Transcript The Great War

The Great War !
WWI
Chapter 13
1914-1919
• “GREAT” ?
• “WORLD” ?
• TOTAL WAR?
Review- CAUSES
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Imperialism
Colonization
Nationalism
Unity and Separation
German Confederation
Prussia
Industrialization
Militarism
– Glorification of military power
– Keeping a standing army always ready for war
•
•
•
•
•
Major
France
Germany
Austrian Empire
Russia
Britain
Powers
Europe 1914
Europe Today
The Pursuit of Peace
• By 1914 Europe had enjoyed a
century of relative peace
• The support of Pacifism – opposition
to all war
• 1899 the First Universal Peace
Conference
• Alliances for Peace- wind up having
OPPOSITE effect.
Aggressive Nationalism
• One of the forces
pushing Europe to
the Brink
• Especially strong
in France &
Germany
Otto von Bismarck
• GERMAN chancellor
• “blood and iron”
• Seized FRENCH providences (AlsaceLorraine)
• Defeated FRENCH in FrancoPrussian War
• FRANCE = THREAT
• Goal: keep them without allies AND
keep his allies
• Italy, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and
good relations with Britain
Alsace and Lorraine
Wilhelm II
• GERMAN Kaiser 1888
• Forces Bismarck to resign
• Lets ALLIANCE WITH RUSSIA lapse
(end)!
• Germany’s foreign policy completely
changes!
Triple Alliance
• Italy
• Austrian Empire
• Germany
Dual Entente
• Russia
• France
• Agreed to “Mobilize” together
Britain was originally Neutral
But Rivalries Begin
Economic Rivalries
• Britain is
threatened by
Germany’s rapid
economic growth
Imperialism Causes
Rivalries
• France and Germany
compete for colonies
ex: Morocco
• 1904 BRITIAN signs
Entente Cordial
(Alliance) that gives
Britain control of Egypt
and French control of
Morocco
Angers Germans!
• Britain was now
allied with French
in that agreement
• But, Germans
wanted Britain on
their side!
• German’s try to
break up the
Entente Cordial
• 1905 German
Kaiser goes to
Morocco to
declare they
should be free
from France!
Changing Sides!
• 1907 Britain joins Russia and France
making the DUAL Entente the TRIPLE
Entente
• GERMANY threatens war!!
• Called “ Germany’s Bluff”
• Next, Italy leaves Germany’s Triple Alliance
• Italy backs the Triple Entente (Russia,
France, Britain)
• Now, Germany sees Austria as only true
ally!
Militarism and the Arms
Race
Why was GERMANY so on
edge?!
• GERMANY WANTS new markets,
imperialism, respect, land, raw materials,
glory.
• GERMANY was late in the “Race for
Imperialism”
• Possessed little of Africa, Pacific Islands,
China
When countries are on edge you
need:
Military Buildup
• Militarism is the glorification of the
military
• The “Great Powers” expanded their
armies and navies
• Fierce competition in the “arms race”
• Darwinism: stronger survive,
sometimes war is a necessity
Britain's “2-Power
Standard”
• 1893 to protect trade and build up
army
• Britain's RULE was their navy had to
be equal or larger than any 2 navy’s
of the world put together
• 1870-1914 European powers increase
navy $$$$ by 300%
• “Conscription”- recruit a powerful
army
Morocco competition
• 1911 France sends troops to
Morocco
• Germany responds
• Sends a boat full of guns to Morocco
and in exchange wanted French’s
imperialized Congo in Central Africa
• Britain is left out of this exchange
• Britain mobilizes
• Germany winds up getting less of the
land than they wanted…defeat =
anger
A Tangle of Alliances
Two huge alliances emerge
as a result of treaties by 1914
The Triple Alliance
(Central Powers)
• Germany
• Austria – Hungary
• Ottomans sign
treaty with
Germans
The Triple Entente
(Allied Powers)
• France
• Britain
• Russia
• Japan grows close to
Britain
Germany’s Chief of Staff:
Schlieffen
• Didn’t think
Germany was
strong enough to
fight Britain and
Russia at the same
time
• He estimated it
would take
Germany 6 weeks
to mobilize
• Germany had the
most superior
railroads and
Schlieffen knew he
could use that to
his advantage
The Schlieffen Plan
1. Using the railroad
system:
Germany would
have to defeat
France quickly then
fight Russia
1. To avoid French
German border:
Germany would
have to march
through Belgium –
8/3/1914 Then move
towards Paris,
France
Flaws with the Plan
1. Called for an invasion of Belgium
2. Mobilization meant war would follow
3. Plan was too inflexible
1. To get 2 million men to war quickly- all
railroads would need to be synchronized
2. Any change to plans= revising train time
tables which took 3 months
4. Invading Belgium risked bringing
BRITAIN into the war
1. Britain had previously signed a treaty
guaranteeing Belgium's independence
Biggest Flaw of the Plan!
5. Germany could not fight Russia or
just France….
Therefore, It had to be a “Two –Front
War”
• Fight basically two wars at the same
time
• East and west
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Meanwhile, Nationalism growing within the
Austrian Empire
Multiple cultures/ethnicities/identities
Less than 50% of pop was
Austrian/Hungarian
Austria wanted full control of the Balkans
Russia competed with them for it
Slavs thought Serbia was a threat
1912 Balkan League formed: alliance Serbia,
Greece, Bulgaria, Montenegro
Attacked Turkey and forced them out of the
Balkans
Serbia begins separation from Austria
Austria calls war on Serbia
The Big Event!
– Austria send army (annexed) Bosnia
– Bosnia was home to many Serbians
– Inspector General of the Austrian
Forces (heir to Austria’s throne) Arch
Duke Franz Ferdinand visit Sarajevo
the capital of Bosnia
• News of the visit angered many
Serbians
– Unity of Death/Black Hand (Serbian
terrorists) vowed to take action
The Assassination of the
Archduke
He is assassinated!
His wife Sophie is assassinated!
Chaos breaks out!
The Fatal Shots
• The archduke and his
wife rode through
Sarajevo in a open car
• First attempt – bomb
hurled at car was
unsuccessful
• Ferdinand was killed
by a Serbian named
Gavrilo Princip
• He was a member of
the Black Hand
• One of the heads of
Serbia’s military
Now they had an excuse to go to
War!
• Austria sent Serbia an ultimatum - a
final set of demands
– End all anti-Austrian agitation
– Punish any Serbian official involved in the
assassination
– Austria must join the investigation
• Serbia only partly agreed – July 28th
1914 Austria declared war on Serbia
•
The Consequences of
Alliances
Kaiser William II
(Germany)
promises support
to Austria
• Gave a “blank
check”
• Nicolas II (Russia)
supports Serbia
• France pledges
allegiance to
Russia b/c of
Franco-Prussian
How the Dominoes Fell
1. Austria declares war on Serbia
2. Germany supports Austria
3. Russia supports Serbia
4. France aligns with Russia
5. Germany then declares war on France
Section 2
Europe Plunges into War
“The great European disaster is well
on it’s way. If so many seeds have
been sown, surely the weeds will
sprout up soon and surely so much
stock piled gunpowder will explode.”
- Peace Bertha
April 1913
Ut-Oh!
• Austria attacks Serbia’s capital
• Russia mobilizes to support Serbia
• Russian Czar orders army around entire
border
• Schlieffen Plan had predicted that
Russia would take 6 weeks to mobilize
so now Germany had to mobilize and
faster!!
• If they weren't fast in defeating Russia
first they would have a war on “2 fronts”
The Head Honcho: Britain
gets involved!
• Offers ultimatum to Germany to call
of invasion of Belgium
• Ultimatum not accepted
• Britain declares war!
Problem of the Two-Front
War
• German officials did not want to fight
a two front war
• Sent ultimatum: 12 Hours for Russia
to demobilize and France 12 Hours to
declare Neutrality
• No response= Germany declares
war!
– Eastern Front vs. Russia
– Western Front vs. France
•Germany has to get
through Belgium!
•Belgium refuses to be
neutral
•Germany invades
Belgium!
Britain stood by
Belgium's
independence.
So consequently Britain
is now going to be
involved!
Alliances Update!
• Central Powers
• The Allies
• Austria-Hungary
• Germany
• Great Britain
• France
• Russia
• Bulgaria and
Ottoman Empire
joins later!
• Later: Japan and
Italy
Section 3
A Global Conflict
Key Information
• Newspapers began to call it “The Great
War”
• 8.5 million French troops
• 9 million British troops
• 12 million Russian troops
• 11 million German troops
WWI Strategy – “Total War”
• What is it?
– The channeling of a nation’s entire resources
into a war effort
• How does a government achieve total
war?
– Institution of conscription – “the draft”
– Governments raised taxes and borrowed
money
– Governments rationed food, gasoline, &
other materials
– Civilians and soldiers can be considered to
be part of the war effort
Summer 1914
•Germany’s army was at a bloody stalemate (deadlock)
along the battlefields of France
•Deadlock region = western front
•No army could move
•French intelligence got word of German where abouts
Sept 5 1914
•Allies attack Germans NorthEast of Paris
•4 days later- German’s retreat
•They were chased and driven back 60 miles
First Battle of the Marne
Defeat of the Germans
Killed the Schlieffen Plan
Early 1915
Western Front- Trenches originally built for protection
Turned into: TRENCH WAREFARE MISERY
-Trapped
-No sleep
-No sanitation
-Death
-Unbreathable
-No man’s land
-Living hell
WWI Strategy – Trench
Warfare
• Warring armies burrowed into a vast
system of trenches
• Rats, lice and heat became major
problems
• “Over the top” orders were given and
soldiers would leave their trenches
and rush toward enemy lines
In the Trenches
In the Trenches
Trench Foot Info..
• Many soldiers fighting in WWI
suffered from trench foot
– This was an infection of the feet caused
by cold, wet and unsanitary conditions.
– If untreated, trench foot could turn
gangrenous and result in amputation.
– 20,000+ men in the British Army were
treated for trench foot in one year!!
Trench
Foot
Trench Foot Info..
• The only remedy for trench foot was
for the soldiers to dry their feet and
change their socks several times a
day.
– British soldiers were under orders to
change their socks at least twice a day
Technology in Modern
Warfare
• World War I was very devastating due to
new technology
–
–
–
–
–
–
Poison gas
The Airplane
Machine Gun
Submarines
Zeppelins
Tanks
Poison Gas
THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE HUMAN
RACE
From ape to ape
Poison
Gas
"Our men were swallowed up by the mysterious cloud. At the
same time, I felt its effect on my breathing. It burned in my
throat. I felt a pain in my chest and could barely breathe any
longer. I spit up blood and became dizzy. I thought I was lost."
The Airplane
• Airplanes were
primitive
– Had only 1- 2 seats
– With machine gun
– Mostly used for
reconnaissance
• “Dog Fights”
– Air combat between
planes
Automatic Machine Gun
• Usually 2-man
teams
• Provided a
continuous stream
of bullets
• This weapon was
the main reason
for the war settling
into a STALEMATE
Submarine
• German “U-Boats”
(Came from “UndertheSea”
Boats)
– To sink merchant ships
• Unrestricted Submarine
Warfare
– Made the oceans
unsafe for all
• Allied response –
convoys
– Small groups of
merchant ships
protected by warships
Zeppelins
• Gas filled balloons
used by the
Germans to bomb
the English coast
• They were able to
carry a much
heavier load than
airplanes
The Tank
• Developed to end
Trench Warfare
• Used a mounted
machine gun
• Ran by a 8 man
crew
A Global Conflict
A War Fought on Many Fronts
• Oceans
– Unrestricted submarine warfare
• Europe
– Eastern and Southern Europe
• Australia
– Australia and New Zealand
• Asia
– China, India, and Turkey
– Colonies began to join the war
• Africa
– Colonies began to join the war
A Global War
Map of the World showing the Participants in World War I
Green: Allies (some entered the war or dropped out later)
Orange: Central Powers
Grey: Neutral Countries
Major
Conflicts
of the War
Battle of Somme River
• Britain vs. Germany
• 5 month battle in France
• 60,000 British casualties in
one day
• By the end, Germans gained
4 miles, British gained 5
miles
• 1,000,000 dead by the end of
the battle
Battle of Verdun
•
•
•
•
France vs. Germany
11 month battle
400,000+ casualties on both sides
Battlefield with the highest density of dead
per square yard
Eastern Front
• Along German, Russian border
• Russians+Serbs vs Germans+Austrians+Turks
• End of Aug 1914 Germans crushed Russians to full
retreat
• 30,000+ Russians killed
• Allies were having a hard time getting supplies to the
Russians because of German naval blockade along Baltic
Sea
• Suffering
The Gallipoli Campaign
Aim of the Gallipoli
Campaign
• Attack and defeat
the Ottoman
Empire via the
Dardanelles
• Establish a supply
line to Russia
because Russia
had no access to
food, weapons,
ect.
The Gallipoli
Campaign
• Effort to take the
region took place in
1915.
• Allies including
Australia, New
Zealand (ANZAC),
British, and French
forces battled Turkish
troops
• Another bloody
stalemate- 250,000
casualties on Allied
side
Propaganda War
• Aim was to keep complete casualty
figures and other discouraging
information from the people
• Propaganda – spreading of ideas to
promote a cause or to damage an
opposing cause
Propaganda
Examples
Anti-German Propaganda
Rationing Propaganda
War-Bond Propaganda
(World War II)
Propaganda for Women
Enlistment Propaganda
USA Political Cartoon
•
Imperialism…How it became a
World War!
• British helped Arabs rise up against Turkish
• Allies took Bagdad, Jerusalem,
• Japan overran German outposts in China
and Pacific colonies
• English and French took over some of
German’s land in Africa
• British and French got their troops from
India, Africa, Egypt, and Indonesia
Impact on Women
• Women took over jobs
• Manufactured
weapons and supplies
• Nurses worked on the
“front lines”
• Helped women’s
rights
Collapsing Morale
• By 1917 over 5.5 million Russian troops
had been killed, injured or taken prisoner
• Revolution in Russia 1917 – ended
Russia’s involvement in the war
– Allowed Germany to concentrate on the
western front
Just as Russia’s hope is lost…
A new player joins the team!
The U.S. Declares War!!!!
Why?
1. May 1915 sinking of the Lusitania!
-German submarine U-boat sunk
-British ship called the Lusitania
-128 U.S. Citizens were on that ship
2. Germany had put a naval blockade on all
British ships
-Said they would sink any ships w/o
warning=
-“Unrestricted Submarine Warfare”
-Sunk 3 America ships that were trying to
trade with Britain
Zimmerman Note!
•British intercepted a telegram from German’s to Mexico
•It was written by German’s foreign secretary
•It said the Germans would help the Mexicans reconquer the
land they lost to the U.S. if Mexico allied with Germany
•U.S.’s LAST STRAW!
Declaring War
• April 2, 1917 President
Wilson asks Congress
to declare war!!!!
– “To make the world safe
for Democracy”
• 1918 2 million “fresh”
U.S. Troops joined the
Allied Forces
Campaign to Victory
• Early 1918 Allies pushed the
Germans back across France and
Belgium
• Uprising among hungry city dwellers
erupted in Germany
• Wilhelm II steps down 11/1918
• New German government sought an
armistice – agreement to end war
• 11:00 am November 11th 1918
Section 4
A Flawed Peace
• 8.5 Million Deaths
• Double that amount
were wounded
• Flu Pandemic
spread across the
globe
• Flu killed 20 million
people
Financial Losses
• Homes, farms,
factories and churches
destroyed
• Allies felt Central
Powers should make
reparations or
payments for war
damage
• Total cost is estimated
at $338 billion
The Paris Peace
Conference
• The Big Four
– Woodrow Wilson-USA
– Georges ClemenceauFrance
– David Lloyd GeorgeEngland
– Vittorio Orlando-Italy
The Paris Peace Conference
• Allied leaders had
different ideas
• Wilson’s 14 Points
1. Freedom of the Seas
2. End of secret treaties
3. Weapons Limitations
4. End of tariffs and
other economic barriers
5. Self-determination
6. League of Nations
The Treaty of Versailles
• June 1919 outside Paris
• Forced Germany to accept full blame
for the war (“War Guilt Clause”)
– $30 billion in reparations
– Returned Alsace & Lorraine to France
– Removed territory from western &
eastern Germany
– Stripped Germany’s overseas colonies
– Germany’s military severely reduced
– Germany signed reluctantly
The Treaty of Versailles
• Problems with the Treaty…
– African and Asian territories were not
granted independence
– Italy and Japan gained less than what
they had wanted
– War guilt clause left a bitterness in
German people
The New Eastern Europe
• New nations emerged where Ottoman and
Austrian empires stood
– Austrian Empire
• Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Austria and Hungary
– Ottoman Empire
• Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Turkey, and Lebanon
– Russia lost land as well
• Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia
– Poland established from Russia and Germany
The
Ottoman Empire
After World War I
Before WWI
After WWI
• Main Points of the Treaty
– Establishment of the League of Nations
– Break-up of Empires (Ottoman and A-H)
– Territorial Losses (Germany and
Russia)
– Military Restrictions (Germany)
– War Guilt Clause (Germany)
THE END