Transcript The Crusades - WordPress.com

The Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman,
nor an empire because
A. The emperors were not crowned by the popes
B. The byzantine emperors did not acknowledge the Holy Roman
empire
C. The people who lived there did not practice Christianity
D. It did not restore imperial unity to Western Europe
Which one of the following does not describe the
crusades?
A. The campaigns showed European military superiority to
Muslim armies
B. One of the crusades conquered Constantinople instead of
recapturing Palestine.
C. Crusaders brought back many Muslim ideas including
agricultural products back to Europe
D. Crusaders traded eagerly with merchants in the Eastern
Mediterranean
European Middle Ages
0Early / Post-Classical (Ds)
0“the Dark Ages” disorder, disunity,
despair
0High Middle Ages (Cs)
0Rise of crown, commerce & cities
0Late Middle Ages
03 disasters: church scandal,100 years
war & BLACK DEATH
Post-Classical/ Early Middle
Ages
0550 – 900 CE – fragmented &
chaotic
0Catholic church only source of
intellectual development & literacy
0Church power
0Manorialism
0Feudalism
High Middle Ages
Advancements
0primogeniture
0Holy Roman
Emperor
0Capetian kings
0Norman conquest
0More stability
10th century – out of the ruins of the
Frankish empire
0W. - France:
0 new hereditary
monarchy
established:
0Hugh Capet –
Capetian dynasty
E. - German States:
Holy Roman
Empire
0Develops as an
“elected” emperor
under the Pope
Greater Stability…
Limited Government Control
0Church main authority
0Aristocrats vs. monarchical
power /Magna Carta
01st English parliament
0Three key estates
0Conflicts church &
Kings
Overview
0 The Crusades were a series of religious wars fought
between Christians and Muslims
0 Fought over control of the city of Jerusalem
0 Though eight Crusades occurred between 1096 and 1300,
only the first four hold true historical significance
Causes of the Crusades
0 Muslims controlled Palestine and
0
0
0
0
threatened Constantinople
Pope wanted to reclaim Jerusalem
and reunite Christendom (which
had split in 1054)
Kings and religious leaders
wanted to rid themselves of
quarrelsome knights
European merchants looked to
take control of Muslim-held trade
routes in the Mediterranean
Crusaders were assured of a place
in heaven
The Effects of the Crusades
0 Increased contact between the
Europeans and Muslims led to:
0 Revival of the Mediterranean
Sea Lanes
0 Europeans were introduced to
goods from Southwest Asia:
0 Spices, ivory, oranges, gun-
powder, East Asian foods
0 Islamic forms of math and
science entered European
society
0 Algebra, optics, advanced
engineering (stone
fortifications)
0 Decline of Constantinople
The West Expands
Reasons:
0Pop growth
0Memory of Rome
0Religious zeal
Reconquista of Spain
Vikings
Crusades
0cultural diffusion & trade
Western Civilization
0Christianity was
unifying element
0Little classical thought
before 1000
0Crusades  classical
works
0Aristotle especially
Trends in the West…
food production
 population
 strong monarchies
 travel
 trade
 towns…
 urban culture
Role of Italy
0Italian towns had not decayed to same
degree as rest of W. Europe
0Italy’s location – trade cities
0Crusades resulted in trade of goods –
luxury items from the east & middle
east
0Connection between Mediterranean
trade system & rest of Europe
0Belgium and N. France
0Textile capital of Europe;
0woolen industry
0Center of trade in European Northern
Coast: across France, down Rhine
River and across English Channel
Hanseatic League
0Trading towns along Baltic Coast &
North Eastern Europe
070 member cities
0Established permanent
trading routes
0Traded in fur, timber, fish, grain
Fairs
Champagne (France) had the best
known fairs
Role of Medieval Fairs
0Goods from all over world were exchanged
(at first by barter then by money) at fairs
0Trade items from East: spices, medicine,
perfume, dyes, gems, silk, cotton, linen, gold,
silver, ivory
0Trade items from Middle East: textiles,
rugs, grains, fruit
0Exchange of ideas!
Development of Money Economy
0led to decline of feudal system &
emergence of market economy
0Capital: wealth earned, accumulated
and invested
0Coinage – silver, then gold
0Banking - Italian “banca” =
money
changers table
0European traders less wealthy than
Islamic counterparts
Growth of Cities and Towns
Resulted from:
0the revival of trade
0serfs leaving manor
for opportunities
0strong monarchies
Developed Where?
Near well-traveled roads, transfer
points or waterways
Guilds
0set quality standard
0loans to members
0ill / disabled members
0Protected businesses
0set prices /conditions
0prohibited competition
0supervised training…
Universities
Develop
0Begin as learning guilds (an
association of people organized for the
purpose of learning and teaching)
0Limited to specific subjects (ex:
theology, law, medicine)
0Academic degrees develop (B.A., M.A.
PhD)
Scholasticism
0Intellectual movement
that attempted to
reconcile faith & reason
0Faith = Church
teachings
0Reason = Aristotle’s
logic
0Scholastic philosophers
013th century Italian
priest
0Wrote Summa
Theologica
0reason was God’s gift
0church doctrine could be
supported through logic
0Proposed 5 logic proofs
of the existence of God...
Vernacular
0Vernacular: language of everyday
speech
0people spoke the language that had
developed in their own countries from
Latin or German roots (Eng, Fr, Ger,
Ital, Span)
0each kingdom a distinct identity
0literature more accessible
Vernacular Writers
0Dante Alighieri: The Divine Comedy,
epic poem in Italian that describes
an imaginary journey through hell,
purgatory and heaven
Geoffrey Chaucer
Canterbury Tales
0 English narrative poems that described a group of
pilgrims who tell stories to amuse one another on
their way to Thomas Beckett’s shrine
Gothic Architecture
0Characteristics: walls high & thin, flying
buttresses supported weight of roof,
large stained-glass windows, pointed
arches
0Symbolism:
0ground plan in shape of a cross
0with high walls and pointed arches,
everything appeared to be “reaching
towards heaven”
Flying Buttresses
Clerestory
Windows
Seville’s
Cathedral
Toledo’s
Cathedral
MUST KNOW:
Gothic vs.
Romanesque
Illuminated
Page
•The Rise of a Middle Class leads to
the decline of Medieval Feudalism
•The kings will use the Middle Class
to weaken the nobility / aristocracy
• revival of trade will lead to the
more rapid exchange of everything –
including the Black Death