Transcript The Wars of Religion

The Wars of Religion
1559-1648
Ch. 15: War and Crisis
Hapsburg-Valois Wars (1519-1559)
• 1559: Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis ended the
wars
• France prevented HRE from taking all of
Germany
– Political motive to keep Germany weak over
religious issue of Lutheranism
• Spain took control of Sicily, Naples, and Milan
and influence over Papal States and Tuscany
during its Golden Age (16th C.)
1559-1648
Issues:
• Spain seeking to crush Protestantism in
western Europe and Islam in Mediterranean
• French Catholics trying to stop Huguenots
• HRE trying to re-impose Catholicism in
Germany
• Calvinist Netherlands trying to break away
from Spain
• England: Civil War between Puritans and
Anglicans
I. Spain under Phillip II (1556-1598)
• Son of HRE Charles V
• Controlled the Netherlands, southern Italy,
and the Americas
• Ruled during “Golden Age”
• Sought to re-impose Catholicism in Europe
• Built new palace: El Escorial in Madrid. Both
a monastery and a palace. Part of CounterReformation and built with New World gold
European territories under the rule of the
Spanish King around 1580 (the Spanish
Netherlands in light green) on a map
showing Modern-Day State borders.
Battle of Lepanto, 1571
• Led by Don John of Austria
(bastard son of Charles V) to
halt Turkish advance into
Europe
– Defeat of Turkish navy off
coast of Greece, Ionian Sea
• Holy League (mainly
Spanish & Italian) forces
under the pope rid threat of
Islamic control of the
Mediterranean
• Considered the turning
point in preserving
“Christian” Europe
The Dutch Revolt: Spain vs.
Netherlands
• William of Orange (1533-1584)
led 17 provinces against the
Spanish Inquisition
• Formation of the Dutch
Republic in 1581
– Aided by Elizabeth I
– Spanish Netherlands
(Belgium today) remained
under Spanish control
– Dutch closing of the
Scheldt River led to shift
from Antwerp to
Amsterdam as Europe’s
commercial center
The 17 Provinces of the Netherlands prior to t
Dutch Rebellion.
Spain vs. England: Defeat of the
Spanish Armada, 1588
• Mary I widower, Phillip II wanted
to rule England
• Elizabeth I refusal to marry him
and her aid of the Netherlands’
independence movement fueled
his invasion
• Smaller, but better trained English
navy combined with storm in
English Channel led to crushing
victory over “unbeatable”
Spanish Armada
• Signaled rise of England as naval
power
Speech at Tilbury
Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588
• “I know I have the body
of a weak and feeble
women, but I have the
heart and stomach of a
king, and of a king of
England, too; and think
foul scorn that Parma or
Spain, or any prince of
Europe, should dare to
invade the borders of
my realm.”
The Armada Portrait
II. French Wars of Religion
(at least 9 from 1562-1598)
• After the death of Henry II (1559) a power struggle between
three noble families for throne: Valois, Bourbon, and Guise
• Valois: from 1559-1589 3 weak monarchs due to illness or
underage but provided continuity under Queen Mother
Catherine de Medici. Catholic, but moderate and humanistic.
• Bourbons: Huguenots (French Calvinists) accounted for more
than half nobility. Bourbons next in line if no Valois heir.
• Guise: aggressive “Super-Catholics.” Massacred Huguenots in
1562 setting off religious wars
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 1572
• Murder of Huguenot leader by Duke of Guise under claim of
preventing a coup
• August 24, St. Bartholomew’s Day, murders and mutilations of
thousands of Huguenots began in Paris and throughout
French cities, lasting for days
• Phillip II and Pope Gregory XIII (who blessed the massacre)
rejoiced that a Protestant coup had failed
– Protestant countries refused to accept Gregorian calendar as a result of this
(and Spanish Armada) resulting in use of both Julian and Gregorian calendars
throughout Europe
War of the Three Henry’s
• Henry III (Valois)
• Henry of Navarre (Bourbon
cousin – a Huguenot)
• Henry, Duke of Guise (militant
leader of the Catholic League) –
killed by Henry III, who was
then assassinated
• Set off war between Henry of
Navarre and Catholic League
– Henry of Navarre converted to
Catholicism “Paris vaut bien une
messe” and becomes Henry IV
Henry III
Henry of Navarre
Duke of Guise
Henry IV (Henry of Navarre)
r. 1589-1610
• First Bourbon king
• One of most important in
French history
• Practical politician rather than
ideological
• Reign ended French civil wars
and moved France towards
absolutism
– Expanded use of the paulette
• Privately remained Calvinist
• Assassinated in 1610 by a
Catholic fanatic
– Throne passes to son, Louis XIII
Edict of Nantes, 1589
• Established freedom of religion
• Permitted Huguenots right to
worship privately only
– Not allowed to worship in Paris
or other Catholic cities
• Gave access to universities, public
office, and right to maintain 200
fortified towns for self-protection
• Gave more religious protection to
Huguenots than any other
religious minority in Europe
France under regency
Cardinal Richelieu
• Chief Minister who controlled
government for young King Louis
XIII
• Concentrated power
• Abolished most of Edict of Nantes
• Increased sale of offices and raised
royal revenues short term
– Long term depletion to pay
salaries
– Used intendents to collect taxes,
upsetting peasant and noble alike
Cardinal Mazarin
• Regent for Louis XIV
• Withheld payment of salaries
• Fronde Revolts (1648-1653)
– Parlement wanted constitutional
monarchy and more power to
approve taxation
– Started under Richelieu,
continued under Mazarin
– Royal family fled
– Mazarin used army to quell
rebellion and reassert monarchy –
rise of absolutism
III. Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
Most important war of the 17th century
• Failure of the Peace of
Augsburg (1555)
• Gave German princes
right to choose
Catholicism or
Lutheranism in their
states
• Truce lasted for 60 years
until factionalism in the
HRE
IV. English Civil War (Puritan Revolution)
Two issues prior to the Civil War:
1. Could the king govern without the
consent of Parliament?
2. Would the Anglican Church adopt the
Episcopal form or the Presbyterian
form?
James I (r. 1603-1625)
• Divine Right king
• Absolutist who challenged
Parliament on taxes and civil
liberties
– Twice dissolved Parliament
over taxation and free speech
– Parliament had many Puritan
and Presbyterian members
• Defender of Anglican Church
Charles I (r. 1625-1649)
• Claimed divine right, sought to rule
without Parliament & English Church
• 1628: signed Petition of Right limiting
King’s power to tax
• Eleven Years’ Tyranny (1629-1640):
dissolved Parliament and ruled as
absolute monarch
• Raised money forcefully
• “ship money” – all counties required
to pay to outfit ships, not just coastal
areas
• Religious persecution of Puritans:
main catalyst for Civil War
Civil War, 1642-1649
Cavaliers (Royalists) vs. Roundheads
(Puritans in Parliament)
• New Model Army led by
Roundhead Oliver Cromwell
victorious in 1649
– Division between Puritans
and Presbyterians
– 1648: Pride’s Purge-parts of
New Model Army removes all
non-Puritans from Parliament
creating “Rump Parliament”
(only 20%)
• Charles I beheaded: first
king in European history to
be executed by own people
The Interregnum (1649-1660)
The Commonwealth
• A republic created;
abolished monarchy and
House of Lords
• Cromwell becomes Lord
Protector
– Dissolved the Rump
Parliament in 1653
– Denies religious freedom to
Catholics and Anglicans
– Allows Jews to return (exiled
in 1290)
The Protectorate (1653-1659)
• 1649: Cromwell invades
Ireland to quell royalist
rebels
– Act of Settlement (1652): land
from 2/3 Catholic landlords
given to Protestant English
colonists
– Brutal occupation: 15-20%
population died
• 1651: Cromwell conquered
Scotland
– Scots supported
Presbyterians
The Commonwealth
Puritan rule
• Government used army to
regulate moral behavior:
– No dancing, gambling,
alcohol, or prostitution
allowed
– Alienated English population
• Cromwell’s son inherited
throne but could not
maintain rule
Arms of Oliver Cromwell
The Restoration, 1660-1685
Charles II (r. 1660-1685)
First political parties
•
• Whigs
– Initially anti-Catholic and opposed
to James II
– Later, wealthy middle-class and
Puritans favoring Parliament and
religious toleration
– Classically liberal
• Tories
– Initially supported James II
– Nobles, gentry, and Anglicans who
supported monarchy over
Parliament
– conservatives
1.
2.
3.
4.
Stuarts restored to monarchy in 1660
by Cavalier Parliament
Charles II returns from exile to rule;
does not restore divine right of kings
 1679 passage of Habeas Corpus
Act under Whig Parliament
Parliament was stronger in relation
to the king than ever before
Agreed to religious toleration
Succeeded by Catholic brother,
James II (1685-88)
Essay Questions:
1.
2.
Analyze the impact that religion played in the Dutch Revolt, the French
Civil Wars, the Thirty Years’ War, and the English Civil War.
Analyze the extent to which the religious policies of the following rulers
were successful:
–
–
–
–
–
3.
4.
5.
6.
Phillip II
Elizabeth I
Henry IV
James I & Charles I
Oliver Cromwell
To what degree did religion and politics play in the Thirty Years’ War?
Analyze the impact of the Thirty Years’ War on European politics.
To what extent did the wars of religion result in the decline of the Spanish
Empire?
Analyze the causes of the English Civil War and the impact of Puritan rule
on English politics and society.