Transcript Economic Advance and Social Unrest

Economic Advance and Social
Unrest
Britain’s Industrial Leadership
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Natural resources,
adequate capital,
native technological skills
a growing food supply
a mobile social structure
strong foreign and domestic demand for goods
Latin American wars of independence opened
markets to Britain,
United States/Canada wanted British goods,
Controlled markets of southern Asia
Migration
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More people living in cites
Pressure on physical resources of
cities
Railroads, canals, improved regular
roads people could leave place of
birth easily
Railroads
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Necessary for heavy transport over
long distance
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First steam-powered locomotive invented
c. 1800 but it attracted little attention
George Stephenson reduced the weight,
improved the efficiency,
 Helped to build the first railway in Great
Britain, 1825
Great era of railway construction in Great
Britain, on European continent
In United States came after 1850
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Labor Force
Varied levels in the early 19th century
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Varied from decent wages to subsistence wage
Some virtual slave labor level jobs
 Women and Children in coal mines
City based labor
 Larger percentage of artisans, craftsmen
Workers slowly lost control over their ability to set
their own wages (Proletarianization)
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New factories and machines eliminated skilled labor
 Lower costs = more profits for factories
 Cottage system eliminated
 Less skill required for a specific task, less generalization
Factories determined the hours and type of work laborers
could obtain
 Master and apprentice system eliminated
 Artisans lost ability to control or create guilds
Chartism
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In the late 1830s, Britain acquired a mass working class
movement organized around a "People's Charter”
 Movement began when in 1836 William Lovett (1800-1877)
formed London Working Men's Association.
The Charter had Six Points - all connected to how Parliament was
run
 Universal male suffrage
 Annual elections
 Secret ballots
 Equal electoral districts
 Abolition of property qualifications for MPs
 Payments of members of parliament.
The movement was radical and quite sophisticated.
 Not entirely united as a movement - some would not accept
violence.
Once conditions improved in late 1840s it lost some of its force. But
at one stage it had the support of 1/2 the people.
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Early 19th c. Social life
Class, Family, and Gender
Changes in Social Structure
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Growth of bourgeoisie
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Values of work, thrift, ambition, caution
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artisans, factory workers, servants
Artisans
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farmers, cottage workers), miners,
city workers
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critics said materialism, selfishness, callousness
Working class made up of rural laborers
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(bankers, factory and mine owners, merchants,
shopkeepers, managers, lawyers, doctors)
construction, printing, tailoring, dress making, food
preparation, craftspeople were being squeezed by
cheap, factory produced goods
Servants outnumbered factory workers and the
chief profession of working class (esp. women)
Family Structure
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Family transformed from being basic
unit of production and consumption to
being just basic unit of consumption
Early 19th c. families employed as a
unit
Mid/late 19th c. – factory work for
unskilled, unmarried women and
children,
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supervised by some skilled men
Separation of families
Child Labor
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High skilled workers could afford to
send children to school
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Low skilled workers had their children
work with them
English Factory Act of 1883
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No children under 9
Limited hours for children 9-13
Required factories to pay for education
Work day for adults and teens- 12
hours
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Younger children –4 – 6 hours
Depiction of Society in Novels
(Not in the book- just to add substance
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18th c. fiction – focus on individual personalities
19th c. fiction – portrayal of social life in all varieties
(manufacturers, financiers, starving students, workers,
bureaucrats, prostitutes, underworld figures, thieves, aristocratic
men and women)
Honore de Balzac
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Charles Dickens
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Also climbing social ladder (father in debtors’ prison)
Daily life of London
Affects of industrialization and urbanization
Problems of poor
Charlotte Bronte
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95 novels
many characters driven to climb social ladder
Jane Eyre
Life of orphaned girl, becomes a governess, refuses to get ahead
through marriage
George Sand (Amandine-Aurore Dupin)
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Female French novelist
Dressed like a man, smoked cigars
Women in Early Industrial Revolution
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Gender division of labor
Low paid factory work for single
women
Wages for men allowed some to
support family without wife working
Supplements from working children
Factory work still in the minority
Most women were domestic servants
or in cottage industries
Woman’s work more narrowly defined
Domestication and Subordination of
Women
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Domestication
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Women should live their lives within the
domestic sphere
No education, no professional career,
no political life
Women were legal incompetents
(children, insane, criminals)
Privileged Classes
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Boys attended secondary schools/ girls home or
church school
Men wore practical clothing:
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Women dressed for decorative effect:
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long trousers, short jackets, dark colors,
no makeup (previously common – aristocracy),
simple cut hair
Tightly corseted waists,
long hair, requiring hours of brushing and pinning up,
long, cumbersome skirts
Science reinforced stereotype
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Women were once seen as sexually insatiable
(Middle Ages), now described as incapacitated by
menstruation and largely uninterested in sex
(morally superior) – “Victorian woman”
Physicians and scholars considered women mentally
Study Group/Individual Notes
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Create Notes on the following
subjects
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Problems of Crime and Order
New Police Forces
 Prison Reform
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Share your notes with your study group
Tsk.. Tsk. . . Tsk. .
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You’re not supposed to be reading
this. .
Problems of Crime and Order
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Political and economic elites in Europe were
profoundly concerned about social order
Two major views about containing crime and
criminals emerged during the nineteenth century:
prison reform and better police systems
On of the key feature of the theory of a policed
society is that crime may be prevented by the
visible presence of law-enforcement officers
Government used to send criminal to prison ships
called Hulks (not so incredible)
Individual cell for each prisoner and long periods
of separation and silence among prisoners
Classical Economics
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Economists whose thought derived largely
from Adam Smith dominated private and
public discussions of industrial and
commercial policy, and often associated
with Laissez-faire
Favored economic growth through
competitive free enterprise
Distrusted government action
Government should
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maintain sound currency, enforce contracts,
protect property, and impose low tariffs/taxes
Maintain enough armed forces and naval power
to protect the nation’s economic structure and
foreign trade
Zollverein=free trading union
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Thomas Malthus
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Proposed that the population would out grow
the food supply
Working class+ more $$ = more children =
more food and wages needed
David Ricardo
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Iron Law of Wages
 Wages go up- Parents have more children
 More Children working = Lower wages
 Lower wages = less children
Govt Policies and Classical Economics
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France –
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Germany
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July Monarchy built large building projects,
 Did not address the issue of poverty
The Zollverein – free trading union to eliminate tariffs
Britain
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Jeremy Bentham
 Used Utilitarianism as guide for govt. policies
 1834 Poor Law
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Repealed the Corn Laws
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Dispersed relief at workhouses
Poverty became an official social stigma
Abolish tariff on grain that would lead to lower food prices
 Irish potato famine real reason
Started period of free trade in Britain
Early Socialists- French Utopian Socialists
Count Claude Henry de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)
 Planned economy  Believed modern society requires modern
management. Government by a board of directors.
 Did not agree with wealth redistribution, but of
making all not-poor by good management.
 Followers known as Saint-Simonians
Charles Fourier (1772-1837) - Socialist Communities
 Dealt with problem of tedium in work - each worker
have several jobs and wander around from one to
another so as to avoid tedium.
 Proposed that special industrial communities be set up.
There were called Phalansteres or Phalanxes.
They were communities on about 200 acres of land
with 1500 people.
 One set up in the US - Brook Farm, Mass, 18421847. T
 Only place this sort of socialism has ever worked is
Israel - the kibbutz is an example of a Phalansteres.
Louis Blanc (1811-1882) - (Not really a
Utopian.)
 Leader of industrial workers in the Paris region.
 Part of the French Cabinet (main government
committee) in France in just after the Revolution
of 1848.
 The state should promote socialist programs and
guarantee employment through "National
workshops." Set up for a while, until liberals
displaced Blanc from the government.
Pierre Joseph Proudhon (more an Anarchist)
 Claimed that the worker was source of all wealth,
and so would be able to use it.
 He ended up working for Louis III Napoleon.
Early English Socialism
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
 Born poor,
 Important and successful factory owner.
 Committed to improving life for workers. In his industrial center
at New Lanark  Built houses and schools for children.
 Did not pay workers off during a depression.
 Made a Profit.
 He later organized an unsuccessful copy in the US at New
Harmony.
 Owen's Aims:
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Thought people could be made better by better conditions (goes back to
Locke).
Shows no need for bad conditions or low wages.
Basically paternalistic.
Ended his long life as a spiritualist
The Grand National Consolidated Trade Union
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The GNCTU was a mass union founded by Owen in 1830s.
Tried to unite all workers into once huge union.
Suffered a collapse in the 1830s.
The idea that workers should be organized in unions was central to later
British socialism.
Anarchism
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abolition of both capitalism and the
state supported by followers of
Blanc,
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Urged development of a professional
revolutionary vanguard to attack
capitalist society
Attacked the banking system
 Society should be organized on the basis
of mutualism
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Marxism
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Termed communism
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Abolition of private property
Derived from German Hegelianism, French socialism, and
British classical economics
Conflict between dominant and subordinate social groups
generated conditions that led to the emergence of a new
dominant social group. These new social relationships, in
turn, generated new discontent, conflict, and development
Fate of proletariat is fate of humanity
Human history must be understood rationally and as a
whole
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Class conflict become simplified during the early nineteenth
century into a struggle between the bourgeoisie and the
proletariat
Proletariats eventually will take over and organize
production through propertyless and classless communist
society
Karl Marx(1818-1883)
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German. Born in Trier in Rhineland.
Father was Jewish convert to Lutheranism for
employment reasons.
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Marx himself was often anti-Semitic.
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Married to an aristocrat's daughter.
Went to Universities of Bonn, Berlin and Jena.
Published radical papers in Koln and Belgium,
[Rheinische Zeitung] until 1849 when he came to
live in London for many years.
Friedrich Engels(1820-1895)
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German manufacturer's son.
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Lived in England and managed factory in
Manchester.
Always politically aware and interested in the plight
of the workers.
His Condition of the Working Class in England
(1845) remains a classic account of the poverty in
early industrial Manchester.
Engels supported Marx for many years.
Marx's only real friend. Met 1844
Co-wrote the Communist Manifesto with Marx
Marx and the First International
1864-1876
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(The International Working Men's
Association)
Marx worked to unite all the
socialist organizations
It included,
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Trade unionists, socialists, anarchists,
and Polish nationalists.
He made an accommodation to the
evolutionary trends in Socialism.
The Appeal of Marxism
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It is important to note that Marxism
was very appealing to many in
Europe.
Authority as a Science:
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Marxism claimed to be "scientific."
Marx said he had proved his doctrines.
There was the belief what he said
would inevitably come about.
1848 Revolutions
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Series of liberal/nationalistic revolutions erupted
across Continent, similar conditions:
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Dynamic force for change originated with political
liberals;
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severe food shortages
widespread unemployment
bad living condition
Extreme nationalism, especially in Austria
pushed for more civil liberty representation
unregulated economy; motivated by British success
liberals tried to motivate urban working classes, then
they began to fight each other
Results stunning:
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French monarchy fell, others shaken;
revolutions were false spring, didn’t establish
liberal/national states;
liberals isolated themselves from working class, fell
easy prey to reactionary armies
France: The Second Republic and
Louis Napoleon
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Liberal opposition to corrupt Louis
Philippe minister Guizot hosted criticizing
banquets;
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poor harvests brought working class on liberals
side;
govt. banned banquets
Feb21,1848 Parisian workers paraded
clashed on Feb22,
Guizot resigned
Louis Philippe abdicated, fled on Feb24
The National Assembly and Paris Workers
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Liberal opposition led by Alphonse de Lamartine
made provisional govt.,
wanted to call for assembly to write republican
constitution
working classes wanted social rev. as well
led by Louis Blanc, they demanded representation
in cabinet: Blanc+2 other radicals made ministers
and govt. organized national workshops for
work/relief for unemployed
Apr23, election(male suffrage) chose National
Assembly,
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controlled by moderates and conservatives
small landowning peasants feared socialists
In May, govt. troops/Parisian crowd clashed;
National Assembly phased out workshops –
June, barricades went up in Pari
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General Cavaignac moved to destroy opposition
killed 3.4K: drive for social revolution had ended
Emergence of Louis Napoleon
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Uprising confirmed political power of conservative
property holders,
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1848 presidential election Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
(nephew):
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doomed the republic
Louis dedicated to own fame,
modern dictator who quarreled w/Assembly:
1851, Assembly refused to let president run for
reelection
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Wanted safety for property;
Dec2, Napoleon seized power;
troops dispersed Assembly,
he called for new elections: 200 people died, 26K arrested,
10K transported to Algeria
Napoleon elected through plebiscite,
Dec1852, plebiscite approved creation of empire (2nd
time in 50 yrs
France turned from republic to Ceasarism)
Frenchwomen in 1848:
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major feminist activity 1848-52,
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some even tried to vote
Vesuvians: most radical group, demonstrations lost
support from modest feminists
Organized Voix des femmes(Women’s voice),
newspaper and later society; members relatively
conservative, argued for more liberty – provisional
govt. ignored them
French feminists defeated and frustrated,
crackdown on clubs, close of workshops
repressed women –
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women associated w/newspaper tried to organize
workers groups
Jeanne Deroin/Pauline Roland arrested/tried/
imprisoned
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by 1852, entire feminist movement eradicated
The Habsburg Empire: Nationalism
Resisted
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Habsburg empire susceptible to
revolution:
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borders cut national lines/govt.
rejected liberal institutes/perpetuated
serfdom
Even Metternich urged reform,
1848, confronted w/big rebellions:
Vienna/Prague/Hungary/Italy/Germany
The Vienna Uprising:
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Louis Kossuth,
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Emperor Ferdinand(r.1835-48) promised
moderate/liberal constitution:
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Magyar nationalist
Hungarian diet-ist, demanded Hungarian
independence(March3,1848),
10 days later, students led disturbances in Vienna;
Army failed to restore order
Metternich resigned/fled
radical students formed democratic clubs
May17, emperor/imperial court fled to Innsbruck
Govt. of Vienna controlled by over 200 concerned people
Habsburg govt. actually feared serf uprising
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emancipated serfs immediately after Vienna uprising
Hungarian diet abolished serfdom March1848
serfs now had little reason to support revolution
The Magyar Revolt
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Magyar leaders of March Rev. guaranteed no central
govt. in Vienna
Hungarian diet passed the March Laws:
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ensured religious equality/jury trials/free press/nobility
taxes;
Emp Ferdinand approved measures
Magyars hoped to have independent
Hungarian/Habsburg state;
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tried to annex Transylvania/Croatia/Eastern Habsburg
Empire;
national groups resisted, didn’t want Hungarian language
imposed –
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late March, Vienna govt. sent Count Joseph Jellachich to
aid national groups;
by Sept, he was leading invasion force against Hungary
(liberalism v. nationalism)
Czech Nationalism
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Mid-March, Czech nationalists demanded
Bohemia/Moravia be permitted to constitute
autonomous Slavic state(like Hungary),
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Czechs summoned congress of Slavs in Prague: under
Francis Palacky
Pan-Slavic Congress issued manifesto calling for
national Slav equality/ stop to foreign Slav repression
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conflict b/t Czechs/Germans
idea of Pan-Slavism important later in history,
Russia uses to try to gain support of nationalist minorities
Radical insurrection broke in Prague day Congress
closed(June12);
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General Prince Alfred Windischgraetz
suppressed radicals by June17; local Germans approved
“divide and conquer” worked
Rebellion in Northern Italy:
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in addition to Hungary/Czechs, Habsburg faced war in
northern Italy;
rev. against Habsburgs began in Milan, March18; 5 days later,
Austrian commander retreated
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King Charles of Piedmont wanted to expand kingdom of
Lombardy,
aided rebels; Austrians losing until General Radetzky defeated
Piedmont/suppressed revolution
Vienna/Hungary needed to be recaptured:
Emp. Ferdinand returned to capital,
new assembly trying to write constitution; when new
insurrection broke in Oct., imperial govt. crushed it;
Emp Ferdinand abdicated for his nephew Francis
Joseph(r.1848-1916)
real power lay w/Prince Felix Schwarzenberg(army)
Jan 5,1849, troops occupied Budapest, by March, Austria
imposed military rule over Hungary/repudiated constitution
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Magyars revolted again, crushed w/support from Tsar Nicholas I
of Russia
Habsburg govt. survived gravest internal challenge
Italy: Republicanism Defeated
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Many Italians hoped King Charles of Piedmont would drive
Austria away
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liberal/ nationalistic hope shifted to Pope Pius IX w/liberal
reputation
in Rome, political radicalism on rise
Democratic radical killed Count Pelligrino Rossi (Nov15,1848)
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liberal minister of Papal States
Next day, demonstrations forced pope to appoint radical ministry
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pope fled to Naples
Feb1849, radicals proclaimed Roman Republic, repubs flocked to
Rome: Giuseppe Mazzini/Giuseppe Garibaldi hoped to unite Italy
March, radicals in Piedmont fored Charles Albert to renew war
w/Austria;
After immediate defeat at Battle of Novara, King abdicated for
son, Victor Emmanuel II(r.1849-78):
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defeat meant Roman Republic must defend itself alone
Louis Napoleon of Franc supported pope/didn’t want powerful Italy,
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Attacked Rome/restored pope:
Early June, 10K French soldiers siege Rome/dissolved Roman Republic –
Pius IX returned/renounced liberalism/became conservative
Germany: Liberalism Frustrated
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Wuerttemberg/Saxony/Hanover/Bav
aria all had insurrections for liberal
govt/greater German unity
major rev. occurred in Prussia
Revolution in Prussia:
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March1848, large disturbances erupted in Berlin
Frederick William IV believed trouble came from
foreigners,
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refused to attack Berliners/announced limited reforms
king also called for Prussian constituent to from
constitution;
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next day, saluted slain subjects/made concessions/implied
that Prussia would aid movement towards unified Germany
(monarchy capitulated)
Prussian constituent assembly were
radical/democratic
Frederick William IV ignored them
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liberal ministry resigned/replaced by conservatives
Apr1849, assembly dissolved/monarch proclaimed own
constitution: 3-class voting:
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all adult males could vote, but weighed by ability to pay
taxes,
ministry/Prussian army responsible to king alone
The Frankfurt Parliament
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May18,1848, reps from all German states gathered in Frankfurt to
revise organization of German Confederation,
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Frankfurt Parliament called in troops of German Confed. to
suppress radical insurrection(Sept,1848)
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he rejected, though monarchies came by grace of God, not constitutions
– on his refusal,
Frankfurt Parliament began to dissolve
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Grossdeutsch wanted inclusion
Kleindeutsch wanted exclusion – Austria rejected unification,
Germany always looked to Prussia for leadership anyways
Parliament produced constitution(March27,1849)
afterwards, delegates offered crown to Frederick William IV
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liberals didn’t want violence/destruction of property
Parliament floundered on inclusion of Austria in united Germany
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wanted to write moderate/liberal constitution;
Frankfurt Parliament lost support of workers/artisan by not restoring
guilds(liberals wanted laissez faire)/divided them permanently
troops drove off remaining members
German liberals couldn’t step up to the plate
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failed to unite Germany/ confront realities of power in German states