Transcript Chapter 21: The Height of Imperialism (1800

Section 1: Colonial Rule in South East
Asia
Section 1: Colonial Rule in South East
Asia
 The New Imperialism
 The Scramble for Territories
new wave of Western expansion
 Imperialism
 “New Imperialism”
 Motives for Imperialism
 Economic Motives
 Rivalries
 Nationalism
 Social Darwinism and racism
 Racism
 Religious or humanitarian
 “The White Man’s Burden”
 “heathen masses”
 Democracy and capitalism
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Section 1: Colonial Rule in South East
Asia
 Colonial Takeover
 Great Britain
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Southeast Asia
Began with the British
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1819 – Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles
Malay Peninsula – Singapore
Kingdom of Burma (Myanmar)
 France
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Vietnam
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Christian missionaries
 Confucian Doctrine
Vietnam too weak
The French
 Mekong River delta
 City of Saigon
 1884 –City of Hanoi
 Protectorate
 Cambodia, Annam, Laos, and Tonkin – to create French Indochina
Section 1: Colonial Rule in South East
Asia
 Thailand – The Exception
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France and Great Britain
Siam (Thailand)
Two Rulers :
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King Mongkut
King Chulalongkorn
 western learning
 maintained relations
 1896 –independent buffer state
 United States
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1898 – Spanish American War
Commodore George Dewey
President William McKinley
 “civilize”
 Emilio Aguinaldo
 Guerrilla warfare
 Filipino-American War
Section 1: Colonial Rule in South East
Asia
 Colonial Regimes
 Indirect or Direct Rule
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Indirect Rule
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Local rulers
Natural resources
Cheaper
Less impact on local culture
Direct Rule
Justification for the conquests
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Representative government
Religion
Language
Educated “heathen” fear
 Colonial Economies
 No Industry
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Led to plantation agriculture
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Peasants (wage laborers)
Plantation owners
High taxes
Benefits of colonial rule
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Modern economic system
Railroads, roads, schools,
Export market
Section 1: Colonial Rule in South East
Asia
 Resistance to Colonial Rule
 Resistance
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Ruling Class
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Peasant revolts
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Burma
Vietnam
 Can Vuong (“Save the King”)
Burma – 1930
Buddhist Monk Saya San
Early resistance movements failed
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New resistance
 Nationalism
 Westernized intellectuals
1930’s
Section 2: Empire Building in Africa
Section 2: Empire Building in Africa
 West Africa and North Africa
 Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain, and Portugal
 West Africa
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Raw materials
Slave Trade
Tension
Great Britain
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France
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1874 -annexed
Gold Coast
Nigeria
1900 –French West Africa
Germany
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Togo, Cameroon, German Southwest Africa, and German East Africa
Section 2: Empire Building in Africa
 North Africa
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Great Britain
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Egypt
 Ottoman Empire
 Muhammad Ali
 reforms to modernize Egypt
 Europeans wanted to build a canal
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Ferdinand de Lesseps - Suez Canal
British -“Their lifeline to India”
1875 – British will buy Egypt’s share
 1881 – Revolt
 1914 - Protectorate
Sudan
 British “to protect their interests”
 Muslim Cleric Muhammad Ahmad (the Mahdi)
 British – General Charles Gordon
 Khartoum in 1885
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France
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1879 –Algeria
1881 –Tunisia and Morocco protectorates
Italy
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Ethiopia and
1911 –Tripoli and will rename Libya
Section 2: Empire Building in Africa
 Central and East Africa
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Central Africa
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Explorers
David Livingstone
 Uncharted regions
 Made detailed notes
 Maps
Henry Stanley
 New York Herald
 “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”
 Livingstone will die in 1873
 Congo River to the Atlantic Ocean
 British
 King Leopold II of Belgium
 Leopold will hire Stanley in 1876
 France
Section 2: Empire Building in Africa
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East Africa
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1885 – Great Britain and Germany
Otto Von Bismarck
 “ all this colonial business is a sham, but we need it for the elections”
Great Britain, Germany, Belgium and Portugal
Berlin Conference (1884-1885)
 German and British
 Portugal - Mozambique
 No delegates from African nations were present
Section 2: Empire Building in Africa
 South Africa
 The Boer Republics
Rapid expansion
 Boers and Afrikaners
 During the Napoleonic Wars
 The Boers
 Orange and Vaal Rivers
 Two independent republics:
 Orange Free State
 Transvaal
 White superiority was ordained by God
 Indigenous people into reservations
 Zulus -leader was Shaka
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Section 2: Empire Building in Africa
 Cecil Rhodes
 “ I think what [God] would like me to do is to paint as much of
Africa British red as possible”
 Transvaal
 Rhodes will be replaced
 Boer War (1899 – 1902)
 Boers used guerilla warfare
 Burn crops and detention camps
 1902
 1910 –Union of South Africa
 Self-governing state
Section 2: Empire Building in Africa
 Effects of Imperialism
 Colonial Rule in Africa
 1914
 Liberia and Ethiopia
 The British ruled with indirect rule
 1903 in Sokoto in Northern Nigeria
 Good
 Bad
 foster class and tribal tensions
 The French ruled with direct rule
 Governor-general
 Assimilation
 Rise of African Nationalism
 New class of Africans
 West culture
 Came to resent to foreign occupation
 European Superiority
 Confusion
 Organize political parties and movements
Section 3: British Rule in India
Section 3: British Rule in India
 The Sepoy Mutiny
 Events Leading to Revolt
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British East India Trading Company
 Sepoys
 1857
 Sepoy Mutiny /The first war of Independence /Great Rebellion
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The problem:
 pig and cow grease
 soldiers had to bite off the ends
 Sepoys
 Sepoys in Meerut
Other revolts broke out all over India
Muslims and Hindus
Many atrocities– Kanpur
 Effects of the Revolt
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Transfer of power
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1876 – Queen Victoria
Viceroy
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Help to fuel Indian nationalism
Section 3: British Rule in India
 British Colonial Rule
 Benefits of British rule
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Order and stability
Fair and honest government
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New school system
Built roads, canals, universities and medical centers
Postal service
Built a Railroad system
 Costs of British Rule
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Economic Costs
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Most of the country remained poor
British Industries
Zamindars
British - farmers to stop growing food
Degrading
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British racism and arrogance
Section 3: British Rule in India
 Indian Nationalists
 Early Nationalists
 Upper class
and English educated
 Preferred reform to revolution
 Indian National Congress
 Mohandas Gandhi
 1915 – returns to India
 nonviolent resistance
Section 3: British Rule in India
 Colonial Indian Culture
 Cultural revolution in India
University of Calcutta
 Own national identity
 Indian novelists and poets
 Nationalist Newspapers
 Regional languages – nationalist support
 Journalist Balwantrao Gangahar Tilak
 Kesari (“The Lion”)
 Editor G.S. Aiyar
 Swadeshamitram (“Friend of Our Nation”)
 Triplicane Literary Society
 Tagore
 Rabindranath Tagore
 Most famous Indian author
 Bande Mataram (“Hail to Thee, Mother”)
 International university
 Fought to promote Indian pride in nationalism
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Section 4: Nation Building in Latin
America
Section 4: Nation Building in Latin America
 Nationalist Revolts
 American Revolution
 Creoles
land and business
 Spanish and the Portuguese
 Prelude to Revolution
 Creoles
 Peninsulares
 Napoleon’s wars
 Island of Hispaniola – in Saint Domingue
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François-Dominique Toussaint-Louverture
 Revolt in Mexico
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1810 Miguel Hidalgo
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Native American and Mestizos
September 16, 1810
Creoles and the Peninsulares
Agustin de Iturbide
1821 Mexico will declare their independence
Section 4: Nation Building in Latin
America
Revolts in South America
 “Liberators of South America”
 Jose de San Martin (Argentina)
 Led revolts throughout the continent
 1810 –Argentina
 Chile
 Battle of Chacabuco
 Chile independence in 1818
 Peru
 Joined forces with Simon Bolivar and defeated the Spanish
 Simon Bolivar (Venezuela)
 1810 in Venezuela
 New Granada (Columbia) and Ecuador
 1824 – Argentina, Columbia, Chile, Venezuela, Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia
 1822 – Brazil
 1823 – Central American states had become independent
 1838 divided into five republics: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua
 Threats to Independence
 1820’s Concert of Europe
 British
 US– President James Monroe
 Monroe Doctrine
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Section 4: Nation Building in Latin
America
 Nation Building
 Problems – wars, revolts, lack of transportation, communication, etc.
 Rule of the Caudillos
 Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
 1833-1855
 “Napoleon of the West”
 1835 –Texas territory of Mexico
 War with the US (1846-1848)
 Benito Juarez
 1855 – 1876
 Brought liberal reforms
 Juan Manuel de Rosa
 Argentina
 A New Imperialism
Great Britain and the US
 US “ Dollar Diplomacy” (William Howard Taft)
 Foreign investors
 Economic Dependence
 Cash Crops
 Persistent Inequality
 Landed elites
 Large estates held the best land
 Land was the basis of wealth, social prestige, and political power
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Section 4: Nation Building in Latin
America
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Change in Latin America
 The U.S. and Latin America
 By the 1870’s - a constitution
 Late 1800s the US began to intervene
 1895 – Jose Marti - Cuba
 Spanish-American War
 1903 – President Teddy Roosevelt
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Panama Canal (Opened in 1914)
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American investments and US military
 Nicaragua – 1912 – 1933
 Revolution in Mexico
 Porfirio Diaz (1877 – 1911)
 Francisco Madero
 Emiliano Zapata
 1910 -1920 – Mexican Revolution
 New constitution in 1917
 Mexican Patriotism
 Prosperity and Social Change
 After 1870 age of prosperity
 Exports & Imports
 After 1900
 Middle Class in LA