Transcript Chapter 16
Bell Ringer- Monday Chapter 16 War and Revolution: 1914-1919 World War I System of Alliances Growth of nationalism Internal dissent Militarism Nationalism and the System of Alliances Liberals during the first half of the 1800s hoped that the formation of European nation-states would lead to peace. The imperialist states that emerged during the second half of the 1800s became highly competitive over trade and colonies. Two main alliances divided Europe: The Triple Alliance (1882) and the Triple Entente (1907). Early 1900s crises erupted, particularly in the Balkans, created a great deal of anger and tension between nations of alliances. Each nation was willing to go to war to preserve its own power. European ethnic groups, such as Slavs in the Balkans and the Irish in the British Empire, dreamed of creating their own national states, also increased tensions Internal Dissent Another source of strife in Europe was dissent within nations. As Socialist labor movements became more powerful, they used strikes to achieve their goals, which led to unrest. Conservative national leaders feared that revolutions would break out. Some historians believe that these leaders may have been willing to go to war in order to suppress internal dissent. Bell Ringer- Tuesday What are some reasons the European countries may have gone to war? Hint:Use your chart. Militarism After 1900 there was a huge increase in the size of European armies, which increased tensions among nations. Between 1890 and 1914 European armies doubled in size. The numbers of soldiers in European armies were: Russia 1.3 million, France and Germany 900K each, and Britain, Italy, and Austria-Hungary 250K each. Prior to 1914, European countries aggressively prepared for war. This militarism led to the increased power of military leaders, who created complex war plans. Because powerful military leaders did not want to alter their war plans, they greatly limited the choices of political leaders in time of international crises. The Outbreak of War: Summer 1914 All four causes of WWI led to outbreak of war directly from events in the Balkans in 1914. States in southeastern Europe had long struggled for independence from the Ottoman Empire. Russia and Austria-Hungary competed for control of these new states. Thursday- Bell ringer What murder was one factor that led to the first World War? Who was involved in the murder and what country was blamed? Short Essay Students will write an essay about all of the causes of the First World War. Also include details about these causes. This includes the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand. This will be two paragraphs long, 4-5 sentences each. In 1914, Serbia wanted to form a large Slavic state in the Balkans. Serbia was supported by Russia and opposed by Austria-Hungary. Many Europeans were afraid that this conflict in the Balkans would lead to war. In June of 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and his wife were killed by the Serbian terrorist Gavrilo Princip in the city of Sarajevo. He was part of the terrorist group known as the Black Hand. The Siberian terrorist wanted Bosnia to become independent from AustriaHungary. The Austro-Hungarian government wanted to declare war on Serbia but worried that Russia would help Serbia. Austrian leaders asked Germany for help. Emperor William II agreed. In July 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Russia responded by supporting Serbia. Czar Nicholas II ordered mobilization of the Russian army. AH and Germany considered the mobilization an act of war. Germany warned Russia to halt the mobilization, and the Russians refused. Bell ringer- Monday- Write Questions 1. What terrorist group killed Archduke Francis Ferdinand? 2. The sinking of this ship caused the United States to join the war. Propaganda Ideas used to influence public opinion for or against a cause. This was used quite a bit leading up to involvement in the war. There can be many different ways and reasons for this. We will create our own propaganda poster after we take a look at a few. Trenches on Russian front. Example of conditions around trenches. Men fighting in trenches. Men with gas masks. Trench design. No Man’s Land. No Man’s Land Germany declared war on Russia on August 1. Because France and Russia were allies, Germany had planned its strategy against Russia and France. Great Britain which was allied with Russia and France declared war on Germany when they came into Belgium. On the Eastern Front, the war was far more mobile. The Russian army moved into eastern Germany but was defeated at the Battle of Tannenberg and the Battle of Masurian Lakes. This ensured Russia was no longer a threat to invade Germany. The Russians did defeat Austria-Hungary and dislodged them from Serbia. Tuesday- Bell ringer 1. What is President Wilson doing in the cartoon above? 2. What is the reason for his actions in the cartoon above? Wednesday- Bell ringer It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war, into the most terrible and disastrous of all wars…But the right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for things which we have always carried nearest to our hearts --- for democracy; for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own Governments; for the rights and liberties of small nations; for universal dominion of right by such a concert of free peoples as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world itself at last free.- Woodrow Wilson, speech asking Congress to declare war on Germany (April 2, 1917) 1. What are two reasons that Wilson says we must go to war against Germany? Bell ringer- Tuesday The Italians, who had been allied with Germany and Austria-Hungary, broke their alliance in 1915. The Italians attacked Austria-Hungary making Germany to come to their aid. Together Germany and AH defeated the Russians in several battles and drove them back. About 2.5 million Russians had been killed, captured, or wounded putting the Russians almost out of the war. In order to keep supplies from reaching their enemies, each country enforced a naval blockade of the other. German submarines sank both military and civilian ships, including passenger ships. Sinking every ship was unrestricted submarine warfare. In 1915, the Germans sank the British ship Lusitania, killing 1,100 civilians, including some Americans. This caused strong protests from the American government. Though large numbers of American troops did not arrive until 1918, the Allies were given a powerful psychological boost as well as money and supplies. WWI became a total war that required a complete mobilization of people and resources. This included soldiers and civilians alike. As the war dragged on, governments had to increase their powers in order to obtain the manpower and supplies they needed. Bell ringer- Wednesday Women assumed new roles during WWI, taking over jobs previously held only by men. These changes were seen generally as temporary, lasting only while men were away fighting the war. One positive result of women’s role in the war was that in Germany, Austria, and the US they were given the right to vote not long after the war ended. Section 4 War was winding down in 1917. Both sides were getting war weary. In March 1918, Germany launched one last ditch offensive, but was defeated at the Second Battle of the Marne thanks to 2 million American troops. On November 9, Emperor William II left the country. Germany signed an armistice with the Allies that ended the war. In January 1919, representatives of the Allied nations met in Paris to make a final settlement of the war. President Woodrow Wilson outlined his “Fourteen Points.” Open treaty negotiations Reducing military strength Ensuring self-determination New world order based on democracy. Suggested creating an association of nations. Paris Peace Conference was complicated. Britain wanted Germany to pay for the war. France wanted to insure national security. Secret treaties made before the war. Germany and Russia were not included in the peace talks. The Treaty of Versailles was the final peace settlement of WWI. Germany was guilty of starting the war. Germany had to pay reparations for all damages. Germany had to reduce its military forces. Germany had to return Alsace and Lorraine to France. Also a demilitarized zone between Germany and France.