Transcript 12-2-3-4-5-powerpoint

The United States Declares
War
Chapter 12
Section 2
German Submarine Warfare
Chapter 12, Section 2
• To break a stalemate at
sea, Germany began to
employ U-boats, short
for Unterseeboot, the
German word for
submarine. U-boats,
traveling under water,
could sink British
supply ships with no
warning.
German Submarine Warfare
Chapter 12, Section 2
• When the British cut
the transatlantic cable,
which connected
Germany and the
United States, only
news with a pro-Allied
bias was able to reach
America. American
public opinion was
therefore swayed
against Germany’s Uboat tactics.
The Lusitania and the Sussex Pledge
Chapter 12, Section 2
The Sinking of the Lusitania
• On May 7,1915, a German
U-boat sank the British
passenger liner Lusitania,
which had been carrying
both passengers and
weapons for the Allies.
• Since 128 American
passengers had been on
board, the sinking of the
Lusitania brought the
United States closer to
involvement in the war.
The Lusitania and the Sussex Pledge
Chapter 12, Section 2
The Sussex Pledge
• More Americans were
killed when Germany sank
the Sussex, a French
passenger steamship, on
March 24,1916.
• In what came to be known
as the Sussex pledge, the
German government
promised that U-boats
would warn ships before
attacking, a promise it had
made and broken before.
Moving Toward War
Chapter 12, Section 2
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• On January 31, 1917,
Germany announced its
intent to end the Sussex
pledge and return to
unrestricted submarine
warfare.
• This action caused the United
States to break off diplomatic
relations with Germany.
• Despite this announcement,
the German navy did not
attack any American ships in
February, causing the United
States to continue to hope for
peace.
Moving Toward War
Chapter 12, Section 2
The Zimmermann Note
• During this time, Britain
revealed an intercepted
telegram to the government
of Mexico from Germany’s
foreign minister, Arthur
Zimmermann.
• In this telegram, known as the
Zimmermann note, Germany
offered to return American
lands to Mexico if Mexico
declared war on the United
States.
• Neither Mexico nor President
Wilson took the Zimmermann
note seriously, but it brought
America closer to entering
the war.
The War Resolution
Chapter 12, Section 2
• When the Russian
Revolution replaced
Russia’s autocratic
czar with a republican
government in March
1917, the United States
no longer needed to be
concerned about
allying itself with an
autocratic nation. This
removed one more
stumbling block to an
American declaration
of war.
The War Resolution
Chapter 12, Section 2
• As Germany continued to
sink American ships in
March, President Wilson’s
patience for neutrality
wore out. On April 6,
1917, the President signed
Congress’s war resolution,
officially bringing the
United States into the war.
Americans on the European
Fronts
Chapter 12
Section 3
Moving Toward War
Chapter 12, Section 3
Building an Army
• Despite the preparedness
movement, the United
States lacked a large and
available military force.
Congress therefore
passed a Selective Service
Act in May 1917, drafting
many young men into the
military.
• Draftees, volunteers, and
National Guardsmen made
up what was called the
American Expeditionary
Force (AEF), led by
General John J. Pershing.
Moving Toward War
Chapter 12, Section 3
Training for War
• New recruits were trained
in the weapons and tactics
of the war by American
and British lecturers at
new and expanded training
camps around the country.
• Ideally, the military
planned to give new
soldiers several months of
training. However, the
need to send forces to
Europe quickly sometimes
cut training time short.
The Convoy System and Americans in Europe
Chapter 12, Section 3
The Convoy System
• To transport troops across the Atlantic, the United States
employed convoys, or groups of unarmed ships
surrounded by armed naval vessels equipped to track and
destroy submarines.
• Due to the convoy system, German submarines did not sink
a single ship carrying American troops.
The Convoy System and Americans in Europe
Chapter 12, Section 3
American Soldiers in Europe
• By 1918, European nations
had begun to run out of
men to recruit. Energetic
American soldiers,
nicknamed doughboys,
helped replace the tired
fighters of Europe.
• Many African Americans
volunteered or were
drafted for service.
However, these men
served in segregated units
and were often relegated
to noncombat roles.
Turning the Tide of War
Chapter 12, Section 3
• New methods of military transportation, including
tanks, airplanes, and German zeppelins, or floating
airships, influenced the manner in which the war was
fought.
Turning the Tide of War
Chapter 12, Section 3
• In the spring of 1918,
Germany provided safe
passage for Vladimir
Lenin, leader of the
Russian Bolsheviks,
from Switzerland to
Russia.
Turning the Tide of the War
Europe in
1917
•
•
In November 1917, Lenin and
the Bolsheviks overthrew the
Republican government and
signed a truce with Germany,
giving up land.
This enabled Germany to
send troops from the Eastern
front to the west.
Turning the Tide of War
Chapter 12, Section 3
• General Pershing’s
troops, however,
pushed back the
Germans in a series
of attacks. Finally,
the German army
was driven to full
retreat in the MeuseArgonne Offensive
begun on September
26, 1918.
Ending the War
Chapter 12, Section 3
• In the face of Allied
attacks and domestic
revolutions, the Central
Powers collapsed one
by one. AustriaHungary splintered into
smaller nations of
ethnic groups, and
German soldiers
mutinied, feeling that
defeat was inevitable.
Ending the War
Chapter 12, Section 3
• When the Kaiser of
Germany fled to Holland, a
civilian representative of
the new German republic
signed an armistice, or
cease-fire, in a French
railroad car at 5am on
November 11, 1918.
• Although guns fell silent
six hours later, many more
deaths were to follow. The
influenza epidemic of 1918
killed more people, both in
the United States and
Europe, than all of the
wartime battles.
Results of the War
Chapter 12, Section 3
Some Results of World War I
Dead and
Wounded
The estimated death toll of World War I was 8 million
soldiers and civilians, including tens of thousands of
Americans. Many more had lost limbs or been blinded by
poison gas. However, the efforts of the Red Cross and
other agencies had helped save many lives.
Loss of
Young
Men
Many sensed that the war had destroyed an entire
generation of young men and grieved for the loss of their
talents and abilities.
Genocide
In an act of genocide, or organized killing of an entire
people, the Ottoman Empire had murdered hundreds of
thousands of Armenians suspected of disloyalty to the
government.
Americans on the Home Front
Chapter 12
Section 4
Enforcing Loyalty
Chapter 12, Section 4
Enforcing American Loyalty During World War I
Fear of
Foreigners
Fear of espionage, or spying, was widespread; restrictions on
immigration were called for and achieved.
“Hate the Hun”
The war spurred a general hostility toward Germans, often
referred to as Huns in reference to European invaders of the
fourth and fifth centuries. German music, literature, language,
and cuisine became banned or unpopular.
Repression of
Civil Liberties
Despite Wilson’s claim that the United States fought for liberty
and democracy, freedom of speech was reduced during the
war. Sedition, or any speech or action that encourages
rebellion, became a crime.
Political
Radicals
Socialists, who argued that workers had no stake in the war,
won popular support in some states.
The radical labor organization Industrial Workers of the World
(IWW) tried to interfere with war production; vigilantes took the
law into their own hands.
Changing People’s Lives
Chapter 12, Section 4
African Americans and Other
Minorities
• With much of the work
force in the military,
factory owners and
managers who had once
discriminated against
minorities began actively
recruiting them.
• The flood of African
Americans leaving the
South to work in northern
factories became known
as the Great Migration.
Changing People’s Lives
Chapter 12, Section 4
New Roles for Women
• The diminished male work
force also created new
opportunities for women.
• Many women joined the
work force for the first time
during the war. Some
found work on farms with
the Woman’s Land Army;
others took jobs
traditionally reserved for
men.
Global Peacemaker
Chapter 12
Section 5
President Wilson’s Proposals
Chapter 12, Section 5
•
•
As the war neared an end, President Wilson developed a program
for peace around the world known as the Fourteen Points, named
for the number of provisions it contained.
One of Wilson’s Fourteen Points called for an end to entangling
alliances; another involved a reduction of military forces. Another
dealt with the right of Austria-Hungary’s ethnic groups to selfdetermination, or the power to make decisions about their own
future.
President Wilson’s Proposals
Chapter 12, Section 5
• Although both Wilson
and the German
government assumed
that the Fourteen
Points would form the
basis of peace
negotiations, the
Allies disagreed.
During peace
negotiations, Wilson’s
Fourteen Points were
discarded one by one.
The Paris Peace Conference
Chapter 12, Section 5
Wilson Forced to Compromise
• Although Wilson claimed
that he was not interested in
the spoils, or rewards, of
war, his Allied colleagues
were interested in making
the Central Powers pay for
war damages.
• Wilson was forced to
compromise on his views,
especially concerning selfdetermination for former
German colonies.
The Paris Peace Conference
Chapter 12, Section 5
The League of Nations
• One of Wilson’s ideas, the
formation of a League of Nations,
was agreed upon at the Paris
Peace Conference. The League of
Nations was designed to bring
the nations of the world together
to ensure peace and security.
• Republicans in Congress,
however, were concerned about
Article 10 of the League’s charter,
which contained a provision that
they claimed might draw the
United States into unpopular
foreign wars.
The Peace Treaty
Chapter 12, Section 5
• The treaty which was negotiated at the Paris Peace
Conference redrew the map of Europe to the Allies’
advantage.
• Nine new nations were created from territory taken from
Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Germany. Although most
borders were drawn with the division of ethnic minorities in
mind, the redivisions created new ethnic minorities in
several countries.
The Peace Treaty
Chapter 12, Section 5
•
•
France insisted that Germany be humiliated and financially crippled. The
peace treaty required Germany to pay billions of dollars in reparations, or
payment for economic injury suffered during the war. Wilson, however,
opposed this plan, claiming that these demands would lead to future wars.
On June 28, 1919, the peace treaty, which came to be known as the
Versailles Treaty, was signed at Versailles, outside of Paris.
Redrawing the Map of Europe
Chapter 12, Section 5
• At the Paris Peace
Conference, Britain,
France, and the
United States redrew
the map of Europe.
Reactions at Home
Chapter 12, Section 5
Congress and the Treaty of
Versailles
• Despite Wilson’s intensive
campaign in favor of the
Versailles Treaty, Congress
voted against ratifying it in
November 1919.
• The United States declared
the war officially over on May
20, 1920. It ratified separate
peace treaties with Germany,
Austria, and Hungary.
However, the United States
did not join the newly formed
League of Nations.
Reactions at Home
Chapter 12, Section 5
Difficult Postwar Adjustments
• The war had given a large boost
to the American economy, making
the United States the world’s
largest creditor nation.
• Soldiers returned home to a
hero’s welcome but found that
jobs were scarce.
• African American soldiers, despite
their service to their country,
returned to find continued
discrimination.
• Many American artists entered the
postwar years with a sense of
gloom and disillusionment.