Transcript Presentation

Search for Stability
The World after World War I
1919-1939
Results of the Paris Peace
Settlement-1919
• Treaty of Versailles
– League of Nations
– German Reparations-$33 Billion (US)
– German demilitarization
– Loss of German lands and colonies
• League of Nations mandates
League of Nations
• Ineffective at maintaining peace and
stability in Europe
• The United States did not ratify the Treaty
of Versailles, nor did they join the League
of Nations
• Disagreement over using force against
aggression
Europe after WWI
• Rebuilding Europe
• Government
– Focus on democracy and civil liberties
– Would be short lived
• Lack of tradition
• Success of radical political groups during difficult economic
times
• Economic struggles; 1922-1923
– Inflation (rise in prices)
– High unemployment
Weimer Republic (Germany)
• Republic of Germany formed after WWI
• Weimer Republic responded to reparation debt
by printing large quantities of currency
• Led to exponential inflation (devaluation of
currency)
• High inflation resulted in an inability to pay
reparations
• France occupies German mines of the Ruhr
Valley to compensate for non-payment
Dawes Plan
• Created a payment plan for German
reparations
• Pay based on ability
• Annual payments
Unstable Peace
• France withdraws from the Ruhr Valley
• Germany and France sign the Treaty of
Locarno- guaranteed Germany’s borders
with France and Belgium
• 1926- Germany joins the League of
Nations
Unstable Peace (Cont.)
• US investments increase in Europe
• 1924-1929-Europe experiences economic
prosperity
• 1928-Kellogg-Briand Pact
– Ratified by 61 nations including the US
– Condemns war
– Inability to enforce led to its failure
After WWI
New Nations and Nationalism
• Middle East
– Ottoman Empire(Turkey)
– Iran
– Mandates
– Palestine
Ottoman Empire
• Member of the Central Powers during
WWI
• Ethnic cleansing-modern term for
genocide (the deliberate mass murder or
particular racial, political, or cultural
groups)
• During the War Ottoman Turks massacred
over 1 million Christian Armenians in
retaliation for a 1915 independence
uprising
Turkey
• Ottoman Empire collapsed after WWI
• Area of present day Turkey was only area
under Ottoman control
• 1923-Becomes Republic of Turkey
Turkey (cont.)
• Kemal Ataturk-established the Republic of
Turkey
– introduced many modern reforms that were
kept even after his death
• Democrat system of government
• Popular education
• Modern economic system
Iran
• Oil discovered in 1908
• Created a flood of Western influence
• Reza Shah Pahlavi
– Attempted to model Turkey’s model of
modernization
– established the modern state of Iran in 1935
League of Nations Mandates
• Britain-Iraq, Palestine, and Jordan
• France-Syria and Lebanon
• Countries, borders, and divisions of people
were created by Britain and France
Arab Nationalism
• Arab nationalism was still strong and
Arabs desired an Arabian state.
• Ibn Saud
– United Arabs in the upper part of the Arabian
Peninsula
– 1932-Formed Saudi Arabia
– The discovery of oil in the 1930s created
great wealth for Saudi Arabia
Palestine
• Both Arabs and Jews viewed Palestine as
their homeland
• Led to conflicts between the two over the
creation of a national state
• Nov 1917-Britain issues the Balfour
Declaration supporting the creation of a
Jewish homeland in Palestine
Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
Ancient History
•
Biblical Times
– Canaan
– Israel and Judea
– Palestine
•
Controlled by:
– Egyptians, Assyrians, Persians,
Romans
– A.D. 634-Muslims
– A.D. 1098-1197-Crusades
– Ottoman Empire 1516-1917
•
“Holy Land”
– Jews
– Christians
– Muslims
Map
“Holy Land”
• Jews
– Land promised to
Abraham by God
• Christians
– Jesus lived/taught in
area
– Crucified in Jerusalem
• Arab Muslims
– Muhammad
ascension to heaven
(Dome of the Rock)
Palestine
•
Caanan-Abraham, Moses
•
Israel-King David, Solomon
•
Israel/Judah-split
•
Judaea (Romans)
•
“Provincia Syria Palaestina”(Palestine)
(Hadrian-AD 136)
•
Ottoman Rule (Muslim, not Arab)
•
Palestine-Balfour Declaration-1917
•
Israel (Jewish)/Palestine(Arab)-U.N.
Partition-1948
•
Israel/West Bank-Gaza Strip -Golan
Heights (Occupation after 1967)
Map
Balfour Declaration-1917
• Letter from Lord Balfour
(British Foreign Secretary)
to Lord Rothschild (Zionist)
• British support the creation
of Jewish State in Palestine
• Jewish immigration
increase
– 1918-10% total pop.
– 1936-30% total pop.
• Tensions rising
Jews/Palestinian Arabs
Zionism
• Zion- Jerusalem
• Movement founded in
1897
• Return Jews to
Palestine
• Theodore Herzel
(leader)
Chaim Weizmann
• Leader of Young
Zionists
• Opposed Herzl and
creation of Jewish state
in Uganda
• Negotiated Balfour
Declaration
• First President in New
Israel-1949
British Mandate
1920-1948
• Palestine (official)
• World Zionist
Organization
– Led by Chaim
Weizmann
– Encourage Jewish
immigration
– Holocaust sympathies
• British begin backing
down
– Zionists turn to terrorism
Map
Rise of Nationalism and the
Defiance of Imperialism
• Africa
• India
Africa
• African soldiers fought for France and
Britain in WWI
• Hoped they would receive independence
after the war
• Britain and France would continue to
dominate Africa as colonial powers after
the war
Nationalism in Africa
• Learned about Western ideals of liberty,
equality, and nationalism while fighting in
Europe
• Called for reforms to bridge the gap
between Western ideals and actual
practices
• Areas of major reform movements
– Kenya, Libya
Colonial Response
• Force, to suppress uprisings
• Allowed some reforms to satisfy African
people
Results of African Reform
Movements
• Africans change from wanting reforms to
wanting complete independence
• Independence leaders educated in the US
• Influenced by W.E.B Dubois and Marcus
Garvey
• Professed African unity and cultural
preservation
Mohandas Gandhi and India
• Prior to 1914-Gandhi was a participant in
the apartheid movement in South Africa
• 1914-Left South Africa to return to India
• India under British rule
Mohandas Gandhi and India
(Cont.)
• Mohandas “Mahatma” Gandhi-protested British
law by using methods of civil disobedience
• Mahatma-”Great Soul”
• Civil disobedience-refused to obey unjust laws
• 1919-Violent British reaction to protests killed
hundreds of unarmed protestors
• Gandhi removes himself from politics and will
later be arrested and spend several years in
prison
Rise of Nationalism and the
Defiance of Imperialism
• Japan
• China
Japan
• Develops into a strong industrial and
economic nation based on Western ideas
• Concentration of wealth created economic
inequalities
• Rapidly growing population created
housing issues and food shortages
• These events led to a call to return to
traditional values and self dependence,
not dependence on the West
Japan and the West-1920s
• Rapid industrial growth led to the need for
raw materials
• The island of Japan has a finite number of
raw materials
• Prior to WWI Japan acquired Korea and
Southern Manchuria by force
• After WWI the United States feared
economic consequences of Japanese
expansion
Japan and the West-1920s
Cont.
• Washington Conference
– US and eight other countries, including Japan, sign a
pact to guarantee Chinese boundaries and support
the continuation of the Open Door Policy
– Japan remains in control of Southern Manchuria
• This pact was short lived because Japan could
not secure the raw materials it needed by
traditional economic and political avenues
Japanese Militarism
• The need for raw materials put
tremendous pressure on the government
of Japan
• Militarism, military control of the
government, gains momentum in the
search for raw materials
China and the Spread of
Communism
• 1920-Lenin focuses on the spread of
Communism outside of the West
• Communist International (Comintern) was
a group of Communist parties dedicated to
the ides of world revolution
• Focus on Western dominated areas of
Asia
Why Asia?
• Movement in many Asian communities to
expel Western dominance and oppression
– China
– French Indochina
• Communism is the idea that revolution is
the key to ending Western oppression
Nationalists and Communists in
China
• 1923-The Nationalist Party in China, led by Sun Yat-sen,
allied with Communist leaders against warlords and to
expel Imperial powers from China
• Nationalist-Supports the advancement of a nation free of
outside intervention; independence movement
• 1925-Sun Yat-sen dies; Nationalist Party is taken over
by Chiang Kai-shek
• 1926-Northern Expedition
– A coalition of revolutionary force begin an offensive to retake
China; successful
Shanghai Massacre
• Coalition between Nationalists and Communists
lasted for three years 1923-1926
• 1927-Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists
murdered thousands of Communist followers
ending their alliance
• Chiang Kai-shek believed Communism was a
larger threat to the Chinese nation than Japan
• Said, “the Communists are a disease of the
heart”
Chinese Republic
• 1927-Established by Chiang Kai-shek
• Communism goes underground and begin
recruiting the discontent working class
• Reemerged in the 1930s with a new
leader-Mao Zedong
– Believed the poverty-stricken rural peasants
would lead the revolution in China
Latin American Nationalism
Country
Leader
Driving
Force
Outcome
Argentina
Brazil
Mexico
Nationalism in Ireland
• 1801-Ireland unites with Great Britain (United
Kingdom)
• The industrial prosperity of Britain only reached
the area of Ulster in northern Ireland
• A devastating famine in the 1840s killed one
million people and forced many more to flee
Ireland
Nationalism in Ireland (Cont.)
• Irish Nationalist Movement begins in the 1870s by
Charles Stewart Parnell (Irish Home Rule faction)
• 1900s-Sinn Fein Party develops-political group
dedicated to Irish Nationalism
– Means “We Ourselves”
• 1914-World War I begins
• Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB)-Irish Nationalists
– plan an uprising against Britain
– The British would have few troops to spare
April 24, 1916-Easter Rising
“Sinn Fein Rebellion”
• Dublin
• Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army
launch an armed uprising against British rule
• Captured key government building-Dublin Post
Office
• Declared Irish independence
• By April 29 the uprising had been crushed
• Although the rebellion was started by the IRB
the British blamed the Sinn Fein- “Sinn Fein
Rebellion”
Nationalism in Ireland (Cont.)
• Eamon da Valera takes control of Sinn Fein after Easter
Rising
• War of Independence (Anglo-Irish War) 1919-1921
– Irish Republican Army (IRA) -military group dedicated to Irish
Nationalism
– Led by Michael Collins
– IRA used guerilla warfare
– IRA and British sign a treaty to end the fighting
• 1920-British Government of Ireland Act-Creates
Northern Ireland
Nationalism in Ireland (Cont.)
• 1921-Anglo-Irish Treaty
– United Ireland with the exception of 6 counties of
Ulster (Northern Ireland)
– Protestant majority in Ireland chose to preserve the
union with Britain
– Created the Free Irish State (26 counties)-granted
Commonwealth Status
– Northern Ireland (6 counties) remained part of the
United Kingdom
– Irish Civil War begins over acceptance/rejection of the
treaty
Nationalism in Ireland (Cont.)
• 1960s-IRA begins violent protests and bombings
• British troops sent in to restore order
• Period of continued conflicts known as “the
Troubles”
• The IRA, a terrorist organization, continued to
fight for a unified Ireland until it ended its armed
campaign in 2005
• IRA dissidents continue bombings and acts of
terrorism even today
Economy of the 1920’s
• US experiences a period of economic
prosperity
– A time of economic well being
• Rising stock prices encouraged investors
to take money out of Europe and invest in
stock
• Economy-how natural resources and
workers are used to produce goods and
services
The Great Depression
1929-33
• Recession-economic setback in business activity
• Depression-severe decline in business activity
(manufacturing, buying, selling) accompanied by
high unemployment, loss of income, falling
prices, and a decline in trade
• The Great Depression (1929-1933)-period of low
economic activity and high unemployment
Depressions in the US
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1818-19
1836-37
1856-57
1872-73
1884-85
1892-93
1920-21
1929-33*The Great Depression
– Why is this one called the Great Depression?
• 1937-38
Causes of The Great Depression
• Overproduction-too many products
• Decline in consumption (buying)
– Unemployment
– Losses in the Stock Market diminished consumer
spending
• Uneven distribution of wealth-1929
– 5% of all American households earned 30% of the
nation’s income
– Tax cuts made life even more prosperous for some
• Low agricultural prices followed by poor harvests
– Over farming the land
– Drought
Causes of The Great Depression
(Cont.)
• Negative investments in the economy
(loss vs. growth)
• International economic connections
– The Depression in the United States was felt
around the world due to the interconnected
global economy
– Hawley-Smoot Tariff-dampened international
commerce and intensified the Depression in
the United States
Causes of The Great Depression
(Cont.)
• Buying on Credit
– Debt-money, goods or services owed
– Loans-an amount lent with interest
– Installment Plans-Making a down payment
and paying the rest of the price in monthly
installments
• Bank foreclosures
October 29,1929
Black Tuesday
Stock Market Crash
• The 1929 Stock Market Crash is not a cause of
the Great Depression it is a symptom (sign,
indication)
• Stock market-buying and selling shares of
companies
• Shares-divide ownership of a company into
equal parts
Stock Market Crash (Cont.)
• Causes of Stock Market Crash
– Rampant Speculation in US Stock Market-act of
engaging in risky business transactions that offer a
possibility of large profit
– panic and the mass selling of stock shares
• The Stock Market lost $35 billion in value between
Oct 27-29
Problems created by the
Stock Market Crash
• Buying on margin
– Borrowing money from brokers to buy stock
– Issued margin calls-investors who purchased
stock on margin must pay balance
– In a bear market investors can’t pay brokers,
brokers can’t pay banks
Problems created by the
Stock Market Crash (Cont.)
• Bank runs
– Mass withdrawal of savings
– Banks are forced to close due to there
inability to absorb losses suffered in the crash
– No FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation)-people lost everything
Effects of the Depression Around
the World
• Unemployment
– Germany-6 million
– Britain-3 million
– US-14 million
• Increased government involvement in the
economy
• Rise of dictators who promised solutions to
people’s suffering
Depression in the US
• Hoovervilles- makeshift communities that were
named after President Hoover
• People suffered extreme poverty and had to beg
for food
• Hobos took to trains in hopes of finding work in
exchange for food
• During the late 1920s drought plagued the Great
Plains
• Many farmers packed up and moved West
in search for work
Depression Years
1929-1939
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•
United States
Latin America
Japan
China
Russia
Italy
Germany
United States
• Franklin D. Roosevelt, elected in 1932,
promised a New Deal for the people of
America
• New Deal-policy of government
intervention in the U.S. economy to
combat the effects of depression
• Did not solve unemployment problem
Latin America
• Export economy-nation depends on its
exports for economy to function
• Depression destroyed Latin American
economy-decreased demand for exports
• Oligarchies dominated L.A.-government
where a select group of people exercise
control
Japan
• Militarism gains momentum as the search
for raw materials continues
• 1931-Military extremists invade Manchuria
without government approval; supported
by people of Japan
• Emperor Hirohito, fearing the abolishment
of the monarchy, allows military leader
Hideki Tojo to take control of Japan
Military Rule in Japan
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•
1938-Military draft
Abolish political parties
Policy of Japanese Expansionism
Purge Western influence and ideas
China
• 1928-Chiang Kai-shek forms a new
Chinese Republic (Nationalists)
• Modernize China
• “New Life Movement”-combine traditional
Confucian values with Western capitalist
ideals; rejected greed and individualism
• Japan and Chinese Communists
threatened the new government
Communist Movement in China
• Communists go into hiding after Shanghai
Massacre
• 1931-Chinese Nationalists begin the
eradication of Communism in China
• Mao Zedong (new leader of the
Communists) used guerrilla tactics to fight
the Nationalists
The Long March-1934
• Mao and the People’s Liberation Army
(PLA) escape the Nationalists and begin a
march to a Communist base in Northwest
China
• 6,000 mile journey on foot through
mountains, marshland, deserts, and
continuous attacks by the Nationalists
• Journey lasted one year/81,000 deaths
• Mao becomes the sole leader of the
Chinese Communist Party
The Totalitarian State
• People looking for an end to suffering caused by
severe economic depressions and unrest
• Dictators promise economic recovery in
exchange for loyalty
• Totalitarian-Government that aims to control the
political, economic, social, intellectual, and
cultural lives of its citizens
• Conquer the mind and the heart
• Use mass propaganda
The Totalitarian State (Cont.)
• Single ruler, single party-no opposition
• Focus on the state over the individual
• Create a new social order
• Italy
• Russia
• Germany
Italy and the Rise of Fascism
• Fascism-political philosophy that emphasizes
the need for a strong central government led by
a dictatorial ruler
• Benito Mussolini
– Established the first fascist movement in Europe
– Used broken promises at the Treaty of Versailles to
stir Italian Nationalism
• Squadristi-Mussolini’s band of black-shirted
armed Fascists used to suppress strikes and
control media
Fascism in Italy
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Goal to create a single-minded war loving community
Secret Police used to control and suppress
Propaganda
Control media outlets
Organizations to support fascist ideals
– Youth groups Age 8-18
• Family especially women were the pillar of society
• Gained support of the Catholic Church by giving the
Church money and official recognition (Vatican City)
Russia
• Lenin and the Bolsheviks control Russia
• 1922-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(U.S.S.R) or Soviet Union established
• Extreme economic problems threatened to end
Communist regime
• New Economic Policy-modified capitalist system
used by Lenin to avoid economic disaster
• 1924-Lenin dies creating a struggle for control of
the Soviet Union
New Leadership
• Seven members of the Politburo fight for
control
• Politburo-leading policy-making body of
the Communist Party
• General Secretary Joseph Stalin-used his
post to gain control of the Communist
Party
• By 1929 Stalin established a powerful
dictatorship
Stalin’s Economic Policy
• Stalin’s Five Year Plan-transform the
USSR from an agrarian to an industrial
economy almost overnight
– Created inhuman living conditions
– Low wages
• Collectivization-system in which private
farms were eliminated and the government
owned the land
– Led to food hoarding and widespread famine
The Great Purge
• 1930s
• Remove all opposition to Stalin’s
leadership
– Estimated 8 million people arrested
– Sent to labor camps in Siberia or executed
Adolph Hitler
• Beliefs
– Anti-Semitism
– Struggle was the “granite foundation of the
world”
– 1921-Takes control of the National Socialist
German Workers’ Party (Nazi)
• Nationalsozialistiche Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
• “Brownshirts” or Storm Troopers mad up the militia
of the party
Adolph Hitler (Cont.)
• 1923-Beer Hall Putsch
– Nazis attempt to overthrow the Weimer
Republic
– Failed; Hitler sent to prison
• Writes his biography/manifesto in prison
– Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
Mein Kampf
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Expresses extreme German Nationalism
Anti-Semitism
Anti-communism
Social Darwinism-the strongest will
struggle and survive
• German right to Lebensraum-living space
Rise of Nazism
• After his release, Hitler expanded the Nazi
party
– The Nazis became the largest party in the
German Reichstag (German parliament)
– 800,000 members by 1932
Why was the Nazi party so
popular?
• The Great Depression made extremist
parties more attractive
– High unemployment
– Psychological depression
– People looking for a way out
• Hitler promises a new Germany
– Appeals to German’s emotions
– Promise a better life
The Nazi State
1933-1939
• 1933-Hitler becomes Chancellor of
Germany
• Enabling Act passed by the Reichstaggave the government the power to ignore
the constitution for four years
– Allowed a “legal seizure” of Germany
– Hitler becomes a virtual dictator
The Nazi State
1933-1939 (Cont.)
• Concentration camps (prisons) built to
house opponents of Nazism
• Purge Jews and the democratic element
from government
• Government officials and soldiers required
to take a loyalty oath to the Fuhrer or
“Leader”
The Nazi State
1933-1939 (Cont.)
• Hitler wanted to create the Third Reich or
Third German Empire
• Build an Aryan racial state
• Aryan-term used by the Nazis to identify
their “master race”
Hitler’s Totalitarian State
• Schutzstaffeln (SS)-police force used
terror to maintain order
– Created by Heinrich Himmler
– Served as execution squads and controlled
death camps
• Mass demonstrations and rallies created
excitement
• Churches, schools, and professional
organizations indoctrinated Nazi ideals
Hitler’s Totalitarian State (Cont.)
• Women were expected to embrace their
role as homemakers
• Propaganda used to reach the masses
and spread Nazism
– Joseph Goebbels-propaganda minister of
Nazi Germany
– Radio-speeches
– Movies-films that carried the Nazi message
Hitler’s Totalitarian State (Cont.)
• Anti-Semitism
– 1935-Nuremburg laws
• Excluded Jews from Jews citizenship
• Forbid Jews from marrying Germans
• Required to wear yellow stars of David
– 1938-Kristallnacht- “night of shattered glass” a
destructive rampage against German Jews
led by Nazis
– Jews forced to leave Germany
The Depression Ends
• Hitler used public works projects and a rearmament
programs to bring Germany out of the Depression
• Unemployment
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1931-4.35 million
1932-6 million
1934-2.6 million
1937-500,000
• Germans followed Hitler and the Nazis because they
believed he had ended Germany’s economic depression
• The people of Germany saw Hitler as their savior
Rise of Authoritarian States
1930s
• Failure of democratic governments in Eastern Europe
– No democratic tradition
– Mostly rural/agricultural
– Ethnic conflicts
• Looked to authoritarian ruler to restore old order
• Unlike totalitarian governments, authoritative governments worked
to preserve traditional social order
• Spain
Authoritarian Rule in Spain
• 1936-General Francis Franco leads a
revolt against the democratic government
of Spain
– Begins Civil War in Spain
– Supported by Hitler and Mussolini
– By 1939 Franco takes control of Spain
– Favored traditional groups