Transcript Development of Canada

Development of Canada
L'Anse aux Meadows
• In around AD 1000 Norse
Vikings sailed from
Greenland to North America
and set up a village on the
tip of what is now the island
of Newfoundland's Great
Northern Peninsula.
• At this site, known as
L'Anse aux Meadows, the
settlers built houses of wood
framing covered with sod.
Leif Eriksson’s Sighting of
Newfoundland
• Evidence that Viking
explorers settled at
Newfoundland was
discovered in the 1960s
at L’Anse aux
Meadows.
• This painting dramatizes
Leif Eriksson’s sighting
of Newfoundland in
around 1000 AD.
Exploration of Eastern Canada
•
The Vikings built a settlement on
Canadian soil but soon abandoned it.
•
Cabot sought the riches of Asia and
was disappointed to find North
America instead.
•
Cartier sought a passage to Asia and
discovered the St. Lawrence River.
•
Frobisher sought the passage farther
north.
•
Hudson too was seeking the passage
when he found the great northern bay.
•
Champlain, in contrast, was looking
for an ideal place to start a colony.
Not finding it on the Atlantic coast, he
went up the St. Lawrence and
founded Québec.
Jacques Cartier
• In 1534 King Francis I sent
French explorer Jacques
Cartier to find a northwest
passage to the Moluccas, or
Spice Islands.
• Cartier explored the Gulf of
St. Lawrence and regions
now known as
Newfoundland, New
Brunswick, and Québec.
• Much of the French claim to
Canada was based on
Cartier’s explorations.
Explorations of Jacques Cartier
• The French navigator Jacques Cartier led two exploratory
expeditions to North America, both funded by King Francis I.
He claimed the area he discovered for France, and named the
St. Lawrence River, which he explored as far as present-day
Montréal.
Acadia
• First colonized by the
French in 1604, possession
of Acadia was disputed by
the French and the British
during the struggle for
supremacy in North
America.
• The region of Acadia is now
made up of the Canadian
Maritime provinces of New
Brunswick, Nova Scotia,
and Prince Edward Island,
and parts of what are now
the province of Québec and
the state of Maine.
Samuel de Champlain
• Samuel de
Champlain was a
French explorer who,
in 1608, founded the
Canadian city of
Québec as a furtrading post.
• Champlain
befriended the
Algonquin and
Hurons in the area.
Early Settlement of Québec
•
The French first settled Québec in the early 1600s. Their settlement grew slowly, as
French pioneers mostly traded furs instead of establishing farms. In 1663, France
made the region a royal colony—sending troops for defense, actively encouraging
settlement, and developing industries. Québec then rapidly became a rich
agricultural region, as depicted here in 1688.
Exploration of Central Canada
•
The English entered central Canada from
the north, and the French from the south.
•
Hudson, an Englishman, was marooned on
the bay named for him, and Button came
to search for him.
•
Groseilliers and Radisson, though French,
were in English service and helped to start
the Hudson's Bay Company.
•
Kelsey explored far to the west for the
company, but it did not follow up on his
discoveries.
•
Meanwhile French fur traders extended
their routes along the Great Lakes and by
the 1750s had reached as far west as
Kelsey or farther. Franklin's ill-fated
voyage resulted in the death of his entire
party, but geographic knowledge was
expanded by several rescue parties that
were sent to find him.
New France in 1750
•
New France, which included Canada, was the French empire in North
America. By 1750 fur traders had expanded it in the northwest, although
wars with the British had reduced it in the east. Isle Royale was the remnant
of French Acadia, most of which the British ruled as Nova Scotia. The
French still maintained forts in the part west of the Bay of Fundy (crosshatched area). Actual French settlement was largely limited to present-day
Nova Scotia, Québec province, Illinois, and Louisiana; French influence
extended farther through alliances with the indigenous nations for trade and
defense.
Fur Trade Routes
• In the 1750s the trade in beaver furs was a major part of the economy of
northern North America. While British traders did business primarily at
their posts on Hudson Bay, the French developed a network of trade routes
almost as far west as the Rocky Mountains.
French and Indian War
•
The French and Indian War (1754-1763) concluded a global series of
wars (1689-1763) between Britain and France. In the French and Indian
War, the two European powers teamed with their respective Native
American allies in a quest for domination of North America. The
conflict ended in complete victory for the British, culminating with the
division of the French territories in North America between Britain and
Spain. The removal of a French threat to colonial security helped bring
about the American Revolution.
NEW FRANCE’S MILITARIZED SOCIETY
1650-1760
• New France’s frontier was
receiving threats from the
Iroquois and British.
• A militia system of civilian
soldiers was a basic feature of
society in New France.
• In 1669, all Canadian males
aged 16 to 60 joined militia
companies.
• Militia formed the backbone of
the colony’s military forces until
the Seven Years’ War (17561763).
Clash Empires
1608-1760
Major wars between France and Britain spread to North America.
• Soldiers of New France
defended their homes and
launched daring raids all
along the frontier.
• 1713, France ceded much
of Acadia to Britain and
abandoned its claims to
Newfoundland.
• France retained Cape
Breton Island
• 1720-1745, France built
the fortress of Louisburg
• The British established a
naval base at Halifax in
1749.
THE SEVEN YEARS’ WAR
1756-1763
The Seven Years’ War determined the fate of New France.
• The expanding population of
Britain’s North American
colonies pushed over the
Appalachian Mountains into the
Ohio River valley.
• An undeclared war broke out
between the French and British
colonies.
• Despite several victories the tide
of war gradually shifted in
favour of Britain.
• British naval forces isolated
New France while a British
army attacked Louisbourg in
1758, which surrendered after a
seven-week siege, leaving
Québec vulnerable.
The French and Indian War
or
the Seven Years War (1756-1763)
•
British soldiers fought against
French soldiers and Native
Americans.
•
Native Americans joined in the
battle against the British because
they were afraid the British would
take over their land.
•
The war ended in 1759 when
British Major General James Wolfe
captured Quebec.
•
In the peace treaty of 1763 the
British got most of the French land
in North America. Also as a result
of the war, the British began taxing
the colonists to pay for the war.
THE SIEGE OF QUÉBEC
1759
• Québec City surrendered to the
British following the Battle of
the Plains of Abraham.
• June 1759 Major-General
James Wolfe led a powerful
army to Québec.
• Unable to overcome the city’s
defences, Wolfe bombarded
Québec for two months.
• On the verge of failure, the
British noticed a small cove
three kilometres west of the city
walls. Wolfe and 4800 troops
landed undetected there on the
night of 13 September 1759.
THE SIEGE OF QUÉBEC
1759
• They scaled the cliffs and advanced to the Plains
of Abraham. The Marquis de Montcalm, the
French commander, left a strong position just
outside the city and fought them with an army of
4500 French regulars, Canadiens, and First
Peoples.
• The British won following an intense, 30-minute
battle. Both Montcalm and Wolfe were mortally
wounded. Québec surrendered five days later.
THE FALL OF NEW FRANCE
1760-1763
• British troops occupied the
remainder of New France,
which became a British colony
in 1763.
• The survivors of the Battle of
the Plains of Abraham escaped
to Montréal to the arrival of a
British fleet in May and forced
the French and Canadiens to
retreat.
• That summer, three British
armies converged on Montreal .
• The French surrendered on 8
September
• In 1763, the Treaty of Paris
ended the war and ceded New
France to Britain.
American Revolution
The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783),
also known as the American War of Independence
• A war between the
Kingdom of Great
Britain and the
thirteen "United
Colonies" which
expelled royal
officials in 1775.
American Revolution
• The American Revolution refers to the period
during the last half of the 18th century in
which the Thirteen Colonies became the
United States of America who gained
independence from the British Empire.
• The Thirteen Colonies were British colonies
in North America founded between 1607
(Virginia), and 1732 (Georgia).
The Patriots
• By 1776, the population of
the colonies had reached 2.5
million people. This was
about one third the
population of Britain. There
were now many roads
connecting the individual
colonies, and newspapers
kept them informed about
each other. The colonies were
beginning to think of
themselves as Americans, not
as separate colonies.
• Many colonists were split
over the issue of
independence. There were
both rich and poor colonists
on both sides of the
independence issue.
The Patriots
• Large landowners like George Washington, and wealthy
businessmen like John Hancock were in favor of
independence. They both resented British control over their
lives, and British interference in their business.
• On the other hand, some rich colonists were afraid they would
lose their wealth if the revolution succeeded. Their wealth
was heavily connected to British trade and the British
government. Some poor colonists didn't want to be controlled
by the wealthy colonists. They either believed the King of
England treated them well, or they just didn't want to cause
trouble.
• Over time, support for independence grew as issues like
taxation without representation angered the local population.
Lack of Government Representation
• When England colonized
America it had no master
plan on how the colonies
would be governed.
• Some colonies governed
themselves. Other colonies
were governed by the King's
officials.
• The King insisted on his
right to create laws
governing the colonies.
British parliament also
created laws that governed
the colonies.
Lack of Government Representation
• The British passed laws that were in the best
interest of England, not the colonies. For
example, they passed the Navigation Act
which restricted colonists from competing with
British businesses.
• They also prevented colonists from selling
their goods to countries other than Britain,
even if the country was willing to pay a higher
price than the British. Britain made it
difficult for the colonies to trade with the
French and the Spanish.
Lack of Government Representation
• While the British continued to enforce their
control of the colonies, they refused to allow
the colonies government representation in
England. The British believed that their own
appointed government officials adequately
represented the colonies.
• The colonies resented British control. The
colonies created their own laws, and ignored
the British laws they did not like. This created
considerable tension between Britain and the
colonies.
Taxation
• While England found governing its colonies in America
difficult, it also found it expensive. Britain had recently fought
the French and Indian War, which gave it control of Canada
and much of the land east of the Mississippi. The war was very
expensive for England, and it now needed more money to
maintain soldiers in all these areas.
• In 1764, the British government decided to tax the
colonists to pay a share of the costs.
• The British taxed all sugar bought from the French or Spanish.
The British then created the Stamp Act, requiring all
newspapers and legal documents to carry a stamp purchased
from the British. These taxes angered the colonists and they
managed to force the British to eliminate the Stamp Act and to
reduce the taxes on sugar.
AMERICAN INVASION
1763-1776
•
British and Canadiens co- operated
to defend Canada during the
American Revolution.
•
Britain’s American colonies
rebelled in 1775 and invaded
Canada capturing Montréal, and
advancing on Québec.
•
31 December 1775, a force of
British soldiers and French- and
English-speaking militia soundly
defeated an assault on Québec City.
•
The Americans remained outside
Québec, suffering from cold,
hunger, and disease.
•
In May 1776, British
reinforcements arrived by sea and
the Americans withdrew.
BRITISH NORTH AMERICA
1776-1812
• The creation of the United
States profoundly affected
Canadian society which
constituted a serious military
threat.
• About forty thousand American
Loyalists who had supported
Britain during the revolution
came to Canada as refugees.
• This added a significant
English-speaking element to
Canada’s population which led
to the creation of New
Brunswick in 1784 and the
division of Quebec into Upper
and Lower Canada (now
Ontario and Quebec) in 1791.
•
BRITISH NORTH AMERICA
1776-1812
• British-American relations remained tense
between 1783 and 1812 as the result of
territorial disputes, economic rivalry, and
British attempts to control trans- Atlantic
trade.
• If war came, Canada’s survival would
depend upon the cooperation of the militia,
First Peoples, and a small garrison of
British regulars.
United States Declaration of Independence
• The Declaration of
Independence was
an act adopted on
July 4, 1776, which
declared that the
Thirteen Colonies
were independent of
Great Britain. The
Declaration was
written chiefly by
Thomas Jefferson.
1812-1813: Invasion Repelled
In 1812, the United States invaded Canada.
• In June 1812, the United States
declared war on Britain,
already locked in combat with
Napoleon’s France.
• The resulting War of 1812 was
fought largely on Canadian
territory.
• The Americans were superior in
numbers but badly organized.
• First Peoples, including a
Shawnee contingent led by
Tecumseh, and Canadian militia
units supported Canada’s
garrison of professional
soldiers.
1812-1813: Invasion Repelled
In 1812, the United States invaded Canada
• In October 1812, Sir Isaac Brock,
commander-in- chief of Upper Canada, was
killed defeating a major American invasion
attempt at Queenston Heights, on the
Niagara River.
• Much skirmishing and raiding occurred
throughout the first part of 1813, especially
along Lake Ontario and the Niagara frontier.
THE WAR OF 1812
1813-1814 : Canada Saved
Every American invasion ended in defeat.
•
In October 1813 460 troops, mostly
French- Canadian voltigeurs (light
infantry), turned back 4000
American invaders south of
Montréal.
•
British regulars defeated a second
American column at Crysler’s
Farm, in eastern Ontario.
•
Bitter fighting along the Niagara
frontier, an American attack on
Toronto in 1813, and American
naval successes on Lake Champlain
in 1814 did little to affect the
military situation.
THE WAR OF 1812
1813-1814 : Canada Saved
Every American invasion ended in defeat.
• December 1814, Britain
and the United States
signed the Treaty of Ghent
and returned all captured
territory.
• Canadians took justifiable
pride in their role in the
war, but Canada’s security
had been preserved mainly
by well-trained British
regulars.
FORTIFYING CANADA
1815-1837
To protect Canada, Britain
built fortifications, roads,
and canals.
• The United States and
Britain signed the RushBagot Treaty in 1817 and
agreed to remove most of
their warships from the
Great Lakes.
• Both sides retained strong
defences on land.
THE FENIAN RAIDS
1841-1871
• Canada organized permanent
militia units and repelled raids
by the American-based Fenian
Brotherhood.
• Strained Anglo-American
relations during the American
Civil War (1861-65) led Britain
to send 11,000 troops to protect
its North American colonies.
• Following the Civil War, the
Fenian Brotherhood, largely
composed of Irish-American
veterans, sought to achieve
Ireland’s independence from
Britain by capturing Canada as
a hostage. Between 1866 and
1871, they raided Canadian
territory from New Brunswick
to Manitoba.
THE FENIAN RAIDS
1841-1871
• June 1866 along the Niagara frontier,
the Fenians defeated a small Canadian
force at Ridgeway but returned to the
United States before Canadian and
British reinforcements arrived.
• Every other Fenian raid ended in
failure, and the movement collapsed
after 1871.
CANADA AND IMPERIALISM
1875-1899
• Britain controlled the world’s largest empire and most Canadians were
proud to be a part of it.
• Imperialism’ was a form of territorial, economic, and cultural
expansion practiced on a global scale by the great powers.
CANADA AND IMPERIALISM
1875-1899
During the last quarter of the nineteenth century, Britain and
other nations colonized territories in Africa, Asia, and
elsewhere.
In Canada, support for the British ‘Imperial idea’ and the
need to protect the Empire was strongest among
Canadians of British origin, the majority of the population.
While professing attachment to the Empire, successive
Canadian governments sought to avoid military
commitments in support of Imperial defence.
Such commitments might have damaged national unity, since
public opinion in French Canada believed that
participation in Imperial affairs prevented Canada from
achieving greater autonomy.
THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR
1899-1902
• The South African War was
Canada’s first overseas conflict.
• In October 1899, the British
Empire and the two small South
African Boer republics went to
war.
• Over 7300 Canadian volunteers
served in South Africa in
infantry, mounted rifle,
artillery, and other units.
• Paardeberg in February 1900,
more than 4000 Boers
surrendered following a
Canadian-led assault.
THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR
1899-1902
• By May 1902 (the end of the war), Canadian losses
amounted to 89 killed in action and 135 who died of other
causes.
• Most English Canadians responded enthusiastically to the
war, but much of French Canada was unsupportive.
• Battlefield successes increased Canadian self-confidence
and advanced Canadian nationalism, but the war also
magnified domestic linguistic and cultural differences.