Transcript Constantinople

WHI.07: Byzantines and
Russians Interact
Objectives
p. 121
The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Byzantine Empire and Russia from about 300 to
1000 a.d. by
a) explaining the establishment of Constantinople as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire;
b) identifying Justinian and his contributions, including the codification of Roman law, and
describing the expansion of the Byzantine Empire and economy;
c) characterizing Byzantine art and architecture and the preservation of Greek and Roman
traditions;
d) explaining disputes that led to the split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Greek
Orthodox Church;
e) assessing the impact of Byzantine influence and trade on Russia and Eastern Europe.
Essential Understandings
p. 122
1. The capital of the Eastern Roman Empire was changed to Constantinople to provide political,
economic, and military advantages.
2. As the first to codify Roman law, Justinian provided the basis for the law codes of Western
Europe.
3. Under Justinian, the Byzantine Empire reached its height in culture and prosperity Greek
Orthodox Christianity and imperial patronage enabled the Byzantine Empire to develop a
unique
4. style of art and architecture.
5. Greek and Roman traditions were preserved in the Byzantine Empire.
6. The cultural and political differences between the eastern and western Roman Empire
weakened the unity of the Christian Church and led to its division.
7. Byzantine civilization influenced Russian and Eastern European civilizations through its
religion, culture, and trade.
Essential Questions
p. 122
1. Why was Constantinople established as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire?
2. What was the influence of Justinian’s codification of Roman law on the Byzantine Empire and
later legal codes?
3. What was Justinian’s influence on the expansion of the Byzantine Empire and its economy?
4. What were the contributions of Byzantine art and architecture?
5. How did Greek and Roman culture survive within the Byzantine Empire?
6. What factors produced the division within the Christian Church?
7. Why did the Byzantine Empire have so much influence on religion, culture, and trade in Russia
and Eastern Europe?
Why do I need to know this?
p. 122
1. Byzantine culture deeply influenced Orthodox Christianity, a major branch of modern
Christianity.
2. The early history of Russia separated it from the West, causing mutual misunderstandings
that still exist today.
Byzantine Foundations
p. 123
Constantinople
p. 123
Reasons Constantinople is a great location for the Capitol of the Byzantine
Empire
1. located far away enough from the Germanic invasions of the West
2. was a crossroads of trade on the Bosporus Strait
3. could protect the rich Eastern provinces more easily
4. easily protected
Germanic Invasions of the Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire 477
Constantinople
Cultural Blend
p. 123
1. mostly Greek, but the emperor and noble families were Roman and spoke Latin
2. Christianity morphed into Eastern Orthodoxy
3. heavily influenced by Persia
Eastern Orthodox Countries
Eastern Orthodox Priests
The Emperors
p. 123
1. the emperors had absolute Power
2. head of state and of the Church
3. lived with fear of assassination (29 of 88 died violently – 13 abandoned the throne
for the monastery)
Emperor
Justinian
p. 123-125
Theodora
p. 123
Theodora – Strong Woman
1. Justinian’s wife – married her in spite of objections
2. 532 AD, Theodora kept Justinian from fleeing during the Nika Rebellion
a. 30,000 people were killed
3. Helped oversee the reconstruction of Constantinople after the Nika Rebellion
4. Expanded women’s rights
Military Campaigns
p. 123
1. Italy, North Africa, and Spain
a. general Belisarius strengthened and reorganized the army
b. 533-555 fought a series of wars and won; reconquered old western Roman
lands
2. conquests did not last and empire lost many of its territories
Byzantine Empire 530
Byzantine Empire under Justinian 565
Byzantine Empire 600
Byzantine Empire 700
Justinian’s Accomplishments
p. 123
1. the Justinian Code – four-part work that simplified the law code of the Byzantine
Empire (cut out 66% of the original law code)
a. decided issues such as marriage, slavery, property, women’s rights and crimes
b. served the Byzantine Empire for 900 years
c. became the basis for law codes in Europe
Justinian’s Accomplishments
…continued
p. 125
2. Justinian had the fortifications of Constantinople repaired
a. 14 mile stone wall that surrounded Constantinople on the three sides that faced
water
b. three walls on the land side – biggest one was 25 feet thick with towers 70 feet
tall
3. Hagia Sophia in Constantinople
a. beautiful church that was the pinnacle of Justinian’s building program
4. Justinian also built aqueducts, law courts, schools, and hospitals
a. mosaics decorated churches as well as government buildings
b. the libraries preserved Greek and Roman knowledge
5. Justinian expanded trade and made Constantinople very wealthy
Fortifying Constintinople
Hagia Sophia
Hagia
Sophia
Hippodrome
Mosaic
Byzantine Religion
p. 125
Church and State
p. 125
1. emperors were crowned by the patriarch (bishop of Constantinople)
2. sometimes persecuted Jews and non-Greek Christians
Use of Icons
p. 125
1. Byzantine Empire worshipped icons (religious images) until 730 when emperor
Leo III ordered all icons removed from churches
a. iconoclasts broke into churches to destroy
icons
2. resistors were supported by Church of Rome
which approved of using icons in religious
ceremonies
3. the pope supported the use of icons and
excommunicated the emperor
Conflict with Rome
p. 125
1. Germanic Lombards invaded Italy and Byzantine emperor refused to help
2. pope turned to Germanic Franks (who had converted to Christianity in 496)for help,
crowned Charlemagne as emperor; title only a Byzantine ruler could grant
3. 1054 – schism (division of the churches); Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox
Charlemagne Coronation
History of Christianity
Byzantines Missionaries Convert the
Slavs
p. 125
1. the Catholics and Orthodox began competing for souls
2. monasteries and convents were established
3. Cyril and Methodius were missionaries who translated Bible
a. created the Cyrillic alphabet so that Slavs could read the Bible and would
accept Christianity
Russian Alphabet
Decline and Fall of the
Byzantine Empire
p. 127
The Plague
p. 127
1. first recorded outbreak of the Bubonic Plague struck the early 500s
2. probably spread from rats from a trade ship from India
3. resurfaced every 8 to 12 years until the 700s
4. nearly wiped out 50% of the population of the Byzantine population
Bubonic Plague
Military Attacks
p. 127
1. began facing constant attacks from all sides
2. by 700 – only Greek areas were left
Fall of Constantinople
p. 127
1. Ottoman Turks took Asia Minor
2. late 1300s – only Constantinople and immediate area left
a. its walls, fleet and location helped it hold out
3. 1453 – Ottoman Turks took Constantinople, renamed it Istanbul
Byzantine Empire under Justinian 560
Byzantine Empire 630
Byzantine Empire 740
Byzantine Empire 1095
Byzantine Empire 1280
Byzantine Empire 1360
Byzantine Empire 1430
Russians Adopt Byzantine
Culture
p. 127
Land of Russia’s Birth
p. 127
1. Slavs – people from the forests north of the Black Sea
2. 862, Rurik founded Novgorod
3. Oleg moved south to Kiev and began a principality
4. boyars – Russian nobles
Kievan Russia
Kiev Becomes Orthodox
p. 127
1. Russia was in constant contact with the Byzantine Empire through trade routes
that ran from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea
2. 957 Kievan Princess Olga paid a visit to Constantinople and converted to
Christianity (Eastern Orthodox)
3. 989 Olga’s grandson, Vladimir converted to Christianity (Eastern Orthodox) and
made all people in Kiev convert also
Eastern Orthodox Countries
Mongol Invasions Favor the
Rise of Moscow
p. 129
Kiev
p. 129
Khanate of the Golden Horde
1. 1240, the Mongols demolished Kiev
2. ruled Russia for 200 years and called it the “Khanate of the Golden Horde”
3. allowed Russians to follow their usual customs as long as they made no signs of
rebellion
4. Mongols demanded just two things from the Russians, slave-like obedience and
massive amounts of tribute
5. Russia was cut off from Western Europe during this time
Mongols
Mongol Rule Serves Moscow’s
Interests
1. Mongol rule helped unify Russia
2. Moscow began as a crude village
a. located near three rivers – Volga, Dnieper and Don
b. could lead to control of all of European Russia
p. 129
Ivan the Great
p. 129
Ivan III (Ivan the Great)
1. wanted to make Russia the “Third Rome”
2. adopted the title of czar (tsar) – the Russian form of Caesar
3. 1480, refused to pay tribute to the Mongols
4. helped Russia became independent from the Mongols
Muscovite Russia
Moscow
Notebook Work
p. 000
p. 129 – You’ll need a book. Compare/contrast the Roman Catholic and Eastern
Orthodox Churches. The Directions will tell you which page to look on.
p. 133 – DIRTy Definitions.
a. do all the definitions (you may need the glossary from the book)
b. do all the reminding words
c. do at least half (3) of the illustrations
Three Empires: Byzantine, Russian,
Seljuk 565-1100
p. 131
DIRECTIONS: Please put the following places on your map where they belong. Use
the map in your book on page 267.
Bodies of Water
Atlantic Ocean
Black Sea
Countries
Spain
Scandinavia
England
Continents
Europe
Cities
Empires
Constantinople
Kiev
Byzantine Empire 565 A.D.
Mediterranean Sea
Caspian Sea
France
Persia
Germany
Arabia
Asia
Africa
Baghdad
Rome
Novgorod
Kievan Russia 1100 A.D.