Transcript File three worlds meet

Three Worlds Meet
Chapter 1
The Pomo People
Native American people of Northern
California.
 Their historic territory was on the Pacific
Coast.
 Etymology:
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 The name Pomo it originally meant "those who live
at red earth hole"
The Pomo People
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Culture:
– They were not socially or politically linked as a large unified
"tribe."
– Instead, they lived in small groups ("bands") and relied upon
fishing, hunting and gathering for their food.
Religion
The Pomo people participated in shamanism;
Shamanic intervention with the spirit world and
an all-male society that met in subterranean
dance rooms.
 The Pomo believed in a supernatural being the
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Kuksu
The Pomo People
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The way of life of the Pomo
people changed with the
arrival of immigrating Spanish
and European-Americans in
California.
At first with the Spanish
missionaries, some of the
southern Pomo were moved to
the Mission San Francisco,
later the Mission Sonoma to
work and live.
In 1837 a very deadly
epidemic of smallpox that
came from settlements at Fort
Ross wiped out most native
people in the Sonoma and
Napa regions.
The Kwakwaka'wakw
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Are an indigenous nation,
who live in British
Columbia on northern
Vancouver Island
The Kwakwaka'wakw are
made up of 17 tribes who
all speak the common
language
Their society was highly
stratified, with three main
classes, determined by
heredity: nobles,
commoners, and slaves.
The Kwakwaka'wakw
Their economy was based
primarily on fishing, with
the men also engaging in
some hunting, and the
women gathering wild
fruits and berries.
 Ornate weaving and
woodwork were
important crafts, and
wealth, defined by slaves
and material goods, was
prominently displayed
and traded at potlatch
ceremonies.
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The Kwakwaka'wakw
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Contact with Europeans
The first documented contact
was with Captain George
Vancouver in 1792.
Disease, which developed as a
result of direct contact with
European settlers along the
West Coast of Canada,
drastically reduced the
Indigenous Kwakwaka'wakw
population during the late
nineteenth-early twentieth
century.
The Kwakwaka'wakw
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The Tribes
– Kwakwaka'wakw were historically organized into 17
different tribes.
– Each tribe has its own clans, chiefs, history, culture
and peoples, but remain collectively similar to the rest
of the kwaka'wala speaking tribes.
– After the epidemics and colonization, some tribes
have become extinct, and others have been merged
into communities or First Nations band governments.
The Kwakwaka'wakw
Society
 Kinship: With large
extended families and
inter connected tribal
life.
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Puebloan Peoples
The Pueblo people are a Native American
people in the Southwestern United States.
 Their traditional economy is based on agriculture
and trade.
 When first encountered by the Spanish in the
16th century, they were living in villages that the
Spanish called pueblos, meaning "villages".
 Of the approximately 25 pueblos that exist
today, Taos, Acoma, Zuñi, and Hopi are the bestknown.
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Iroquois
The Iroquois Confederacy (the "League of Peace and Power", the "Five
Nations"; the "Six Nations"; or the "People of the Longhouse") is a group of
First Nations/Native Americans that originally consisted of five nations: the
Mohawk, the Oneida, the Onondaga, the Cayuga, and the Seneca.
 A sixth tribe, the Tuscarora, joined after the original five nations were
formed.
 At the time Europeans first arrived in North America, the Confederacy was
based in what is now the northeastern United States primarily in what is
referred to today as upstate New York.
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Features of Confederacy
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The confederacy was a union of Five
Tribes, under one government on the
basis of equality
It created a Great Council of Sachems,
who were limited in number, equal in
rank and authority, and invested with
supreme powers over all matters
pertaining to the Confederacy.
Fifty sachemships were created and
named in tribes;
Unanimity in the Council of the
Confederacy was made essential to
every public act.
In the General Council the sachems
voted by tribes, which gave to each
tribe a veto over the others.
The Council of each tribe had power to
convene the General Council; but the
latter had no power to convene itself.
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The General Council was open to the
orators of the people for the discussion
of public questions; but the Council
alone decided.
The Confederacy had no chief
executive magistrate, or official head.
Experiencing the necessity for a
general military commander, they
created the office in a dual form, that
one might neutralize the other. The
two principal war-chiefs were made
equal in powers.
Equality between the sexes had a
strong adherence in the Confederacy,
and the women held real power,
particularly the power to approve or
veto declarations of war.
The Grand Council of Sachems were
chosen by the clan mothers, and if any
leader failed to comply with the wishes
of the women and the Great Law of
Peace, he could be removed by the
clan mothers.
Example to the United States
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The Iroquois nations' political union
and democratic government has been
credited as one of the influences on
the Articles of Confederation and the
United States Constitution.
Member Nations
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The first five nations
listed below formed
the original Five
Nations (listed from
west to north); the
Tuscarora became the
sixth nation in 1720.
Confederation
English name
Iroquoian
Meaning
17th/18th century location
Seneca
Onondowahgah
"People of the Great Hill"
Seneca Lake and Genesee River
Cayuga
Guyohkohnyoh
"People of the Great Swamp"
Cayuga Lake
Onondaga
Onöñda'gega'
"People of the Hills"
Onondaga Lake
Oneida
Onayotekaono
"People of Standing Stone"
Oneida Lake
Mohawk
Kanien'kéhaka
"People of the Great Flint"
Mohawk River
Tuscarora
Ska-Ruh-Reh
"Shirt-Wearing People"
From North Carolina²
Government
The Iroquois have a representative
government known as the Grand Council.
 The Grand Council is the oldest
governmental institution still maintaining
its original form in North America.
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Government
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Each tribe sends chiefs to
act as representatives
and make decisions for
the whole nation.
The number of chiefs has
never changed.
 14 Onondaga
 10 Cayuga
 9 Oneida
 9 Mohawk
 8 Seneca
 0 Tuscarora
West Africa
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West Africa in the
1400s was home to a
variety of peoples and
cultures.
Songhai
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From western Africa related to
the Mandé.
They and the Mandé were the
dominant ethnic groups in the
Songhai Empire which
dominated the western Sahel
in the 15th and 16th century.
The Songhai are found
primarily throughout Mali.
The empire saw its preeminent rise under the military
strategist and influential
Songhai king, Sonni Ali Ber.
Songhai
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It began its rise in 1468 when
Sonni Ali conquered much of
the weakening Mali empire's
territory as well as Timbuktu,
famous for its Islamic
universities, and the pivotal
trading city of Jenne.
Among the country's most
formidable scholars, professors
and lecturers was Ahmed Baba
a highly distinguished historian
frequently quoted in the
Tarikh-es-Sudan and other
works.
The people consisted of mostly
fishermen and traders.
Songhai
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Following Sonni Ali's
death, Muslim factions
rebelled against his
successor and installed
Soninke general, Askia
Muhammad (formerly
Muhammad Tuore) who
was to be the first and
most important ruler of
the Askia dynasty (1492–
1592).
Songhai
Under the Askias, the Songhai Empire
reached its zenith.
 Following Askia Muhammad, or Askia the
Great's death, the empire began to
collapse.
 It was enormous and could not be kept
under control.
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Songhai
The kingdom of Morroco saw Songhay's
still flourished salt and gold trade and
decided that it would be a good asset.
 They invaded in 1591, marking the end of
the Songhay Empire.
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The Benin Empire (1440-1897)
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A large pre-colonial African state of modern
Nigeria. It is not to be confused with the
modern-day country called Benin (and formerly
called Dahomey). Founded in 1180 AD.
The Benin Empire (1440-1897)
Golden Age
 Oba Ewuare, is credited with turning Benin City into a
military fortress protected by moats and walls.
 It was from this bastion that he launched his military
campaigns.
 At its maximum extent in the east of Nigeria, through
parts the southwestern region of Nigeria, Modern day
Benin Republic, Togo, and into the present-day nation of
Ghana.
 The state developed an advanced artistic culture
especially in its famous artifacts of bronze, iron and
ivory.
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The Benin Empire (1440-1897)
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European contact
The first European to reach Benin
were Portuguese explorers in about
1485.
A strong mercantile relationship
developed, with the Portuguese
trading tropical products, and
increasingly slaves, for European
goods and guns.
In the early 16th century the Oba sent
an ambassador to Lisbon, and the king
of Portugal sent Christian missionaries
to Benin.
The first English expedition to Benin
was in 1553, and a significant trade
soon grew up between England and
Benin based on the export of ivory,
palm oil and pepper.
Trade consisted of: 20% ivory, 30%
slaves, and 50% other things.
The Benin Empire (1440-1897)
Decline
 The city and empire of Benin declined
after 1700.
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Kingdom of Kongo
Early history
 The Kingdom of Kongo (1400 –
1914) was an African kingdom
located in west central Africa in
what are now northern Angola,
Cabinda, the Republic of the
Congo, and the western portion of
the Democratic Republic of the
Congo.
 At its greatest extent, it reached
from the Atlantic Ocean in the
west to the Kwango River in the
east, and from the Congo River in
the north to the Kwanza River in
the south.
 They farmed by at least 1000 BC
and worked iron by at least 400
BC.
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Kingdom of Kongo
Formation
 According to Kongo tradition, the
kingdom's origin lies in the small state of
Mpemba Kasi, located just south of
modern day Matadi in the Democratic
Republic of Congo.
 A dynasty of rulers from this small polity
built up their rule along the Kwilu valley
and were buried in Nsi Kwilu, its capital.
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Kingdom of Kongo
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Late fifteenth century
By the time of the first
recorded contact with the
Europeans, the Kingdom
of Kongo was a highly
developed state at the
center of an extensive
trading network.
Apart from natural
resources and ivory, the
country manufactured
and traded copperware,
ferrous metal goods,
raffia cloth, and pottery.
Kingdom of Kongo
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Portuguese
In 1482, the Portuguese
explorer Diogo Cão sailed up
the uncharted Congo River,
stumbling on Kongo villages
and becoming the first
European to encounter the
Kongo kingdom.
During his visit, Cão left his
men in Kongo while kidnapping
Kongo nobles and bringing
them to Portugal.
He returned with the Kongo
hostages in 1485 beginning
the slave trade.
European Society Around 1492
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Political, economic,
and intellectual
developments in
Western Europe in the
1400s led to the Age
of Expansnion.
The Infante Henrique,
Duke of Viseu
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He is known in English as
Prince Henry the Navigator
or the Seafarer
Prince Henry the Navigator
was the third child of King
John I of Portugal
Henry became aware of the
profit possibilities in the
Saharan trade routes.
It is a common conception that
Henry gathered at his Vila a
school of navigators and mapmakers. Not true
Vila do Infante, patron of
Portuguese exploration
Henry was somewhat interested in profits from his
voyages.
 From the first Africans that were brought to Lagos for
sale in 1444 he received from the merchants the value
corresponding to the fifth part (o quinto) as the
expedition had been sponsored by the shipowners.
 The nearby port of Lagos provided a convenient harbor
from which these expeditions left.
 The voyages were made in very small ships, mostly the
caravel, a light and maneuverable vessel that used the
lateen sail of the Arabs.
 Most of the voyages sent out by Henry consisted of one
or two ships that navigated by following the coast,
stopping at night to tie up along some shore.
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Early Results of Henry's
Explorers
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Using the new ship type,
the expeditions then
pushed onwards.
Nuno Tristão and Antão
Gonçalves reached Cape
Blanco in 1441.
The Portuguese sighted
the Bay of Arguin in 1443
and built an important
fort there around the year
1448.
Early Results of Henry's
Explorers
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Dinis Dias soon came across
the Senegal River and rounded
the peninsula of Cap-Vert in
1444.
By this stage the explorers had
passed the southern boundary
of the desert, and from then
on Henry had one of his
wishes fulfilled: the Portuguese
had circumvented the Muslim
land-based trade routes across
the western Sahara Desert,
and slaves and gold began
arriving in Portugal.
Early Results of Henry's
Explorers
By 1452, the influx of gold permitted the minting
of Portugal's first gold cruzado coins.
 A cruzado was equal to 400 reis at the time.
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Early Results of Henry's
Explorers
From 1444 to 1446, as many as forty vessels
sailed from Lagos on Henry's behalf, and the
first private mercantile expeditions began.
 Alvise Cadamosto explored the Atlantic coast of
Africa and discovered several islands of the Cape
Verde archipelago between 1455 and 1456.
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 March 22 1455, he visited the Madeira Islands and the
Canary Islands.
 Second voyage, in 1456, Cadamosto was the first
European to reach the Cape Verde Islands.
 António Noli later claimed the credit.
Early Results of Henry's
Explorers
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By 1462, the Portuguese had
explored the coast of Africa as
far as present-day nation
Sierra Leone.
1490, Bartolomeu Dias (can be
spelt Diaz) proved that Africa
could be circumnavigated
when he reached the southern
tip of the continent. This is
now known as the "Cape of
Good Hope.”
1498, Vasco da Gama was the
first sailor to travel from
Portugal to India.
Renaissance
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The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th
to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the late Middle Ages.
As a cultural movement, it encompassed a revival of learning based on
classical sources, the development of linear perspective in painting, and
gradual but widespread educational reform.
Traditionally, this intellectual transformation has resulted in the Renaissance
being viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era.
Renaissance
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Although the Renaissance saw
revolutions in many intellectual
pursuits, as well as social and
political upheaval, it is perhaps
best known for its artistic
developments and the
contributions of Leonardo da
Vinci and Michelangelo.
There is a general consensus
that the Renaissance began in
Tuscany in the 14th century.
Renaissance
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Various theories have been
proposed to account for its
origins and characteristics,
focusing on a variety of factors
including the social and civic
peculiarities of Florence at the
time; its political structure; the
patronage of its dominant
family, the Medici; and the
migration of Greek scholars
and texts to Italy following the
Fall of Constantinople at the
hands of the Ottoman Turks.
Renaissance
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Some have called into
question whether the
Renaissance was a
cultural "advance" from
the Middle Ages, instead
seeing it as a period of
pessimism and nostalgia
for the classical age,
while others have instead
focused on the continuity
between the two eras.
Crusades
Historical Background
The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character
waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal
opponents.
 The Crusades originally had the goal of recapturing Jerusalem and the Holy
Land from Muslim rule.
 The Crusades had far-reaching political, economic, and social impacts.
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Crusades
Middle Eastern Situation
The Muslim presence in the Holy Land began
with the initial Arab conquest of Palestine.
 1009, when the Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr
Allah ordered the destruction of the Church of
the Holy Sepulcher.
 In 1039 they permitted the Byzantine Empire to
rebuild it.
 Pilgrimages were allowed to the Holy Lands but
for a time pilgrims were captured and some of
the clergy were killed.
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Crusades
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Western European
Situation
In 1063, Pope Alexander II
had given his blessing to
Iberian Christians in their wars
against the Muslims, granting
both a papal standard and an
indulgence to those who were
killed in battle.
The Crusades were an outlet
for an intense religious piety
which rose up in the late 11th
century among the lay public.
Crusades
Western European Situation
 The result was an awakening of intense
Christian piety and public interest in religious
affairs.
 This was further strengthened by religious
propaganda, advocating Just War in order to
retake the Holy Land—which included Jerusalem
(where the death, resurrection and ascension
into heaven of Jesus took place according to
Christian theology) and Antioch (the first
Christian city)—from the Muslims.
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Crusades
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Immediate cause
The First Crusade was preached in 1095
The fall of Moorish Toledo to the Kingdom of León in
1085
The disunity of Muslim emirs was an essential factor.
Crusades
Europe and the West:
 Many vocal critics of the Crusades in Western Europe
since the Renaissance, and in recent years, critical views
of the crusades have come to dominate most
assessments.
 Defenders of the Crusades, an embattled minority
against a standard Crusades are regarded as bloody and
unjustified acts of aggression.
 More comprehensive treatments seek to take account of
both the brutality of the Crusades and the sincere
religious motivation behind them, of "religious devotion
and godly savagery“.
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Politics and Culture
The Crusades had an enormous influence on the
European Middle Ages.
 At times, much of the continent was united
under a powerful Papacy, but by the 14th
century, the development of centralized
bureaucracies (the foundation of the modern
nation-state)
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France
England
Burgundy
Portugal
Castile and Aragon
Politics and Culture
Much knowledge in areas such as science,
medicine, and architecture was transferred from
the Islamic to the western world during the
crusade era.
 The military experiences of the crusades also
had their effects in Europe
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 European castles became massive stone structures.
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Along with trade, new scientific discoveries and
inventions.
 the development of algebra,
 optics
 refinement of engineering
Trade
Roads, Roman, saw
significant increases
in traffic.
 Italian city-states had
trading colonies in the
Holy Land and
Byzantine territory.
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Trade
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Increased trade brought
many things to
Europeans
variety of spices
ivory
jade
diamonds
improved glassmanufacturing techniques
 early forms of gun powder
 oranges
 Apples and other Asian
crops
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Trade
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Recovering from the Dark Ages
of AD 700-1000, throughout
the 11th century Western
Europe began to push the
boundaries of its civilization.
In the 1300s, stability of trade
with Asia collapsed with the
Mongol Empire.
The Mamelukes destroyed the
Middle Eastern Crusader
States.
The Ottoman Empire impeded
further Western European
trade with Asia.
Western Europeans sought
alternate trade routes to Asia.
Protestant Reformation
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Origins
A reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 with
Martin Luther.
Considered to have ended with the Peace of Westphalia
in 1648.
The movement began as an attempt to reform the
Catholic Church.
 Many western Catholics were troubled by what they saw as false
doctrines and malpractices within the Church.
 Another major contention was the buying and selling church
positions (simony)
 cConsiderable corruption within the Church's hierarchy.
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This corruption was seen by many at the time as
systemic, even reaching the position of the Pope.
Protestant Reformation
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Martin Luter
On October 31, 1517, in
Saxony, Martin Luther nailed
his Ninety-Five Theses to the
door of the Wittenberg Castle
Church, which served as a
notice board for universityrelated announcements.
These were points for debate
that criticized the Church and
the Pope.
The most controversial points
centered on the practice of
selling indulgences and the
Church's policy on Purgatory.
Protestant Reformation
History and origins
The process of reform had decidedly different
causes and effects in England, where it gave rise
to Anglicanism.
 There the period became known as the English
Reformation.
 Subsequent Protestant denominations generally
trace their roots back to the initial reforming
movements.
 The reformers also accelerated the Catholic or
Counter Reformation within the Catholic Church.
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Protestant Reformation
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Conclusion and Legacy
The Reformation led to a
series of religious wars
that culminated in the
Thirty Years War. (Peace
of Westphalia)
1618 -1648 the Catholic
Habsburgs and their allies
fought against the
Protestant princes of
Germany, supported by
Denmark and Sweden.
Protestant Reformation
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Conclusion and Legacy
The Habsburgs ruled
 Spain
 Austria
 The Spanish
Netherlands and
 Most of Germany
and Italy,
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The Habsburgs were the
staunchest defenders of
the Catholic Church.
Protestant Reformation
Conclusion and Legacy
 The Reformation Era came to a close
when Catholic France allied herself, first in
secret and later on the battlefields, with
the Protestants against the Habsburgs.
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Peace of Westphalia
The Main Tenets
 All parties would now recognize the Peace of
Augsburg of 1555, by which each prince would
have the right to determine the religion of his
own state, the options being Catholicism,
Lutheranism, and now Calvinism.
 Christians living in principalities where their
denomination was not the established church
were guaranteed the right to practice their faith
in public during allotted hours and in private at
their will.
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Peace of Westphalia
The Main Tenets
The treaty also effectively
ended the Pope's panEuropean political power.
 Fully aware of the loss,
Pope Innocent X declared
the treaty "null, void,
invalid, iniquitous, unjust,
damnable, reprobate,
inane, empty of meaning
and effect for all times."
 European Sovereigns,
Catholic and Protestant
alike, ignored his verdict.
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Transatlantic Encounters
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Columbus’s voyages set off a chain of events
that brought together the peoples of Europe,
Africa, and the Americas.
Christopher Columbus
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Background
Born 1451 died May 20,
1506
Academic consensus is
that Columbus was born
in Genoa, though there
are other theories.
English: Christopher
Columbus, Italian as
Cristoforo Colombo, in
Portuguese Cristóvão
Colombo, and in Spanish
as Cristóbal Colón.
Christopher Columbus
Navigator, colonizer and
explorer whose voyages
across the Atlantic Ocean
led to general European
awareness of the
American continents in
the Western Hemisphere.
 Columbus initiated
widespread contact
between Europeans and
indigenous Americans.
 Several attempts to
establish a settlement on
the island of Hispaniola.
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Christopher Columbus
1492 voyage a time of growing national imperialism and economic
competition between developing nation states seeking wealth from the
establishment of trade routes and colonies.
 Severely underestimating the circumference of the Earth.
 He hypothesized that a westward route from Iberia to the Indies would be
shorter and more direct than the overland trade route through Arabia.
 If true, this would allow Spain entry into the lucrative spice trade.
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Christopher Columbus
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Following his plotted course,
he instead landed within the
Bahamas Archipelago at a
locale he named San Salvador.
Mistaking the North-American
island for the East-Asian
mainland, he referred to its
inhabitants as "Indians".
The anniversary of Columbus'
1492 landing in the Americas
(Columbus Day) is observed
throughout the Americas and
in Spain on October 12.
Replica of the Santa Maria
Taino
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Background / Origins
The Taínos were preColumbian inhabitants of
the Bahamas, Greater
Antilles, and the northern
Lesser Antilles.
It is believed that the
seafaring Taínos were
relatives of the Arawakan
people of South America.
Taino
The Taínos were historical neighbors and
enemies of the fierce Carib tribes, another group
with origins in South America who lived
principally in the Lesser Antilles.
 By the 1700s, Taíno society had been devastated
by
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 smallpox
 intermarriages
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Forced assimilation into the plantation economy
that Spain imposed in its Caribbean colonies,
with its subsequent importation of African slave
workers.
Taino
The Spaniards who
first arrived in the
Bahamas, Cuba and
Hispaniola in 1492,
and later in Puerto
Rico, did not bring
women.
 They took Taíno
women for their
wives, which resulted
in mestizo children
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Taino
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Technology
Taínos used cotton, hemp and
palm extensively for fishing
nets and ropes.
Their dugout canoes (Kanoa)
were made in various sizes,
which could hold 2 to 150.
They used bows and arrows,
and sometimes put various
poisons on their arrowheads.
For warfare, they employed
the use of a wooden war club,
which they called a macana.
Columbian Exchange
History
one of the most significant events in the world
ecology, agriculture, and culture.
 The enormous widespread exchange of plants,
animals, foods, human populations (including
slaves), communicable diseases, and ideas
between the Eastern and Western hemispheres
that occurred after 1492.
 Many new and different goods were exchanged
between the two hemispheres of the Earth, and
it began a new revolution in the Americas and in
Europe.
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Columbian Exchange
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Unintentional introductions
Diseases
Many species of organisms were introduced
 Brown rats
 Earthworms (absent from parts of the pre-Columbian New World),
 Zebra mussels.
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Plants introduced
 many weeds such as tumbleweeds
 wild oats
 Kudzu.
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Even fungi were transported
 The one responsible for Dutch elm disease.
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Some of these species became serious nuisances upon
being established.
Columbian Exchange
Pre-Columbian Distribution of Organisms with Close Ties to Humans
Type of organism
From Old World to New World list (what they
had)
bee
cat
camel
chicken
cow
Domesticated
animals
water buffalo
silkworm
sheep
rock pigeon
pig
goose
horse
goat
rabbit
dog
From New World to Old World list (what they
had)
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alpaca
dog
guinea pig
llama
turkey
Black fly
Columbian Exchange
Pre-Columbian Distribution of Organisms with Close Ties to Humans
From Old World to New World list (what they
had)
Type of organism
Domesticated plants
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almond
apple
apricot
artichoke
asparagus
banana
barley
beet
black pepper
cabbage
cantaloupe carrot
coffee
citrus
cucumber
cotton (short staple "Egyptian" variety)
eggplant
flax
garlic
hemp
kiwifruit
kola nut
lettuce
mango
millet
oat
okra
olive
onion
opium
peach
pea
pear
pistachio
radish
rhubarb
rice
rye
soybean
sugarcane
taro
tea
turnip
wheat
watermelon walnut
From New World to Old World list (what they
had)
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amaranth
avocado
bean
bell pepper
blueberry
cashew
chia
cocoa
coca
chicle (chewing gum base)
chili pepper (includes the bell pepper)
cotton (long staple variety, 90% of modern
cultivation)
huckleberry
maize (corn)
cassava
papaya
peanut
pecan
pineapple
potato
quinoa
rubber
sunflower
sweet potato
squash (incl. pumpkin)
strawberry (American species used in modern
hybrids)
tobacco
tomato
vanilla
Columbian Exchange
Pre-Columbian Distribution of Organisms with Close Ties to Humans
From Old World to New World list (what they
had)
Type of organism
Infectious diseases
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bubonic plague
influenza
measles
sleeping sickness
tuberculosis
yellow fever
cholera
malaria
scarlet fever
small pox
typhoid
From New World to Old World list (what they
had)
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syphilis (possibly)
Great Pox
yaws
yellow fever (American strains)
Treaty of Tordesillas
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The Treaty of Tordesillas
Signed at Tordesillas June 7, 1494,
Divided the newly discovered lands between the Spanish and Portuguese.
The lands to the east would belong to Portugal
The lands to the west to Spain.
The treaty was ratified by Spain July 2, 1494 and by Portugal, September 5, 1494.
The other side of the world would be divided by the Treaty of Saragossa April 22,
1529,
Treaty of Tordesillas
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Signing and enforcement
The Treaty of Tordesillas was intended to resolve the
dispute that had been created following the return of
Christopher Columbus.
In 1481 the Pope granted all land south of the Canary
Islands to Portugal.
Very little of the newly divided area had actually been
seen by Europeans, as it was only divided according to
the treaty. Spain gained lands including most of the
Americas.
The easternmost part of current Brazil, when it was
discovered in 1500 by Pedro Álvares Cabral, was granted
to Portugal.