Transcript File

Philip II of Spain
• Rule: 1556-1598
• Territories included: Iberian Peninsula, Italy,
Netherlands
• Squelch (Objective): Protestants and Muslims
– Battle of Lepanto, 1571 defeat Ottoman Turks (
England signs mutual defense pact with France)
• Interference:
– French monarch succession/French civil wars
– Civil/cold relations with England, tensions increase
due to English support of the Dutch/ English pirates
Elizabeth I of England
• Poor compared with Spain
• Small player in European affairs
• Elizabeth unified the people by:
– Parliament: government open to most
Englishmen, elevates commoners= gentry class
– Encourages patriotism= common enemy, Spain
• Support Protestant efforts abroad/
encouraged English sailors to explore/ raid
Spanish ships 
• Executed Mary, Queen of Scots
– Conspired against Elizabeth
– Elizabeth was conflicted over execution
• Kill an anointed Queen?
Dutch Revolt
• Philip reorganizes Catholic Church in
the Netherlands, gives him more power
– Inquisition against the Calvinists
– Jesuits search for heretics
• William of Orange- defends people
against Philip’s Inquisition
– Son, Maurice of Nassau unites many of the
Dutch provinces
• United Provinces 1579: provinces, fight
back/ Spanish unable to break
• Truce reached in 1609- 20 years
The Armada
• Philip- enraged by English interference
in the Netherlands (helping the
Protestants)
• Armada: Huge fleet, deliver Spanish
army to invade England
• English able to match Spain in the
Channel- many Spanish ships lost
• Remaining fleet forced to flee- wind,
storms, and English ships that gave
chase
– Result in less than half of the Armada
returning home
Civil War in France
• Calvinists in France= Huguenots
– Gaining popularity
• Guises– Powerful noble family, leadership of the
Catholics
• Bourbons
– Powerful noble family, leadership of the
Huguenots (political rather than purely
religious)
Civil War in France
• Henry II dies in 1559- Three sons take over
throne/ each ineffectual (30 years)
• Catherine de Medici- attempts to maintain
control of the throne/sons, switches sides
depending on who has more power
• St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 1572:
– 20,000 Huguenots killed
• War breaks out 1562
• Armanda defeat effects war in France
– Philip can no longer help the Duke of Guise and
the Catholics
Civil War in France
• Duke of Guise is assassinated/
Catholics unable to maintain
organization
• Henry of Navarre, inherits throne to
become
– Henry IV of France (r. 1589-1610)
– Converts to Catholicism to bring peace to
France
• Edict of Nantes
– Toleration of Huguenots
– Protected rights/ open public office
Sec I
• Evaluate the relative weight of religious
and political factors underlying the wars
between the 1560’s-1640’s
• What problems faced Philip II?
The
Wars of
Religion
(1560s-1648)
Civil War
In France
(1562-1598)
The Valois Family:
The Beginning of the End
 Henri II was the last powerful Valois
 Three weak sons followed:
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Francis II
Charles IX
Henri III
 Catherine de Medici controlled the sons:
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Was mother to the boys
Played both sides in the civil war
Developed a reputation for cruelty
Catherine de Medici
Francis II & His Wife, Mary
Stuart
The French Civil War
 There were two sides:
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Guise family led Catholics in North
Bourbon family led Huguenots in South
Fighting for the royal inheritance
 Catherine supported the Guises in the
first phase.
 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
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August 24, 1572
20,000 Huguenots were killed
Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
The French Civil War
 Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.
Catholic
League
CIVIL
WAR
Protestant
Union
 Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League &
becomes Henry IV of France.
 Effects of Civil War:
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France was left divided by religion
Royal power had weakened
Valois family now replaced by Bourbons
Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into
Paris – Peter Paul Reubens
Henry IV of France
 Ended Spanish interference in
France
 Converted to Catholicism :
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Did this to compromise and make
peace
Paris is worth a mass.
This was an example of politique
[the interest of the state comes
first before any religious
considerations]
Fighting for the royal inheritance
 Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598:
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Granted religious rights to
Huguenots
Did not grant religious freedom for
all
The
Thirty Years
War
(1618-1648)
Sec II
• In what ways does the Thirty Years’
War reflect the mixture of politics and
religion in the war during this period?
• What was the significance of the Peace
of Westphalia?
1618-1648
Characteristics of the Thirty
Years War
 The Holy Roman Empire was the
battleground.
 Spain, France, Sweden and Denmark all
interested in acquiring Habsburg territory
in the HRE
 At the beginning  it was the Catholics vs.
the Protestants.
 At the end  it was Habsburg power that
was threatened.
 Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in
1648.
Peace of Augsburg (1555)
• Ended war between Lutherans/
Catholics in Ger. (HRE Charles V)
• 224 German States- practice religion
chosen by ruler
– Lutherans living under a Catholic princebishopric could continue to practice
Lutheranism
*Calvinism complicates this treaty*
(1st) The Bohemian Phase: 1618-
 Ferdinand II (HRE)
inherited Bohemia
1622
thru his cousin Emperor Mathias.
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The Bohemians hated him.
Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants.
Defenestration of Prague May, 1618
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Bohemia elected a new king, Frederick II
The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
 Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman
Emperor.
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borrowed an army from Maxmilian of
Bavaria.
 Mostly Catholic/Imperial victories
 Bohemian lose
 Leading rebels executed
 Frederick II loses his lands
 Max gets ½ as reward
 Spanish get other ½
 The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others.
Bohemian Phase
nd
(2 )
Phase:
1621-1630
• Truce between Spanish and Dutch exp.
1621
• War resumes
• Spanish send army to help HRE crush
Protestant forces
• England absolves itself to involvement
The Danish Phase: 1625-1629
 Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance.
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Tried to crush Protestants in northern Holy
Roman Empire.
Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein
(Bohemian noble) for the army.
Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north.
 Edict of Restitution (1629):
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Restored to Catholics all lands lost since 1552.
Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans,
of their religious and political rights.
 German princes feared Ferdinand 
 He fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them.
 Princes united (Catholic & Protestant) against
Wallenstein
Danish Phase
Albrecht
von
Wallenstein
(3rd )The Swedish Phase:
1630-1635
 War becomes PURELY political
 France & Sweden now get involved.
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Both want to stop Habsburg power.
Sweden led the charge.
France provided support.
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Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein.
Swedish advance was stopped.
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 Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HR Empire.
 Feared Habsburg invasion of Sweden/
disgust with treatment of Protestants
German princes still feared Ferdinand II.
 Wallenstein assassinated to appease them.
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 Last leader able to unify authority in Germany
Swedish Phase
Gustavus
Adolphus
(4th) The French Phase: 1635-1648
 France & Sweden switched roles.
 Protestants in Ger. Principalities raise
new armies
 Ferdinand makes deal with Ger. Protest/
fight united against outsiders
 Lift Edict of Restitution/amnesty to
all except Frederick II/ few key
Bohemian leaders
 .
th
(4 )
The French Phase:
1635-1648
 All countries in Europe now participated.
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Fighting continued in the Spanish
Netherlands until 1658c, the Baltic region
until 1661 (between Russia, Poland, Sweden
and Denmark
 This phase was most destructive!
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German towns decimated.
Agriculture collapsed  famine resulted.
8 million dead  1/3 of the population [from
21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in 1648]
Caused massive inflation.
Trade was crippled throughout Europe
Loss of German Lives in 30
Years’ War
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
 Political Provisions:
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Each Ger. prince became free from any kind of
control by the HR Emperor.
The United Provinces [Dutch Netherlands.]
became officially independent  so. part
remained a Spanish possession.
France rcvd. most of the German-speaking
province of Alsace.
Sweden  got lands in No. Germany on the
Baltic & Black Sea coasts.
Switzerland became totally independent of the
HRE  Swiss Confederation.
Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the HRE.
Brandenburg got important territories. on No.
Sea & in central Germany.
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
 Religious Provisions:
Calvinists would have the same privileges
as the Lutherans had in the Peace of
Augsburg.
 The ruler of each state could determine
its official religion, BUT [except in the
hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], he
must permit freedom of private
worship.
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Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
1688-1700
• ALL parties involved participated in negotiations
• Emergence of a state system/ rearrangement of
European map (looks modern!)
• Principle beneficiaries were France (DOMINATE
PLAYER) and Sweden
• Conflict shifts away from religion/ willing to fight over
economic, territorial or political reasons
• Economic prosperity returns to the northern countries
faster ( England/ Netherlands)
• Loser- House of Habsburg
• Principality Autonomy EST- 1657
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HRE Leopold I elected on 2 conditions
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Would not give help to his relative, King of Spain
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HRE would not interfere in the principalities
affairs/authority
What were the
long-range
effects of the
Thirty Years’
War?
Sec. III
• What changes in military equipment,
tactics, and organization took place in
the 16th and 17th centuries?
• What were some of the economic,
social and political consequences of
these changes?
Bang! Bang! Boom! Boom!
• Introduction of gunpowder:
– Castles AND towns become heavily
fortified and require intricate use of
architecture and trenches to delay/avoid
offensive use of explosives
– Cavalry charges become obsolete
• “Spanish Square”: 3000 men per square, use of
gunners and pike holders
• Gustavus Adolphus: Use of the salvo, gunners
fire at once
You’re in the Army Now!
Spain- 40,000 to 60,000 men
Sweden- 150,000 men
France- 400,000 men
New ranks/standardized uniforms
 Use of conscription or the Draft
Impact on civilians
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Lower classes paid the bulk in taxes
Supplied majority of the men
Conscription/Forced service
For every soldier on the field, 5
additional men/boys needed for support
– i.e. launderer, peddlers, tradespeople
• Local towns provided resources for
camping army