holy Spirit.
Structure resembles the Catholic Church today
A TON of conflict between the power of bishops, popes
and political leaders (Kings, Queens, etc)
Christianity
• Crusades:
• Cause: Muslims from Central Asia gained control of
Palestine (Israel today). Also they threatened Christians
in the Byzantine Empire (Turkey)
• Pope Urban II: Decided to reclaim the holy land
• Over 10,000 Europeans took up this cause of numerous
military expeditions.
• Why did so many people go: Save Souls, gain land and
wealth, make money through trade
Christianity
• 1st Crusade
• French and Italian leaders sent out armies
• Successful in attacking and capturing the holy city of
Jerusalem. (Massacred Jewish and Muslim residents)
• Positive in that it set up trade between Europe and the
Middle East.
• Muslims and Christians lived along side of each other
• Europeans had some control of the Middle East
Christianity
• 2nd Crusade
• The Turks began to unite their forces and took back
cities that the European’s had won
• German and French forces failed to win back Damascus
• 3rd Crusade
• Muslims gained control of Jerusalem
• Red Beard (HRE), Phillip II (France), Richard I (England)
all united to fight back
• Red Beard drowned leading his army, Phillip and
Richard fought with each other….did not win city back
Christianity
• 4th Crusade
• Pope Innocent III organized it
• Italians troops attacked Christian cities of Zadar and
Constantinople
• Children’s Crusades
• Young people from across Europe marched on the Holy Land
to regain it for Christianity.
• Many were killed or sold into slavery
• Results
• Last Crusade ended in 1291 when Muslims captured the city
of Acre
• All but the 1st Crusades were a failure
• Gunpowder, crossbows, etc
• Church became more powerful
• Exchange of goods and ideas boosted trade
Reformation
• Reformation
• Split of the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe
• Why
• People felt the Church was focusing too much on
money and power
• Start
• Independent German states began to do their own
thing religiously.
• Pope Leo X tried to force these states to pay money for
committing a sin….angered a lot of people
Reformation
• Martin Luther
• Monk who was struggling with his personal religious struggle
• Belief: ceremonies and good deeds made no difference in
saving a sinner. Only thing that mattered was inner faith with
God. “Justification by grace through faith”
• He shocked everyone by challenging the Church
• Pope declared him a heretic and kicked him out of Church
• Luther was declared an outlaw and he hid @ the Wartburg
Castle in Eisenach Germany. There he translated the Bible
into German.
• Followers of Luther’s teachings were called Protestants
Spread of Protestantism
• German Issues
• Charles V tried to stop Protestantism from spreading
• He was unsuccessful, each German ruler had the right to
choose the type of Christianity for their state.
• England
• Henry VIII: Created the Anglican Church to get away from
the Roman Catholic Church
• Henry did this because he wanted a divorce because his
wife only gave him a daughter (Mary I). There had never
been a Queen before.
• Pope did not allow the divorce, so Henry VIII formed his
own Church (Anglican Church of England).
• Church kept same practices but did open the door for
Protestantism in England
Calvinism
• John Calvin
• Became the leader of the movement in Switzerland
• Similar to the Protestants in that it relied heavily on faith
and the Bible
• Predestination: God decided who to save @ the beginning
of time.
• Theocracy: Government ruled by a religious leader
• Calvinist: Righteous Living, very strict
• Huguenots: French nobles who began to covert to
Calvinism. Fought Civil Wars with French Catholics for 30
years (1562-1598). Eventually given religious freedom.
European Exploration
• Foundations
• Needed better maps, navigation tools (compass) and
ships to effectively sail to the riches of India and China
• Joint-Stock Companies: helped to fund explorations all
throughout the world.
• Banks began to be more modern (lending, etc)
• European Countries (Spain, Portugal, France, and
England) began to build overseas Empires.
• Mercantilism: countries wanted to get as much gold
and silver possible to have more wealth. A favorable
balance of trade with its colonies would help this.
• Renaissance (curiosity), Religion (freedom), Land and
Fame all led to more people wanted to explore
Portugal
• Explorers
• Prince Henry: Henry the Navigator, sent people around Africa,
looking for gold and trade
• Bartolomeu Dias: Sailed around the Cape of Good Hope
• Vasco da Gama: Sailed to India.
• Opened the door to great wealth for Portugal
• Pedro Cabral: Tried sailing west, landed in Brazil
• Treaty of Tordesillas: Imaginary line that divided Spain’s
conquests from Portugal's
• Also expanded into SE Asia (Sri Lanka, Japan, China)
• Began Slave Trade
• Portugal could not keep up, eventually overrun by Spain
Spain
• Christopher Columbus
• Shorter route to Asia by sailing Westward (Ptolemy and
Marco Polo)
• Made 4 total voyages to the West Indies, believed he
had founded a completely new land.
• Columbian Exchange: Exchange of goods between
products, plants, animals, and even disease
• Made Spain very wealthy
Spain
• Explorers
• Amerigo Vespucci (Italian): Sailed for Spain and Portugal
(America’s namesake)
• Ferdinand Magellan (Portugese): Sailed for Spain, made the
first journey around the world in 1522.
• Ponce De Leon: Florida and Fountain of Youth
• Hernan Cortes: Mexico, captured Aztec leader Montezuma
and destroyed Empire w/ small pox
• Francisco Pizarro: Claimed Ecuador to Chile for Spain,
destroyed thee Incan Empire
• Fore a time the colonies produced great wealth for Spain.
• The Empire was attached a lot by other countries
Dutch
• Early Ties w/ Spain
• The Netherlands were part of Spain’s control. Phillips II
ruined that by treating them poorly b/c of Calvinism
• William of Orange led a successful revolt against
Spanish influence by using guerilla warfare.
• Dutch Exploration
• Dutch were very tolerant of others, always had been
sea going people.
• Dutch East India Trading Company
• Purchased Manhattan Island from natives…NYC
• Dutch were looking to make money, had settlements in
North America, South America and Asia.
Great Britain's Empire
• Summary
• Started during the 1600s, by 1760 Great Britain had the
strongest colonial empire in the world
• Start
• King Henry VII sent John Cabot to explore the west in
1497 (explored Newfoundland and Nova Scotia)
• Elizabeth I: Sent out many explorers (Drake, Hawkins,
Raleigh) that claimed new lands and made the Spanish
mad by pirating their ships.
• Defeating the Spanish Armada gave England confidence
to colonize.
Great Britain’s Empire
• Colonization
• Queen Elizabeth grated a charter to a group known as
the British East India Trading Co…involved with India for
260 years. Most powerful company in world (1700s)
• America
• First looking for Northwest Passage
• Henry Hudson (explored of both Dutch and
English)..never found the Northwest Passage
• First settlements in Jamestown and Plymouth
Changes to GB Empire
• America
• America won its independence in 1781
• Canada
• Canadian settlers wanted more self rule in the early 1800s.
GB just let them have their independence
• Australia
• James Cook claimed the land in 1770 for Australia, GB sent
prisoners to live there.
• Aborigines: Native people to Australia
• All parts of Australia united in 1901.
• New Zealand
• British took control in 1840.
• Maori: Native people of New Zealand
• By 1907 New Zealand had joined the British Empire.
Social Changes
• Bad Living Conditions
• Cities were dirty, unsafe, and unhealthy
• People did not go out alone at night, no police, etc
• Disease was easily able to spread b/c of waste everywhere
• Black Death
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Plague that started from Asian trade routes (1347)
Carried by black rats on ships
Around 25 million people died (1/3 of all Europe population)
People lost faith in God, workers wanted more wages, etc
New Ways of Thinking
• Renaissance
• Philosophical and Artistic Movement.
• Renewed by studying the works of ancient
civilizations..got the idea from the Byzantines during
the Crusades.
• Believed in the power of human reason (thinking)
• Niccolo Machiavelli
• Writer who believed that political rulers should be only
concerned about power and political success
New Ways of Thinking
• Inventions
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Thomas Edison: Light bulb and harnessing electricity
Alexander Graham Bell: Human voice on electrical circuit
Henry Ford, Karl Benz, Etienne Lenoir: Cars
Wilbur and Orville Wright: Airplane
• New Thinkers
• Charles Darwin: Theory of Evolution. Those who survive have the
best natural characteristics to survive.
• Gregor Mendel: Founded Genetics
• Edward Jenner: small pox vaccine (coxpox)
• Louis Pasteur: Pasteurization….found out that bacteria cause illness
• Dmitry Mendeleyev: Classified Elements
• Albert Einstein: German Scientist
New Ways of Thinking
• New Thinkers cont..
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Ivan Pavlov and Sigmund Freud: Psychology
Beethoven: German Composer
James Fennimore Cooper: American Writer
Pyotr Ilich Tchaikovsky: ballets, operas
• Sports
• Became organized and popular during the 1800s.
• Soccer and baseball were some of the earliest
Economic Changes
• Domestic System/Barter
• Old way of doing things were manufacturing took place
within the home. Separate workers would complete
tasks at home..come together to produce final product
• Barter: Trade
• Money Changers were the first bankers. They
exchanged money and gave out loans. Many Jews held
this role in Middle Ages b/c they could not own land
• People also began to invest money
Economic Change
• Industrial Revolution
• Rapid industrial development caused by available land
and natural resources, available money to invest and
available workers.
• Mechanization: Automatic machines (silk spinning first)
• Richard Arkwright: Use of water to power
machine..started the first factory system.
• Demand for cotton increased, England got most from
the Southern United States (4 million to 100 million
pounds per year)
• Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney): machine that cleaned cotton,
made it easier to mass produce it
Economic Changes
• Industrial Revolution
• Water (river power) was unpredictable, tried to harness
steam power (James Watt)
• Bessemer Process: Process to inject air into pure Iron to
remove impurities. This made steel easier to use.
• Charles Goodyear: Vulcanization (made rubber less sticky)
• Robert Fulton: Steam Engine on boat..changed water travel
• Samuel Morse: Morse Code and Telegraph
• Great Britain was the European leader in Industrialization
• Factory System developed a wage system and Middle Class
• Women also began to work more
Economic Changes
• Capitalism
• Economic system where individuals or corporations
control what and how much gets produced (not govts)
• Division of Labor: Economic principle that increased
the rate of production….each person specialized in a
certain job.
• Eli Whitney invented interchangeable parts…machines
that made things that were all alike…easier to fix
• Mass Production: Producing large numbers of identical
items.
• Business began to become corporations (people could
buy stock in them)
Economic Changes
• Supply-Demand
• Item is scarce and has high demand=high prices paid.
When supply goes down, prices rise
• Item is not scarce and has low demand=lower prices paid
• Smith’s Theory: Manufacturers that compete with other
companies must reduce prices to be competitive (but not
too low or they will go out of business).
• System of Free Enterprise (no government control)
Economic Changes
• Conditions:
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Were bad for workers
Humanitarians: People who tried to help (Charles Dickens)
Strikes: effective way to protest working conditions
Unions: organizations created to protect the rights of
workers
Economic Changes
• Socialism
• Some people felt that the laissez-faire approach would not
work (let it be)
• Felt they need to change who owned the means of production
• Means of Production: money and equipment used to produce
and exchange goods (land, RR, mines, factories, stores, banks)
• Definition: government owns the means of production and
operates them for the benefit of all people, not just the
wealthy. Everyone should share in the profits
• Utopian Socialists: People who believed that people could live
peacefully together in small communities where everyone
would work for the common good of all
Theories
• Karl Marx
• Wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848)
• Thought that capitalism created a conflict between
workers and business owners. His thoughts were that a
few owners made a ton of money of the hard work of
the workers.
• Marx predicted that the workers would eventually unite
and overthrow the capitalistic areas and create a
socialist revolution.
• Believed that people would learn the benefits of
working together and a classless society would
emerge..pure communism
Theories
• Communism
• Government that owns the means of production and all
economic planning (and all other aspects of daily life).
• Democratic Socialism
• People retain partial control over economic planning
through the election of government officials
• Marx’s Ideas
• Had an important affect in parts of Northern and
Western Europe. Huge impact in Russia
New Conflicts and Problems
• WWI
• Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism,
• Triple Alliance: Italy, Germany and Austria-Hungary (made
by Bismarck during the 1880s)
• Triple Entente: France, Russia, and GB
• Serbs wanted Bosnia (Controlled by Austria) to be part of a
Slavic Empire
• Assassination of Franz Ferdinand (AH prince) by a Serbian
nationalist set off the alliances.
• Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria,
Ottoman Empire
• Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, Russia, and others
Newer Conflicts and Problems
• WWI
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U Boats
Propaganda
Trench Warfare
US Involvement (Lusitania and Zimmerman Note)
Eventually the Allies won due to American help and
Austria/Hungary falling apart
• Costs of WWI
• 8.5-10 million dead, 21 million wounded, 300 Billion
• 14 pts
• Wilson’s attempt to make the world safe for democracy
• League of Nations: A world organization to maintain
peace…what the UN would become. Not strong after WWI
• Treaty of Versailles: Punished Germany for actions in WWI and
caused WWII. (No resolution of problems, Germany poor)
New Conflicts
• Great Depression
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Black Tuesday: Oct 29, 1929, stock market crash
Market Speculation: Risky Investments
Great Depression: 30 million unemployed by 1932
Major effect in GB, France, and Germany (destroy govt)
• France WWII Difficulties
• Maginot Line (defending from France)..$$$$
• France signed treaties w/ Czech and Poland
• Great Britain Struggles
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Struggle to find people jobs during 1920s-1930s
Irish nationals revolted in 1916 (Easter Rising)
IRA: Irish Republic Army.
Compromise: Catholic Southern Ireland (Republic of Ireland)
would be independent, 6 Northern counties (Protestant)
remained a part of the UK
Newer Problems
• Eastern Europe
• Most of Eastern European Countries were very weak
• Austria, Poland, Hungary, etc
• Italian Fascism
• Benito Mussolini: Leader of fascist Italy
• Fascism: Totalitarian dictatorship, opposed to democracies
and communism (very much nationalistic)
• Communism appealed to the workers, Fascism appealed to
the middle/upper class because they were guaranteed to
keep their power. Protect private property and middle class
• Black Shirts: Mussolini’s military branch that eliminated all
things socialist or democratic
Newer Problems
• Germany
• Nazis: Extreme Nationalism, anti-semitic (Jew) and anticommunist. Began around 1920
• Hitler’s views began to shape Nazi Party.
• Through elections the Nazi’s were able to take gain a
majority in the Reichstag (Parliament). Hitler became the
emergency dictator when the Reichstag burnt down in 1933.
• After that Hitler began to used the SS to round up Jews,
forcing them to ghettos, work camps, and eventually
concentration camps.
• Hitler believed in the Third Reich (3rd Empire)
• Began to rebuild the Army (illegal) and made a secret
alliance with Italy
New Problems
• Spanish Civil War
• Many changes following WWI
• Nationalist: Fascist group called Falange (Francisco
Franco)
• Loyalist: Supporters of the old Republic
• Germany and Italy helped the Nationalist, Soviets
helped the Loyalists.
• People the movement’s would spread throughout all of
Europe
• Nationalists won and Franco set up a government that
looked a lot like Italy’s
New Problems
• WWII:
• Began with Hitler's Aggression
– Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Scandinavia and Low Countries,
USSR, France
• Hitler was not able to fully capture USSR and never invaded
Great Britain.
• Allies: GB, France, USSR, USA
• Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan
• Hitler’s attack on the Soviet Union was similar to Napoleon’s
failed attempt. Too big and cold.
• Hitler began to kill the Jews in 1941.
• Famous concentration camps like Auschwitz were built
• D-Day: Allied Invasion of France….would mark the end for
Hitler and the German Army
World After WWII
• United Nations
• Created to keep peace throughout the world, don’t make
the same mistakes that happened post WWI
• Yalta Conference
• Divided up Germany into 4 states (3 controlled by the West
and 1 controlled by the USSR)
• Cold War
• Began after WWII. The Soviet Army never really left the
lands that they had conquered between Germany and USSR.
• Marshall Plan: US gave over 13 billion dollars to 17 Western
European countries to prevent communism from spreading
• Truman Doctrine: USA would support any country in their
fight against communism (Greece and Turkey were first)
World After WWII
• Berlin Airlift
• City of Berlin (in east Berlin) was divided by East and
West. The Soviets shut off access to outside world
• US and GB dropped food and supplies into West Berlin
• Eventually the Berlin was created to prevent people
moving from East to West.
• NATO
• Military Alliance of European countries..Warsaw Pact
was the same thing except involving Soviets and the
countries they controlled
Great Britain
• Prime Ministers
• Neville Chamberlain
• Winston Churchill (during WWII)
• Economics
• Struggled between welfare state and non welfare state
• One of the least industrialized countries by 1960
• Major problems from the destruction of WWII
France
• Problems
• Destroyed, much like Great Britain from fighting in WWII
• Had trouble holding on to foreign possessions like Algeria
and French Indochina (Vietnam)
• Charles De Gaulle
• French President after WWII.
• Let go of possessions, believed in NATO, etc
• Economy never got better and he resigned
Other European Countries
• Denmark, Norway, Sweden
• All had solid democracies in place
• All prospered in the times after WWII
• Very little rebuilding occurred
• Greece, Portugal, Spain
• Turned to free-enterprise systems of economy
• Portugal and Spain remained Authoritarian Govts
Modern Times
• Great Britain
• Margaret Thatcher: Became the first female Prime Minister
in Britain’s History
• Reduced government funding of many social programs (like
Republicanism)
• Poll Tax: Replaced income tax, charged everyone the
same…led to problems…she resigned in 1990
• John Major: More moderate, had many scandals
• Tony Blair: Elected in 1997
• Northern Ireland (Protestant aligned with GB)
• Battles between the Catholics (IRA) and Protestants
• Wanted to drive the Protestants out of Ireland (unite)
• Still an issue today
Modern Times
• France
• Many different leaders (Pompidou, d’Estaing,
Mitterand, Chirac)
• Continued to struggle with economic problems and
foreign relations.
• Germany
• West Germany became a major economic power while
East Germany struggled
• Helmut Kohl: Conservative (Reagan and Thatcher) kept
close times with GB and USA
• USSR collapsed and Germany was re-united as one
country in 1992.
Modern Times
• NATO
• United most of Western Europe (small countries)
• Belgium, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Denmark, Iceland,
Norway, Finland, Sweden, Austria, Switzerland all were
either supportive of Western ideas or neutral
• Italy
• Divided between political parties and industrial/wealthy
Northern Italy vs poor/rural Southern Italy
• Situation improved during the 1990s
• Spain
• Juan Carlos: King in 1975
• Troubles with economy during the 1970s and 80s
• By 2000, Spain was in much better shape
Modern Times
• European Cooperation
• Helsinki Accords: 35 European Nations (and USA/USSR) met to
discuss security and cooperation among countries
• Called on all nations to respect basic human rights, such as
speech and worship…helped usher in democracy of the 1980’s
• NATO: started to include Eastern European countries (Czech,
Poland, Hungary) in 1997
• European Economic Community: Economic cooperation
between countries to include common taxation, trade and
currency
• European Union: 1993, ended trade barriers between
countries. Where the Euro came from (common currency)