Transcript PowerPoint Presentation - roadrunner-APEH

The Challenges of
Nationalism
Hapsburgs Hanging On
dynastic, absolutist, & agrarian in the
age of liberal industrial republics
 Military & Bureaucracy run by
German Austrians
 Held together by a “standing army of
soldiers, a kneeling army of priests,
and a crawling army of informers.”
 No support from Russkies
 Need for new gov’t
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Dual Monarchy
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1861- Feb. Patent produces
Reichsrat
A-P war forces F-J to deal
with Magyars
1867- Dual Monarchy of
Austria Hungary(Ausgleich)
F-J king of both, some
common ministers,
everything else separate
Freedom for the Magyars
Impact of Dual Monarchy
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Other nationalities want same deal
German speaking Austrians & Magyars
dominate
 Czechs placated with patronage until
1900
 1900=14 Czechs make life in Reichsrat
miserable - want trialism - a no go
 Language & Race increasingly become
divisive
It’s All About Unrest
Eastern territories look to Russia
 Austro-Germans hate nonGermans (anti-semites)
 A-H & Russia get even more
competitive in the Balkans (former
Ottoman)
 A multinational empire in trouble
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FRANCE
❂The Second Republic of France emerged from
the bitter political turmoil of the revolution of 1848
❂The new government placed legislative authority
in a National Assembly.
❂Executive authority was in a President, to be
elected to a 4-year term by universal manhood
suffrage.
❂A presidential election gave Louis Napoleon,
nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, an overwhelming
victory.
He blamed the National Assembly for the
misdeeds of the government and convinced
the people that the republic was a failure.
On Dec 2, 1851, the anniversary of the
coronation of Napoleon I, Louis Napoleon
directed a COUP D’ETAT -- later became
Napoleon III, Emperor of the French.
The Second Empire
☹Napoleon III’s first years were authoritarian since
his rule rested on the illegal seizure of power.
☹His insecurity led to the strict control of the
press and the limiting of other civil liberties.
However, after a number of economic and foreign
successes, he became more liberal.
☹Then he involved France in the Franco-Prussian
War in 1870. Napoleon III was taken prisoner and
France fell into turmoil again.
The Third Republic
France declares the Third Republic
–
workers revolt against the army in Paris
Commune
The Paris Commune
–
Radicals and socialists opposed to the
monarchist National Assembly helped form a
new governing body for Paris
– Crushed by Assembly forces
– Marxists regarded it as a genuine proletarian
government suppressed by the bourgeoisie
The Paris Commune
March-May 1871
17 February – National Assembly elected Thiers ‘chef du
pouvoir exécutif de la République française’
10 March - Bordeaux Pact
18 March – stand-off between government and Paris national
guard: government leave Paris for Versailles, later joined by the
National Assembly
26 March – municipal election in Paris – creation of the
Commune
2 April – second siege of Paris
10 May – Treaty of Frankfurt – secession of Alsace-Moselle and
establishment of reparations
21-28 May – suppression of the Commune in the semaine
sanglante
The Republicans
Léon Gambetta –
Extrême Gauche 1838-1882
Jules Grévy – Gauche
Républicaine – 18071891
Adolphe Thiers –
Centre Gauche –
1797-1877
Jules Ferry – Gauche
Républicaine – 1832-1893
Georges Clemenceau –
Radical – 1841-1929
The National Assembly of 1871 – a
divided right wing majority
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An Orleanist right called the Centre Droit
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A Legitimist right - supporting the Bourbon
pretender but for a parliamentary, constitutional
monarchy – known as the Droite modérée
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An anti-contitutional, anti-parliamentary and
intransigent right, known as the extrême droite
or the Chevau-Légers
Two views of the Treaty of Frankfurt: Left, Anon, La France
signant le Traité de Francfort and right, Daumier, La FranceProméthée et l’aigle-vautour, 1871.
Pichio, La veuve du
fusillé, (1877)
Anonyme, La
Commune, (1871)
Maximilien Luce, Une rue à la fin de la Commune (1903)
Meissonier, Les ruines du
Palais des Tuileries (1871)
Clairin, L’incendie des Tuileries (1871)
Numa fils, Paris incendié (1871)
Meissonier, Allégorie de la siège de Paris (1870-1884)
Paris Commune
Commemorative wall in Pere
Lachaise Cemetery
The Right overthrows Thiers
The leaders of the Moral Order (1873-1877):
Left, Duc Albert de Broglie, president of the council of ministers
(prime minister) May 1873 to May 1874 and May to November 1877
Right, Maréchal MacMahon, Duc de Magenta, President of the
Republic, 1873-1879.
Thiers ensures the
succession of the
Republic through the
success of the public
loan of 1872 to repay
France’s war indemnity
Adolphe Thiers
(here in a portrait painted by
Bonnat in 1876)
President of the Republic and
President of the Council of
Ministers, February 1871 to May
1873
Former minister under LouisPhilippe, in 1850 had declared
that the Republic «est le régime
qui nous divise le moins»
In November 1872 he declared:
«la République sera
conservatrice
ou elle n’existera pas»
The Third Republic
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The republican government slowly rebuilt
national unity and regained its place in
Europe. The Third Republic would become
the longest-lasting republic in the history of
France (1870-1940)
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It had a powerful bicameral legislature – a
senate and a chamber of deputies, which
resembled the House of Commons—and a
prime minister, who had to have its support.
–
A president was appointed merely as a
figurehead.
Another Crisis:
The Dreyfus Affair
& Anti-Semitism
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In 1894, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish artillery
officer, was wrongly accused of selling military secrets
to the Germans (scapegoat for defeat). He was
condemned to life imprisonment on Devil’s Island.
Anti-Semitic forces, the army, the Catholic church, and
monarchists tried to block the republican government’s
attempt to clear Dreyfus.
Dreyfus was finally cleared in 1906 and complete
separation of state was ordered, making France a
secular state.
The Dreyfus case had exposed and exacerbated the
divisions in French society.
BRITAIN
The British government generally moved
toward greater democracy through a process
of evolution rather than revolution.
It contained elements of
monarchy, aristocracy,
and democracy.
BRITAIN
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Britain becomes a parliamentary democracy in
the 19th century
–
Second Reform Bill (1867)
Working class men receive the vote
 increased the electorate from roughly one million to two
million
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Gladstone’s Great Ministry (1868-74)
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Culmination of classical British liberalism
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All positions open to all classes and religions
Ballot Act of 1872 introduced the secret ballot
Education Act of 1870 – government assumed direct
responsibility for establishing and running
elementary schools
Disraeli introduces paternalistic state
BRITAIN
Symbolized the confident liberal
state
 Monarchs were under a constitution and
no longer governed. They were
ceremonial heads of state.
 Executive power belonged to a cabinet
led by the Prime Minister.
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 Legislative
authority was held by
Parliament, consisting of the House
of Lords and the House of
Commons.
The Irish Question
Treated as a colony, the Irish were forced to observe
English laws.
• Irish Catholics contributed to the Church of England.
The Irish objected to the control of Irish land by British
landowners.
When the British government failed to aid Ireland after
the disastrous famine of the 1840s, Irish hatred of British
rule intensified. Many Irish immigrated to the United
States.
Irish nationalists demanded “home rule”.
TSARIST RUSSIA
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Russia covered one-sixth of the world’s
land surface, was unprotected by natural
boundaries, had a poor climate, poor
communications, as well as extensive
ethnic, religious, and cultural diversity
held together by force.
The great movements in Europe – the
Renaissance, the Reformation, the Scientific
Revolution, the Enlightenment, the Industrial
Revolution—had barely touched Russia.
– All of these things made Russia a backwards
country; however, the fact that their rulers
intermarried with those of Europe gave them
some claim to being part of Europe.
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TSARIST RUSSIA
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Crimean War exposes Russia’s weakness
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Economically backward
Technologically behind
Tsar Alexander II decides to abolish serfdom in
1861 "better to abolish serfdom from above than to wait until it
begins to abolish itself from below"
–
But freed serfs had to pay back the landlords and fell
into debt
– Some reforms made in the government but no
fundamental changes in limiting Tsar’s power
– Tsar Alexander made some reforms in 1864, but he
was unable to control the forces unleashed by his
reform program. Reformers want more and rapid
change.
– Alexander II assassinated by revolutionaries in 1881
ALEXANDER II
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The newly found freedoms and
spirit provided the right
environment for a number of
revolutionary groups to grow,
including the nihilists and the
populists.
The most dangerous
revolutionaries proved to be a
group called the "Will of the
People" which believed that
terrorist acts and
assassinations of top
government officials was the
swiftest way for them to
change society and overthrow
the government.
Tsarist Russia:
Alexander III
(1881-94)
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In reaction, Alexander III sought to roll back
his father’s reform
 He and Nicholas I perfected the police
state.
 He forced industrialization on Russia,
including the building of the Trans-Siberian
Railroad in 1891.
 Forced industrialization, however, created a
discontented working class.
New Nations and Democracy in
Europe in 1800s
The people of Belgium gained their independence
from the Dutch in 1830 and established a
constitutional monarchy under Leopold I.
Norway and Sweden were united under one monarchy
for most of the 1800s until Norway broke the union in
1905.
In 1907 it became the first sovereign state to give the vote
to women. Sweden followed their example in 1909.
The Netherlands progressed toward democracy with
their first constitution in 1849.
Switzerland used the principle of direct democracy in
their 1874 constitution.
Denmark gained significant democratic reforms in the
early 1900s.
Spain and Portugal, unlike the rest of the nations of
western Europe, made little progress toward
democracy.
CONCLUSION
Nationalism explodes throughout
Europe in the mid 19th century
 Italy and Germany unified not
democratically but through diplomacy,
warfare, and conservative politics
 Older European states forced to adapt
to changes
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