Transcript document

The
Wars of
Religion
(1560s-1648)
Unit Two - PowerPoint
Civil War
In France
(1562-1598)
French background
• 1559 – Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
– Ends Habsburg-Valois War
– Spain triumphs over tired France
• Francis I
– Taille (land taxes) to support standing army
– Italian Renaissance brought to court
• Concordat of Bologna
– Recognized supremacy of Pope
– Fr. Crown can appoint bishops/abbots
– De facto state church – no real reformation
The Valois Family:
The Beginning of the End
 Henri II was the last powerful Valois
 Three weak sons followed:
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Francis II (Prots try to kidnap…)
Charles IX (10 yr old momma’s boy)
 January Edict: Protestants can worship
 Duke of Guise massacres Prots.
 Mom won’t help Dutch against Spn.
 Henry of Navarre marries sister
Henri III (self loathing homosexual)
 Catherine de Medici controlled the sons:
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Played both sides in the civil war
Developed a reputation for cruelty
Catherine de Medici
Francis II & His Wife, Mary
Stuart
The French Civil War
 There were two sides:
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Guise family led Catholics in North
Bourbon family led Huguenots in South
Fighting for the royal inheritance
Many nobles take Calvinism to oppose monarchy
 Catherine feared Protestant revenge of Coligny’s death
and convinces Charles IX to kill off threats…
 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
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August 24, 1572
20,000 Huguenots were killed
Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
The French Civil War
 Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.
-CL undermine freedom laws
-HenryIII attacks/fails…stabbed by friar
Catholic
League
CIVIL
WAR
Protestant
Union
 Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League &
becomes Henry IV of France.
 Effects of Civil War:
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France was left divided by religion
Royal power had weakened
Valois family now replaced by Bourbons
Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into
Paris – Peter Paul Reubens
Henry IV of France
 Ended Spanish interference in
France
 Converted to Catholicism :
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Did this to compromise and make
peace
Paris is worth a mass.
This was an example of politique [the
interest of the state comes first
before any religious considerations]
Fighting for the royal inheritance
 Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598:
Granted religious rights to
Huguenots
 Did not grant religious freedom for
all
Assassinated by a radical Catholic
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The
Netherlands:
The
“Low
Country”
The “Dutch” Century
It was a political model.
A radical attitude towards religion
in the country.
A certain level of religious
toleration.
Stable, thriving economy.
“Golden Age” of artists and
thinkers.
 Religion and everyday life were
recurring themes in their art.
The Spanish Hapsburgs & Europe (1556)
Philip II consolidated Hapsburg lands
at the end of the 16c.
Dutch Society
Amsterdam, Rotterdam: granaries
with enough surplus for one year.
Generally higher salaries than in
any other parts of W. Europe.
 Even women had higher wages.
“Protestant work ethic.”
 Thrift and frugality.
Had the highest standard of living
in Europe!
View of Doerdrecht
Aelbert Cuyp, 1650s
Oude Kerk [Old Church], Amsterdam
First built in 1300.
Interior of the Oude Kerk in Amsterdam Emmanuel De Witt
Reformation in Low Countries
• Calvinism arrived in Dutch
territories (Flanders) in 1560’s
• Elements of Calvinism
extremely popular with Dutch
merchants
• King Philip II of Spain launch
violent repression – Inquisition
• Dutch resistance Beeldenstorm (1566)
• Military resistance centered
on William the Silent (of
Orange)
The Spanish Netherlands:
Union of Utrecht, 1579
The United Provinces still recognized Spanish rule,
but, in 1581, they declared their independence.
Key Events-Dutch Revolts
• William of Orange opposes Cardinal Granvelle’s
centralized Spanish rule
• Calvinists/urban artisans plan revolt/ Granvelle leaves
(Duke of Alba replaces him)
– 10,000 march from Milan/executed heretics
– 10% sales taxes… (Alba out, Don Luis in)
• Don Luis dies – 7,000 killed in Spanish fury
– Pacification of Ghent: territories unite against
Spain.
• Perpetual Edict: Spn. troops must leave
• Southern provinces=Union of Arras…make peace
with Cath. Spain
• Union of Utrecht is Prot. North…Independence from
Spain.
The Netherlands (1609)
The Night Watch – Rembrandt, 1642
Catholic “Hidden” Church
in the Attic, Amsterdam, 1630s
Interior of a Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam
– Emmanuel De Witte
Portrait of an Old Jewish Man Rembrandt,
1654
Beware of Luxury – Jan Steen
“Genre” Painting
Still Life with Gilt Goblet
William Heda, 1635
“Genre” Painting
The
Thirty Years
War
(1618-1648)
1618-1648
Characteristics of the Thirty
Years War
 The Holy Roman Empire was the
battleground.
 At the beginning  it was the
Catholics vs. the Protestants.
 At the end  it was Habsburg power
that was threatened.
 Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia
in 1648.
The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
 HRE Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia.
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The Bohemians (Calvinists) hated him.
Ferdinand revoked some Protestant freedoms
Defenestration of Prague May, 1618
Bohemia named a new king, Frederick II.
(head of the Protestant Union; son of England’s
James I)
The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
 Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman
Emperor…replaced in Bohemia though
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Spain, Bavaria & Lutheran Saxony support
him
Victory at White Mountain (1620)
Duke of Bavaria conquers Frederick’s land
and more (NW)
 The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others.
Bohemian Phase
The Danish Phase: 1625-1629
 Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance.
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Denmark’s Christian IV (Lutheran) invaded for
coastal territories, supported by Eng, Fr & Dutch
Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein for
the army…Brutal mercenary (Protestant roots)
Wallenstein & Maximilian humiliate Denmark
 Edict of Restitution (1629):
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Restored to Catholics all lands lost since 1552.
Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans,
of their religious and political rights.
Unrealistic
 German princes feared Ferdinand  he fired
Wallenstein in effort to calm them.
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Danish Phase
Albrecht
von
Wallenstein
The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635
 Sweden (Adolphus) invade the empire,
supported by Dutch and Richelieu’s France.
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Both want to stop Habsburg power.
 Gustavus Adolphus is a great general
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Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein.
Swedish advance was eventually ended
 German princes still feared Ferdinand II.
- Protestants try to lure Wallenstein
 Wallenstein assassinated…fear is reduced
 Peace of Prague: German Prots. & HRE
-Sweden refuses, French & Dutch support!
Swedish Phase
Gustavus
Adolphus
The French Phase: 1635-1648
 France forces lead the attack & looting
-states too weak to resist
 All countries in Europe now participated.
 This phase was most destructive!
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German towns decimated.
Agriculture collapsed  famine resulted.
8 million dead  1/3 of the population
[from 21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in
1648]
Caused massive inflation.
Trade was crippled throughout Europe.
Cardinal Richelieu of
France…willing to support
foreign protestants but
not those in his own realm
•Example of a European
politique
•Pushed for direct French
involvement into 30 Years
War in order to weaken
France’s Hapsburg rival
“A Bust of Cardinal Richelieu”
by Bernini
Loss of German Lives in 30
Years’ War
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
 Political Provisions:
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Each Ger. prince became free from any kind of
control by the HR Emperor.
The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became
officially independent  so. part remained a Sp.
possession.
Fr. rcvd. most of the Ger-speaking province of
Alsace.
Sweden  got lands in No. Ger. on the Baltic &
Black Sea coasts.
Switzerland became totally independent of the
HR Emperor  Swiss Confederation.
Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the HR Emp.
Brandenburg got important terrs. on No. Sea &
in central Germany.
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
 Religious Provisions:
Calvinists would have the same privileges
as the Lutherans had in the Peace of
Augsburg.
 The ruler of each state could determine
its official religion, BUT [except in the
hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], he
must permit freedom of private
worship.
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Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
1688-1700
Nobody Was Happy!
 Many Protestants felt betrayed.
 The pope denounced it.
 Only merit  it ended the fighting in a
war that became intolerable!
 For the next few centuries, this war
was blamed for everything that went
wrong in Central Europe.
What were the
long-range
effects of the
Thirty Years’
War?