Transcript THE HEIGHT OF IMPERIALISM

THE HEIGHT OF
IMPERIALISM
CHAPTER 14
14-1 COLONIAL RULE IN
SOUTHEAST ASIA
WORLD EVENTS
WHAT’S GOING ON IN THE WORLD?
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WORDS OF THE DAY
 CANDOR – PG. 432
 ASSIMILATE – PG. 442
 FUTILE – PG. 451
 PERIL – PG. 453
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WARM UPS
WHAT WERE THE FIVE PRIMARY
MOTIVATIONS FOR THE “NEW
IMPERIALISM”?
WHY DID THE SLAVE TRADE DECLINE IN
THE 1880S?
HOW WAS BRITISH RULE DEGRADING TO
INDIANS?
HOW DID NAPOLEON’S WARS AFFECT
LATIN AMERICA?
14-1 COLONIAL RULE IN
SOUTHEAST ASIA
THE NEW IMPERIALISM
 WESTERN EXPANSION INTO ASIA AND AFRICA
 WHY?
 RAW MATERIALS AND A MARKET FOR GOODS
 NEW TYPES OF TRADE FOR THE EUROPEANS –
OIL, TIN, RUBBER
 IMPERIALISM – THE EXTENSION OF A
NATION’S POWER OVER OTHER LANDS
 TRADING AND MISSIONARY WORK
 TRADING POSTS HAD ALREADY BEEN SET UP
BUT NOW YOU HAVE NEW IMPERIALISM –
DIRECT CONTROL OVER CERTAIN AREAS
14-1 COLONIAL RULE IN
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 *WHY DID WESTERNERS WANT TO INCREASE THEIR
COLONIES AFTER 1880?
 1. ECONOMIC - CAPITALIST STATES WERE LOOKING FOR
A.) MARKETS AND B.) RAW MATERIALS FOR THEIR
MARKETS
 2. POLITICAL POWER - THEY WANTED TO CONTROL
THESE AREAS AS WELL
 3. PRESTIGE - DUE TO EUROPEAN RIVALRIES, NATIONSTATES WANTED TO ACQUIRE COLONIES TO GAIN AN
ADVANTAGE OVER OTHER NATIONS
 4. RACIAL SUPERIORITY - SOCIAL DARWINISM/RACISM
 5. MORAL RESPONSIBILITY - MORAL AND RELIGIOUS
RESPONSIBILITY TO CIVILIZE PRIMITIVE PEOPLE
 "WHITE MAN'S BURDEN"
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14-1 COLONIAL RULE IN
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 THEY BELIEVED THAT THEY SHOULD
HELP THE PEOPLE OF AFRICA AND
ASIA
 HOW?
 BRINGING A CHRISTIAN MESSAGE
AND BENEFITS OF A WESTERN
DEMOCRACY AND CAPITALISM
COLONIAL TAKEOVER IN SE ASIA
 IN 1900 ALMOST ALL OF SE ASIA WAS
UNDER WESTERN RULE
GREAT BRITAIN
GREAT BRITAIN STARTED THIS OFF
 *SIR THOMAS STAMFORD RAFFLES –
SINGAPORE – “CITY OF THE LION”
14-1 COLONIAL RULE IN
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 THIS BECAME A MAJOR STOPPING POINT FOR
PEOPLE GOING TO OR COMING FROM CHINA
 BURMA WAS THE NEXT AREA THAT BRITAIN TOOK
OVER
 WHY?
 *IN ORDER TO PROTECT THEIR POSSESSIONS IN
INDIA
 THEY ALSO WANTED TO ESTABLISH A LAND
ROUTE FROM BURMA TO SOUTH CHINA
 THE TERRAIN ALONG THE AREA CAUSED THIS TO
FAIL
 BUT BRITISH ACTIVITIES IN BURMA CAUSED
ITS COLLAPSE
14-1 COLONIAL RULE IN
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14-1 COLONIAL RULE IN
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FRANCE
 FRANCE WAS NERVOUS WHEN BRITAIN MOVED
INTO BURMA
 FRANCE HAD MISSIONARIES THERE
 THE MISSIONARIES WERE PERSECUTED BY
LOCAL AUTHORITIES BECAUSE OF THEIR
CHRISTIAN VIEWS
 WHY?
 IT WAS A THREAT TO CONFUCIANISM
 VIETNAM FAILED TO STOP THE CHRISTIANS
 INTERNAL RIVALRIES IN VIETNAM DIVIDED IT
INTO TWO SEPARATE GOVS – NORTH AND
SOUTH
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 FRANCE WAS STILL
WORRIED ABOUT BRITAIN –
MONOPOLIZING TRADE
 SO FRANCE FORCED
VIETNAM INTO A
*PROTECTORATE TO STOP
BRITAIN FROM MOVING INTO
IT
 *A POLITICAL UNIT THAT
DEPENDS ON ANOTHER
GOVERNMENT FOR ITS
PROTECTION
 THE FRENCH SLOWLY TOOK
OVER CITIES IN VIETNAM
 FRANCE EXTENDED ITS
RULE – CAMBODIA, ANNAM,
TONKIN, LAOS – UNION OF
FRENCH INDOCHINA
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THAILAND
 THE EXCEPTION
 AFTER INDOCHINA WAS FORMED, THAILAND
WAS THE ONLY REMAINING FREE STATE IN SE
ASIA
 BRITAIN AND FRANCE WERE BOTH VYING FOR
THIS AREA
 TWO RULERS KEPT THIS FROM HAPPENING
 1. KING MONGKUT AND 2. KING
CHULALONGKORN
 *BRITAIN AND FRANCE AGREED TO USE
THAILAND AS A BUFFER STATE
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14-1 COLONIAL RULE IN
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UNITED STATES
 FINAL CONQUEST IN SE ASIA WAS BY
THE U.S.
 1898
 THE U.S. NAVY LED BY
COMMODORE GEORGE DEWEY
DEFEATED SPAIN IN MANILA BAY
 AFTER THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
 PRES. MCKINLEY BELIEVED IN
“CIVILIZING” OTHER PARTS OF THE
WORLD
 THUS, HE TURNED THE PHILIPPINES
INTO AN AMERICAN COLONY
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 WHAT OTHER REASONS COULD
THERE HAVE BEEN?
 1. THIS KEPT JAPAN AWAY FROM
THIS AREA
 2. THIS WAS A STARTING POINT FOR
TRADE WITH CHINA
 (ECONOMIC)
 DID THE FILIPINOS WANT TO
BECOME AN AMERICAN COLONY?
 NO
 HOW DID THE FILIPINOS RESIST?
 EMILIO AGUINALDO LED AN
INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT
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 HE BEGAN THE REVOLT AGAINST THE SPANISH
 HE CONTINUED THE REVOLT AGAINST THE U.S.
 HE ASSUMED THE TITLE OF PRESIDENT OF THE
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
 AGUINALDO LED GUERRILLA FORCES TO FIGHT
AGAINST THE U.S.
 THE U.S. WAS ABLE TO DEFEAT THEM
 NOW MCKINLEY HAS THE PHILIPPINES AS A
STEPPING STONE INTO CHINESE MARKETS
 http://www.history.com/topics/spanish-american-war/videos
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INDIRECT AND DIRECT RULE
EXPLOITATION OF THE COLONIES 1. NATURAL RESOURCES 2. OPEN MARKETS
 INDIRECT RULE
 THERE WAS COOPERATION BETWEEN LOCAL OFFICIALS AND
THE MOTHER COUNTRY
 LOCAL RULERS WERE ALLOWED TO MAINTAIN THEIR
POSITIONS OF AUTHORITY AND STATUS
 HOW WAS THIS BENEFICIAL?
 1. IT MADE IT EASIER FOR THE COLONIAL RULERS TO GAIN
ACCESS TO THE REGION’S NATURAL RESCOURCES
 2. IT LOWERED THE COST OF GOVERNMENT
 3. IT DID NOT COMPLETELY DEVASTATE THE LOCAL
CULTURE
 DUTCH EAST INDIES
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 NOW THERE WERE SOME LOCAL ELITES THAT
RESISTED FOREIGN RULE
 THEY HAD TO BE REMOVED AND REPLACED BY
OFFICIALS FROM THE MOTHER COUNTRY
 THUS, DIRECT RULE
 EX. BURMA
 THE MONARCH STAUNCHLY OPPOSED
COLONIAL RULE
 INDOCHINA – USED BOTH DIRECT AND
INDIRECT RULE
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COLONIAL ECONOMIES
 *COLONIAL POWERS DID NOT WANT THE
COLONISTS TO DEVELOP THEIR OWN
INDUSTRIES
 THEREFORE THEY STRESSED EXPORTED RAW
MATERIALS
 WHY?
 THIS LED TO PLANTATION AGRICULTURE
 THE PEASANTS WORKED AS WAGE LABORERS
 THEIR WAGES WERE KEPT AT POVERTY LEVEL
 PLANTATION CONDITIONS WERE UNHEALTHY
 THOUSANDS DIED
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THERE WERE ALSO HIGH TAXES
WAS THERE ANY GOOD THAT CAME FROM THIS?
YES
1. THE START OF A MODERN ECONOMIC SYSTEM
2. BUILT RAILROADS AND HIGHWAYS
3. ENTREPRENEURIAL CLASS IN RURAL AREAS
RESISTANCE TO COLONIAL RULE
MANY PEOPLE WERE UNHAPPY
SOMETIMES THE RULERS FOUGHT BACK AND
OTHER TIMES THE PEOPLE FOUGHT BACK
 EX – VIETNAM CAN VUOUG – “SAVE THE KING”
 THERE WERE ALSO PEASANT REVOLTS
 MANY OF THESE FAILED
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 THERE WAS A CHANGE AT THE
BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY
 THERE WAS A NEW TYPE OF RESISTANCE
– NATIONALISM
 WESTERNIZED INTELLECTUALS
 URBAN MIDDLE CLASS
 EDUCATED IN WESTERN STYLE SCHOOLS
 FOUGHT FOR ECONOMIC AND RELIGOUS
ISSUES
 UNIVERSITY OF RANGOON
 LATER NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE
14-1 COLONIAL RULE IN
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
IMPERIALISM AND NEW IMPERIALISM?
2. WHAT WERE THE FIVE MOTIVES FOR NEW
IMPERIALISM?
3. WHY WAS THAILAND NOT CONQUERED BY
WESTERN NATIONS?
4. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INDIRECT
AND DIRECT RULE?
5. DESCRIBE THE UNITED STATES' ATTITUDE IN
COLONIZING THE PHILIPPINES.
14-2EMPIRE BUILDING IN
AFRICA
 WEST AFRICA
 JUST ABOUT ALL OF WEST AFRICA IS GOING TO
COME UNDER EUROPEAN CONTROL
 1880 – 1900
 WHY?
 THEIR RIVALRIES WITH EACH OTHER
 EVEN THOUGH THE SLAVE TRADE DECLINED
DURING THIS TIME, EUROPEANS FOUND OTHER
INTERESTS IN AFRICA
 NATURAL RESOURCES –
 PEANUTS, TIMBER, HIDES, PALM OIL
 WITH “NEW” IMPERIALISM, THEY WANTED A
MORE PERMANENT PRESENCE THERE
 THEY ESTABLISHED SETTLEMENTS ALONG THE
GOLD COAST AND SIERRA LEONE
14-2EMPIRE BUILDING IN
AFRICA
 THIS CAUSED PROBLEMS WITH THE AFRICAN
GOVERNMENT
 AFRICA HELD ON TO ITS INDEPENDENCE AS
LONG AS THEY COULD
 1874 – GREAT BRITAIN ANNEXED THE WEST
COASTAL STATES
 1ST BRITISH COLONY OF THE GOLD COAST
 PROTECTORATE – OVER WARRING NIGERIAN
GROUPS
 FRANCE – FRENCH WEST AFRICA
 GERMANY – TOGO, CAMEROON
14-2EMPIRE BUILDING IN
AFRICA
14-2EMPIRE BUILDING IN
AFRICA
 NORTH AFRICA
 EGYPT GAINED ITS
INDEPENDENCE FROM THE
OTTOMAN EMPIRE AS THE
EMPIRE BEGAN TO DECLINE
 MUHAMMAD ALI
 SEPARATE EGYPTIAN STATE
 HE BROUGHT MANY
REFORMS
 1. MODERN ARMY
 2. PUBLIC SCHOOLS
 3. SMALL INDUSTRIES
14-2EMPIRE BUILDING IN
AFRICA
 WITH THE DEVOLOPMENT OF
STEAMSHIPS, THE NILE RIVER
VALLEY BECAME VERY DESIRABLE
FOR EUROPEANS
 WHY?
 *THEY WANTED TO BUILD A CANAL
TO CONNECT THE
MEDITERRANEAN AND RED SEAS
 FRENCH ENTREPRENEUR
FERDINAND DE LESSEPS
CONTRACTED THE BUILDING OF
THE CANAL
 COMPLETED 1869
14-2EMPIRE BUILDING IN
AFRICA
 THE BRITISH TOOK A MAJOR INTEREST IN THE
CANAL
 “LIFELINE TO INDIA”
 THEY BOUGHT EGYPT’S SHARE IN THE CANAL
 AFTER REVOLTS OVER THIS, EGYPT BECAME A
BRITISH PROTECTORATE IN 1914
 BRITAIN DIDN’T STOP THERE
 THEY ALSO WANTED CONTROL OF THE SUDAN
 WHY?
 *TO PROTECT THEIR INTERSTS IN EGYPT AND
THE SUEZ
 BUT MUHAMMAD AHMAD “MAHDI”
LAUNCHED A REVOLT AGAINST THIS
 HE TOOK THE SUDAN UNDER HIS CONTROL
FROM 1881 UNTIL 1898
14-2EMPIRE BUILDING IN
AFRICA
 THE BRITISH SENT THE MILITARY TO
RETAKE THIS AREA
 LED BY GENERAL CHARLES GORDON
 THE BRITISH WERE DEFEATED AND
GORDON WAS EVENUTALLY KILLED
 BRITAIN WILL NOT GET CONTROL OF THIS
AREA UNTIL 1898
 FRANCE ALSO ESTABLISHED COLONIES IN
NORTH AFRICA
 1. TOOK CONTROL OF ALGERIA
 MADE TUNISIA AND MOROCCO A
PROTECTORATE
 LASTLY ITALY TRIED TO COLONIZE
 THEY WERE DEFEATED BY ETHIOPIA
 HUMILIATED
 SEIZED TRIPOLI WHICH WAS RENAMED
LIBYA
14-2EMPIRE BUILDING IN
AFRICA
 CENTRAL AFRICA
 EUROPEANS WERE ALSO INTERESTED IN
THE TROPICAL JUNGLES OF CENTRAL
AFRICA
 DAVID LIVINGSTONE
 HE EXPLORED THE INTERIOR AREA FOR
OVER 30 YEARS
 HENRY STANLEY WAS SENT TO FIND HIM
 STANLEY CONTINUED LIVINGSTONE’S
WORK AFTER HE DIED
 STANLEY HATED AFRICA, BUT HE TRIED
TO ENCOURAGE SETTLEMENT ALONG THE
CONGO RIVER BASIN
14-2EMPIRE BUILDING IN
AFRICA
 WHEN BRITAIN REFUSED,
HE WENT TO BELGIUM
 KING LEOPOLD II
 SETTLEMENT AND PROFIT
 HE ESTABLISHED
CONTROL OVER
TERRITORIES AROUND
THE CONGO
 FRANCE ESTABLISHED
CONTROL IN AREAS
FARTHER NORTH
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14-2EMPIRE BUILDING IN
EAST AFRICA
AFRICA
1885 – BRITAIN AND GERMANY ARE THE CHIEF RIVALS
HERE
OTTO VON BISMARCK WAS NOT A SUPPORTER OF
COLONIZATION
HIS VIEWS QUICKLY CHANGED
WHY?
TO MAKE THE PEOPLE HAPPY
GERMANY ALREADY HAD COLONIES IN WEST AFRICA
MOST OF EAST AFRICA AT THIS TIME WAS UNCLAIMED
SO THIS WOULD HAVE BEEN A GOOD AREA FOR
COLONIZATION
BUT BRITAIN WANTED PARTS OF THIS AREA TO
CONNECT THEIR EMPIRE IN SOUTH AFRICA TO EGYPT
THE ISSUES BETWEEN BRITAIN AND GERMANY WERE
SETTLED BY THE BERLIN CONFERENCE 1884 AND 1885
*NO AFRICAN DELEGATES WERE PRESENT
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-colonization-of-africa-the-berlin-conferencedefinition-purpose.html
14-2EMPIRE BUILDING IN
AFRICA
 SOUTH AFRICA
 EUROPEAN COLONIZATION GREW RAPIDLY
HERE
 WHITE POPULATION OF OVER 200,000
 THE BOERS OR AFRIKANERS
 THE DESCENDANTS OF THE ORIGINAL DUTCH
SETTLERS
 OCCUPIED CAPE TOWN
 THE BRITISH SEIZED THESE LANDS DURING THE
NAPOLEONIC WARS
 THE BRITISH THEN ENCOURAGED
SETTLEEMENT THERE – THE CAPE COLONY
14-2EMPIRE BUILDING IN
AFRICA
 THE BOERS FLED NORTH TO GET AWAY
FROM BRITISH RULE
 THEY FORMED TWO REPUBLICS
 1. ORANGE FREE STATE
 2. THE TRANSVAAL
 LATER CALLED THE SOUTH AFRICAN
REPUBLIC
 THEY BELIEVED IN WHITE SUPERIORITY
 INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE PUT ON
RESERVATIONS
 THE BOERS BATTLED THE ZULU
 UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF SHAKA ZULU,
THE ZULU PEOPLE CREATED THEIR OWN
EMPIRE
 ONCE THE BRITISH BECAME INVOLVED, THE
ZULU WERE DEFEATED
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BRITISH POLICY IN SOUTH AFRICA WAS LED BY
CECIL RHODES
HE CONTROLLED AN AREA IN THE NORTH –
RHODESIA
HE BELIEVED GOD WANTED HIM TO COLONIZE
AFRICA FOR BRITAIN
“FROM THE CAPE TO CAIRO”
RAILROAD
ALTHOUGH AMBITION IS GOOD, THIS BROUGHT
ABOUT HIS DOWNFALL
HOW?
BOER WAR
1899 – 1902
THE BOERS USED GUERILLA WARFARE
THUS, THE BRITISH BURNED CROPS AND PUT
WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN DETENTION CAMPS
EVENTUALLY THE BRITISH WON
14-2EMPIRE BUILDING IN
AFRICA
 1910 – UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA
 COMBINATION OF THE CAPE COLONY AND THE
BOER REPUBLICS
 SELF GOVERNING NATION
 ONLY A FEW PROPERTIED AFRICANS COULD
VOTE
 COLONIAL RULE IN AFRICA
 1. LIBERIA – HOMELAND FOR FREED U.S. SLAVES
 2. ETHIOPIA
 WERE THE ONLY TWO FREE STATES IN AFRICA
 WHY?
 EUROPEAN MILITARY SUPERIORITY
14-2EMPIRE BUILDING IN
AFRICA
 INDIRECT RULE WAS USED BY THE BRITISH
WHENEVER POSSIBLE
 IT HAD PROS AND CONS
 WHAT WERE THEY?
 1. IT DID NOT DISRUPT LOCAL CUSTOMS AND
INSTITUTIONS
 2. CLASS AND TRIBAL TENSIONS
 MOST OF THE OTHER EUROPEAN NATIONS USED
DIRECT RULE
 FRENCH
 THEY TRIED TO ASSIMILATE AFRICAN SUBJECTS
INTO FRENCH CULTURE
 THIS OPENED THE DOOR FOR AFRICANS TO RUN
FOR OFFICE
14-2EMPIRE BUILDING IN
AFRICA
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RISE OF AFRICAN NATIONALISM
20TH CENTURY
NEW CLASS OF LEADERS
EDUCATED IN COLONIAL SCHOOLS OR
WESTERN NATIONS
WELL VERSED ABOUT THE WEST
THEY ADMIRED WESTERN CULTURE
WANTED TO INTRODUCE SOME OF IT TO THEIR
OWN CULTURE
AT THE SAME TIME THOUGH, THEY RESENTED
THE FOREIGN TAKEOVER AND THE EUROPEAN
CONTEMPT FOR THE AFRICAN PEOPLE
14-2EMPIRE BUILDING IN
AFRICA
 THEY LOOKED AT THE IDEALS OF
DEMOCRACY AND EQUALITY
 ??????
 NATIVES
 LOW PAYING JOBS
 THEY LOST THEIR FARMLAND
 EVEN THE MIDDLE CLASS WAS
DISCRIMINATED AGAINST
 SEGREGATED CHURCHES, SCHOOLS
14-2EMPIRE BUILDING IN
AFRICA
 FROM THIS A MODERN
NATIONALISM IS GOING TO BE
CREATED
 NATIVES ORGANIZED POLIITCAL
PARTIES AND MOVEMENTS TO END
FOREIGN RULE
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http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/european-imperialism-in-africa-invasionscolonization-rivalries.html
14-2EMPIRE BUILDING IN
AFRICA
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. WHO WAS MUHAMMAD ALI?
2. WHY WAS THE NILE RIVER VALLEY
SIGNIFICANT TO EUROPEANS?
3. WHO IS MUHAMMAD AHMAD?
4. IDENTIFY CECIL RHODES. WHAT
BROUGHT ABOUT HIS DOWNFALL?
5. DURING COLONIZATION, WHAT WERE
THE ONLY TWO FREE AFRICAN STATES?
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INDIA
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18th CENTURY
BRITISH RULE IN INDIA INCREASED
BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY
TOOK CONTROL OF INDIA’S MILITARY AND
POLITICAL AFFAIRS
HOW?
SOLDIERS AND FORTS
INDIAN SOLDIERS – SEPOYS
DISTRUST GREW AMONG THE INDIANS
THE GREAT REBELLION OR SEPOY MUTINY
FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
WHAT STARTED THIS REBELLION?
14-3 BRITISH RULE IN
INDIA
 1. RUMOR OF BULLETS GREASED WITH
PIG FAT AND COW FAT
 ???????
 COWS WERE SACRED TO THE HINDUS
 PIGS WERE TABOO TO MUSLIMS
 *SOME SEPOYS REFUSED TO LOAD THEIR
RIFLES WITH THE BULLETS
 THE BRITISH ARRESTED THEM
 THEY SEPOYS REACTED BY KILLING 50
EUROPEANS
14-3 BRITISH RULE IN
INDIA
 THE REVOLT SPREAD QUICKLY, BUT IT WAS
ALSO QUICKLY CRUSHED
 LOYAL INDIANS, BRITISH TROOPS
 THE INDIANS HAD A NUMBER ADVANTAGE
 BUT WERE NOT WELL ORGANIZED
 RIVALRIES BETWEEN THE HINDUS AND
MUSLIMS KEPT THEM FROM WORKING
TOGETHER
 KANPUR – INDIANS MASSACRED DEFENSELESS
WOMEN AND CHILDREN
 HOUSE OF THE LADIES
 THE BRITISH TOOK REVENGE WHEN KANPUR
WAS RECAPTURED
14-3 BRITISH RULE IN
INDIA
 BECAUSE OF THIS, CONTROL OF INDIA
MOVED DIRECTLY TO THE BRITISH
GOVERNMENT
 1876 – QUEEN VICTORIA
 EMPRESS OF INDIA
 “JEWEL IN THE CROWN”
 COLONIAL RULE
 BRITAIN RULED DIRECTLY THROUGH A
VICEROY AND BRITISH STAFF
 BENEFITS
 1. ORDER AND STABILITY
 2. FAIRLY HONEST AND EFFICIENT
GOVERNMENT
 3. NEW SCHOOL SYSTEM – LORD
MACAULAY
 UPPER CLASS – 90% REMAINED ILLITERATE
 4. RAILROADS, TELEGRAPH, AND A POSTAL
SERVICE
14-3 BRITISH RULE IN
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COSTS
1. ECONOMIC
THE BRITISH AND A FEW INDIANS PROSPERED
BRITISH MANUFACTURING DESTROYED LOCAL
BUSINESSES
2. TAXES
ZAMINDARS COLLECTED TAXES
THEY RAISED TAXES, FORCED SOME PEASANTS TO
BECOME TENANTS, AND THREATENED TO TAKE
THEIR LAND AWAY
3. ENCOURAGED COTTON PRODUCTION AS
OPPOSED TO FOOD PRODUCTION
1800 TO 1900 30 MILLION INDIANS DIED OF
STARVATION
4. DEGRADING BRITISH RULE
THE BEST JOBS AND HOUSING WAS KEPT FOR THE
BRITISH
ARROGANCE – LORD KITCHENER PG. 451
TAJ MAHAL – EX.
14-3 BRITISH RULE IN
INDIA
 AN INDIAN NATIONALIST MOVEMENT
 THE 1ST NATIONALISTS WERE UPPER CLASS AND ENGLISHEDUCATED
 MUMBAI, CHENNAI, CALCUTTA
 AT FIRST THEY PREFERRED REFORM
 BUT REFORM WAS TOO SLOW
 INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS INC
 DID NOT CALL FOR IMMEDIATE INDEPENDENCE
 *A SHARE IN THE GOVERNING PROCESS
 ULTIMATE GOAL - INDEPENCE
 BUT THEY HAD RELIGIOUS CONFLICT
 MANY OF THE LEADERS WERE HINDU
 HINDU AGENDA
 HINDU VS. MUSLIM
 MUSLIMS BEGAN TO CALL FOR A SEPARATE LEAGUE
14-3 BRITISH RULE IN
INDIA
 MOHANDAS GANDHI IS GOING TO BREATHE
NEW LIFE IN THE MOVEMENT
 HE HAD STUDIED IN LONDON
 BECAME A LAWYER
 HE PROMOTED NON VIOLENT RESISTANCE TO
THE MOVEMENT
 EVENTUALLY THIS MOVEMENT LED TO
INDIA’S INDEPENDENCE
 COLONIAL INDIAN CULTURE
 ALL OF THIS LED TO A POLITICAL AND
CULTURAL AWAKENING
 A PUBLISHING HOUSE WAS OPENED
 TEXTBOOKS ON A VARIETY OF SUBJECTS
AND IN VARIOUS LANGUAGES WERE
CREATED
14-3 BRITISH RULE IN
INDIA
 RABINDRANATH TAGORE MOST
PROMINENT INDIAN AUTHOR
 WRITER, POET, EDUCATOR, SINGER,
PAINTER, SOCIAL REFORMER
 HE ESTABLISHED AN INTERNATIONAL
UNIVERSITY
 HE WROTE MAINLY WORKS DEALING
WITH BRITISH RULE AND FOUGHT FOR
WORLD PEACE
14-3 BRITISH RULE IN
INDIA
REVIEW
1. WHAT IMMEDIATELY STARTED THE
SEPOY MUTINY?
2. WHAT HAPPENED AT KANPUR?
3. NAME THREE BENEFITS OF BRITISH
RULE IN INDIA.
4. NAME THREE NEGATIVE INFLUENCES
BRITAIN BROUGHT INTO INDIA.
5. WHAT WAS THE INC? WHAT PROBLEMS
DID IT HAVE?
14-4 NATION BUILDING IN
LATIN AMERICA
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NATIONALIST REVOLTS
LATIN AMERICA
SPARKED BY AMERICAN REVOLUTION
WHAT’S GOING ON?
SOCIAL CLASSES ARE BASED ON PRIVILEGE
3 GROUPS
1. PENINSULARES – TOP POSITIONS
2. CREOLES – CONTROLLED LAND AND
BUSINESS – 2ND CLASS
 3. MESTIZOS – SERVANTS AND LABORERS LOWEST AND LARGEST CLASS
14-4 NATION BUILDING IN
LATIN AMERICA
 PRELUDE TO REVOLUTION
 CREOLES – DESCENDANTS OF EUROPEANS THAT
WERE BORN IN LATIN AM AND STAYED
PERMANENTLY
 EMBRACED REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS
 LEGAL EQUALITY, FREE PRESS, FREE TRADE
 THEY DISLIKED PORTUGAL AND SPAIN RULING
OVER THEIR TRADE
 RESENTED THE PENSINSULARES
 SPANISH AND PORTUGEUSE OFFICIALS
 TEMPORARILY CAME TO LATIN AM
 POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC GAIN
14-4 NATION BUILDING IN
LATIN AMERICA
 CREOLES BEGAN TO DENOUNCE THE RULE
OF THE SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE
 NAPOLEON’S WARS HELPED
 HOW?
 HE OVERTHREW THEIR MONARCHIES
 AUTHORITY WAS WEAKENED
 1807 – 1825 A SERIES OF REVOLTS TOOK
PLACE
 MOST OF LATIN AMERICA WOULD BE FREED
 *EX. – COLONY OF SAINT DOMINQUE
 HISPANIOLA
 FRANCOIS-DOMINIQUE TOUSSAINTLOUVERTURE
 OVER 100,000 SLAVES REVOLTED
 HAITI DECLARED ITS INDEPENDENCE
 1ST INDEPENDENT STATE IN LATIN AM
14-4 NATION BUILDING IN
LATIN AMERICA
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REVOLT IN MEXICO
1810
PARISH PRIEST MIGUEL HIDALGO
STUDIED THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
HE EXCITED THE LOCAL NATIVES AND
MESTIZOS ABOUT INDEPENDENCE
EUROPEAN AND NATIVE AM DESCENT
THEY FOLLOWED HIDALGO’S CALL
AND FORMED A MOB ARMY
THEY ATTACKED THE SPANISH
SEPTEMBER 16, 1810
*MEXICO’S INDEPENDENCE DAY
THEY WERE VERY INEXPERIENCED
AND WERE CRUSHED
14-4 NATION BUILDING IN
LATIN AMERICA
 A MILITARY COURT SENTENCED
HIDALGO TO DEATH
 JOSE MORELOS CONTINUED THE
REVOLT
 CAPTURE ACAPULCO
 CAUGHT AND EXECUTED
 AFTER SEEING THE COOPERATION
BETWEEN THE NATIVES AND THE
MESTIZOS, THE CREOLES AND THE
PENINSULARES WERE FRIGHTENED
 WHY????
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http://www.teachertube.com/video/mexican-independence-196626
14-4 NATION BUILDING IN
LATIN AMERICA
 SO NOW THE PENINSULARES AND THE
CREOLES ARE GOING TO WORK
TOGETHER TO DEFEAT THEM
 BUT AFTER THAT THEY OVERTHREW
THE SPANISH
 NOW THAT THEY ARE IN POWER
 AGUSTIN ITURBIDE IS THEIR LEADER
 1821 MEXICO GETS ITS INDEPENDENCE
 ITURBIDE NAMED HIMSELF EMPEROR
 1823 MEXICO BECOMES A REPUBLIC
AND ITURBIDE IS DEPOSED
14-4 NATION BUILDING IN
LATIN AMERICA
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REVOLTS IN SOUTH AMERICA
JOSE DE SAN MARTIN AND SIMON BOLIVAR
“LIBERATORS OF SOUTH AMERICA”
THEY LED THE REVOLUTIONS
ARGENTINA, VENEZUELA, THROUGHOUT SOUTH AMERICA
THE PURSUIT OF CHILE WAS VERY HARD FOR SAN MARTIN'S
FORCES
**WHY?
NOW SPAIN IS STEADILY LOSSING MUCH OF SOUTH
AMERICA
*THE ONLY THREAT TO THEIR INDEPENDENCE CAME FROM
THE CONCERT OF EUROPE
THEY WANTED TO RESTORE SPANISH CONTROL
THE BRITISH DID NOT WANT THIS TO HAPPEN
THEY TRIED TO IMPOSE JOINT ACTIONS WITH THE U.S.
14-4 NATION BUILDING IN
LATIN AMERICA
 MONROE DOCTRINE
 GUARANTEED THE INDEPENDENCE
OF THE NEW LATIN AM NATIONS
AND WARNED AGAINST ANY
EUROPEAN INTERVENTION IN THE
AMERICAS
 BRITISH NAVY
14-4 NATION BUILDING IN
LATIN AMERICA
 DIFFICULTIES OF NATION BUILDING
 *BECAUSE OF THE WARS THERE WAS A LARGE
LOSS OF
 1. LIFE
 2. PROPERTY
 3. LIVESTOCK
 ALSO, THERE WERE DISPUTES OVER THE
BOUNDARY LINES
 SO THEY FOUGHT EACH OTHER
 POOR ROADS, RAILROADS, AND JUNGLES
 *THIS MADE COMMUNICATION AND
TRANSPORTATION DIFFICULT
 THUS, THESE NATIONS WILL ONCE AGAIN FIND
THEMSELVES DEPENDENT ON WESTERN NATIONS
14-4 NATION BUILDING IN
LATIN AMERICA
 RULE OF THE CAUDILLOS
 THE NEW NATIONS QUICKLY SOUGHT
REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENTS
 BUT THEY HAD NEVER RULED THEMSELVES
 CAUDILLOS CAME TO POWER
 STRONG LEADERS WHO RULED BY MILITARY
FORCE
 THE LANDED ELITES HELPED KEEP THEM IN
POWER
 SOME CAUDILLOS WERE GOOD AND OTHERS
WERE NOT
 EX – SOME BUILT ROADS, CANALS, PORTS,
SCHOOLS
14-4 NATION BUILDING IN
LATIN AMERICA
 ANTONIO LOPEZ DE SANTA ANNA
 RULED MEXICO FROM 1833 – 1855
 MISUSED FUNDS, HALTED REFORM,
CAUSED CHAOS
 AMERICAN SETTLERS IN TEXAS
REVOLTED AGAINST HIM
 TEXAS GAINED INDEPENDENCE IN 1836
 U.S. STATEHOOD IN 1845
 MEXICAN WAR 1846 – 1848
 MEXICO LOST TO U.S.
 LOST ALMOST HALF OF ITS TERRITORY
14-4 NATION BUILDING IN LATIN
AMERICA
 AFTER ALL OF THIS, THERE WAS A
PERIOD OF REFORM
 BENITO JUAREZ
 1855 – 1876
 LIBERAL REFORMS
 INCLUSIVE EDUCATION, LAND
DISTRIBUTION TO THE POOR,
SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE
 JUAN MANUAL DE ROSAS
 ARGENTINA
 RADICAL CHANGE
 THIS LASTED ONLY UNTIL THE
CAUDILLO DIED OR LOST POWER
 CIVIL WARS
14-4 NATION BUILDING IN
LATIN AMERICA
 A NEW IMPERIALISM
 LATIN AMERICA IS NOW DOMINATED
ECONOMICALLY BY GREAT BRITAIN
 BRITISH INVESTORS AND MERCHANTS TOOK
OVER
 LATIN AMERICA –
 1. PROVIDED RAW MATERIALS
 2. FOOD
 3. PLACE FOR FINISHED GOODS
 *LATIN AMERICA IS DEFINATELY AN ECONOMIC
COLONY FOR WESTERN NATIONS BUT NOT A
POLITICAL COLONY
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14-4 NATION BUILDING IN
LATIN
AMERICA
PERSISTENT INEQUALITY
LAND WAS THE BASIS OF
1. WEALTH
2. SOCIAL PRESTIGE
3. POLITICAL POWER
DURING THE 19TH CENTURY
LANDED ELITE VS. OTHERS
EX. – SANCHEZ NAVARRO FAMILY
17 ESTATES
16 MILLION ACRES
THESE LANDED ELITES
1. RAN THE GOV
2. CONTROLLED THE COURTS
3. USED INEXPENSIVE LABOR
4. RETAINED LARGE PROFITS
OTHERS – HAD NO LAND TO GROW FOOD – DIRE POVERTY
14-4 NATION BUILDING IN
LATIN AMERICA
 POLITICAL CHANGE IN LATIN AM
 THE LATIN AM GOVS WROTE CONSTITUTIONS
SIMILAR TO THE U.S. AND EURO DEMOCRACIES
 *LIMITED VOTING RIGHTS
 ???????
 THE UNITED STATES IN LATIN AM
 U.S. BEGAN TO INTERFERE IN LATIN AM
POLITICS
 SPANISH-AM WAR
 1898 CUBA BECAME A U.S. PROTECTORATE
 U.S. ANNEXED PUERTO RICO
 1903 U.S. SUPPORTED PANAMA IN BECOMING AN
INDEPENDENT NATION
14-4 NATION BUILDING IN
LATIN AMERICA
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THE U.S. WAS GIVEN A STRIP OF LAND
PANAMA CANAL
AMERICA BEGAN TO INVEST IN PANAMA
THE U.S. SENT TROOPS TO PROTECT THOSE INVESTMENTS
SOME LATIN AMS BEGAN TO RESENT THE U.S.
“BIG BULLY” TO THE NORTH
REVOLUTION IN MEXICO
PORFIRIO DIAZ
RULED MEXICO 1877 – 1911
CREATED A CONSERVATIVE CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT
HE HAD THE SUPPORT OF
1. ARMY
2. LARGE LAND OWNERS
3. FOREIGN CAPITALISTS
4. CATHOLIC CHURCH
14-4 NATION BUILDING IN
LATIN AMERICA
 DURING DIAZ’S REIGN –
 1. WAGES FOR WORKERS DECLINED
 2. 95% OF THE RURAL POPULATION DID NOT
OWN LAND
 3. ALMOST 1000 FAMILIES OWNED ALL OF
MEXICO
 FRANCISCO MADERA – LIBERAL
LANDOWNER
 FORCED DIAZ OUT OF POWER 1911
 MADERO WAS INEFFECTIVE IN REFORM
 AGRARIAN REFORM
14-4 NATION BUILDING IN
LATIN AMERICA
 EMILIANO ZAPATA
 STARTS TO LEAD THE REFORM
 HE AND THE LANDLESS PEASANTS BEGAN
TO SEIZE ESTATES FROM THE WEALTHY
 1910 – 1920 THE MEXICAN REV HURT THE
MEXICAN ECONOMY
 1917 A NEW CONSTITUTION WAS SET UP
 1. LAND REFORM POLICIES
 2. LIMITED FOREIGN INVESTMENT
 3. HELPED THE WORKERS
 THIS IN TURN INCREASED PATRIOTISM
14-4 NATION BUILDING IN
LATIN AMERICA
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ECONOMIC CHANGE IN LATIN AMERICA
PROSPERITY
AFTER 1870
WHAT CAUSED THIS?
EXPORTS –
1. WHEAT, BEEF – ARGENTINA
2. COFFEE – BRAZIL
3. BANANAS – CENTRAL AM
4. SUGAR, SILVER – PERU
THESE PRODUCTS WERE EXCHANGED WITH
EUROPE AND THE U.S.
 TEXTILES, MACHINES, AND LUXURY ITEMS
14-4 NATION BUILDING IN
LATIN AMERICA
 AFTER 1900 LATIN AM INCREASED ITS
INDUSTRY
 TEXTILE, FOOD PROCESSING
 *THIS PROSPERITY HELPED THE MIDDLE
CLASS GROW
 5 TO 10%
 SOUGHT LIBERAL REFORM
 SHARED COMMON CHARACTERISTICS
 LIVED IN CITIES, WANTED EDUCATION,
DECENT INCOME
 SAW THE U.S. AS A MODEL
14-4 NATION BUILDING IN
LATIN AMERICA
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. NAME AND IDENTIFY THE 3 SOCIAL
CLASSES IN LATIN AMERICA.
2. HOW DID THE CREOLES FEEL
ABOUT THE PENINSULARES AND
WHY?
3. IDENTIFYTOUSSAINT-LOUVERTURE.
4. IDENTIFY MIGUEL HIDALGO.
5. IDENTIFY MARTIN AND BOLIVAR.