Transcript The Expansion of Prussia, 1640-1795

Chapter 19
Europe on the Eve of a New World Order
Global Trade Patterns of the European States in the Eighteenth Century
1. Among the important goods for the intra-European trade were wheat and timber from the Baltic, wines from France, wool and fruit from Spain, and silk
from Italy.
2. Spain endorsed the closed market goals of mercantilism but never achieved the economic self-sufficiency demanded of mercantilist theory. Thus, the
gold and silver from its colonial possessions had to be exchanged for Flemish, French, and English manufactured goods that the Spaniards were unable
to supply either at home or to the colonies. The British, Dutch, and French merchants used the profits to buy goods from China and India to sell in
Europe.
3. Britain's agricultural colonies produced sugar and tobacco that were in demand throughout Europe. The Navigation Acts of 1651 to 1660 decreed that
all exports from the colonies to England be carried in English ships and forbade direct export of certain products from colonies to continental ports.
4. The French encouraged sugar production in its West Indian colonies such as St. Dominique (Haiti). From the North American continent the French
exported furs, fish, and tobacco to home markets but these never matched the profits from sugar or the trading posts in India.
5. The Dutch commercial empire grew in the seventeenth century. In the East Indies, they gained control of Sumatra, Borneo, and the Moluccas (Spice
Islands). These efforts ultimately drove the Portuguese from the area. The Dutch now held a monopoly in pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, mace1 and cloves.
They also gained an exclusive right to trade in Japan in 1641 while maintaining outposts in China and India. Although the Dutch lost New Amsterdam
(New York) in 1667 to the English, they maintained Surinam in South America and the West Indian islands of Curacao and Tobago. Nevertheless, the
Anglo-French rivalry in the Far East eventually broke the monopoly of the Dutch spice trade in Asia. French and English enterprises expanded into such
areas as Madras, Bombay, and Pondicherry in India. The flow of cotton textiles, tea, and spices continued to increase from these ports to Europe. When
France failed in the mid-eighteenth century wars against Britain, it lost North America and most of India. In 1759 the French East India Company was
dissolved.
6. As the West Indian sugar industry became more lucrative, the demand for slaves to work the plantations increased. A British triangular trade developed
whereby manufactured goods from Bristol or Liverpool went to Africa to be traded for slaves which would be shipped to Virginia and exchanged for
tobacco that was sent to England and sold in European markets. Other states carried on a more direct trade.
Question:
1. What was the French, British, and Dutch rivalry for world trade?
Global Trade Patterns of the European
States in the Eighteenth Century
 Economic Change and Development
 Population Growth
Falling death rate
Agricultural revolution
 Textile industry
 New methods and machines
Cottage manufacturing system
Cotton
Richard Arkwright (1732-1792)
 Worldwide trade
Global economy
 Society
 Class divisions
 New economic patterns
 Free peasant and serf
 Villages
 Nobles
 Urban population
The Seven Years’ War
1. There were three areas of conflict in the Seven Years' War: Europe, North America, and India. In Europe, Prussia and Britain faced Austria,
France, and Russia. Although Prussia had early successes, it was gradually worn down and was saved only when Russia withdrew from the
conflict in 1762 due to the accession of Peter III (1762) who admired Frederick the Great of Prussia and refused to fight him. The removal of Russia
in conjunction with the loss of the will to fight by Austria and France assured a stalemate that eventually forced peace in 1763. Though Prussia had
to relinquish some of the territory it had gained in the war, Austria recognized Prussia's retention of Silesia.
2. The American phase of the war, called the French and Indian War, witnessed British victories on the Great Lakes and the fall of Quebec in 1759
and Montreal the following year. As the key to French holdings in North America, Quebec's capture sealed the fate of French Canada. A year earlier,
Ft. Duquesne fell giving the British control of the upper Ohio River. By 1762 the British also held the French sugar islands in the West Indies (except
Saint Dominigue) and had captured Havana, Cuba, from France's ally Spain.
3. The war in India resulted in the defeat of the French by the British in 1757 and 1761. Nevertheless, the peace permitted the French to retain
footholds at Pondicherry and Chandernagore. The British victory had the effect of forcing the French to refocus their eastern interests on Southeast
Asia.
4. The Treaty of Paris in 1763 placed Canada and the French lands east of the Mississippi River in British hands. France's ally Spain also had to
cede Florida to the British but in return Britain recognized the cession of France's Louisiana territory west of the Mississippi River to the Spanish.
5. The recognition of Prussian occupation of Silesia by the Treaty of Paris marked the continued growth of Brandenburg-Prussia since its creation
as a single state in 1688. First seized in 1740, Silesia added to Prussia population, industry, and natural resources. Further expansion of Prussia
came in 1772 when it acquired West Prussia. At the same time, Prussia joined Austria and Russia in carving up Poland.
Questions:
1. How was the Seven Years’ War a continuation of the War of Austrian Succession?
2. For the future, what were the implications of the territorial settlements of the Treaty of Paris?
The Seven Years’ War
 Global War
 Balance of power
 International rivalry
 War of Austrian Succession, 1740-1748
Maria Theresa of Austria (1740-1748)
Silesia
 Seven Years’War, 1756-1763
France-Austria-Russia alliance
Britain-Prussia alliance
European conflict
Indian conflict
North American conflict
 Emergence of professional armies
Latin America in the Eighteenth Century
1. The first European to reach South America was Christopher Columbus on the Third Voyage (1498-1500), anchoring at Trinidad and sailing the
eastern Venezuelan coast. The Spanish conquest of South America began when Francisco Pizarro defeated the Incas in 1532-1533. In 1535 Lima,
the new capital, was founded. The southwestern coast (Chile) was occupied under Diego Almagro who established the cities of Santiago and
Valdivia. In 1533, Santiago del Estero was founded by conquistadors coming from Peru. On the eastern coast (Argentina), Santa Maria de
Buenos Aires was first established in 1535 and re-founded in 1580. Two years later, in 1537, Asuncíon was established a thousand miles up the
Paraguay River. In 1605 Spanish Jesuits settled around Asuncíon and from there created missions that prospered producing surpluses in cotton,
hides, and tobacco. In 1767 the Jesuits were expelled and the missions collapsed.
2. Although the Portuguese reached Brazil in 15001 it was generally ignored except for exploration expeditions and loggers seeking the red
brazilwood for dyes. The first permanent settlement was established in 1532 at São Vicente (near Santos). Inland, Piratininga was founded that
same year near the site of modern São Paulo. In 1549, Bahia was established, serving as the capital until 1763 when replaced by Rio de Janeiro.
By 1548 there were six sugar mills in São Vicente and in 1570 sixty mills throughout the northeast were producing about 2000 tons annually. Such
expansion led to the use of black slaves which was authorized by the king in 1552. By 1650 some 350 mills were in operation and their sugar
constituted more than ninety percent of the colony's export value.
3. In 1624-25, the Dutch seized Bahia but were expelled. In 1630 they returned to seize Olinda and then expanded their control over much of the
Brazilian northeast. Recife was also conquered that same year and became the Dutch capital. In 1641 Luanda in Africa was seized from the
Portuguese thereby providing a source of slaves for the Dutch sugar plantations. The Portuguese reasserted themselves forcing the Dutch to
withdraw from Brazil by 1661.
4. The French first established a colony in the bay of Rio de Janeiro in 1555 but were expelled in 1560. Shortly thereafter, in 1567, the Portuguese
founded Rio de Janeiro. Eventually, the French occupied the Amazon delta but were evicted in 1615.
5. Since the Spanish and Portuguese crowns were united between 1580 and 1640, the Brazilians used the opportunity to push beyond the Line of
Tordesillas which separated Spanish and Portuguese America. The push westward continued in the eighteenth century with the successful search
for gold and diamonds.
Question:
1. What was the role of economics in the establishment of cities?
Latin America in the Eighteenth Century
 Colonial and Revolutionary Latin America
 Society
Multiracial
African slaves
 Economic foundations
Precious metals
Laborers
Trade
asiento, 1713
 State and Church in Latin America
 Brazil
Governor-general (viceroy)
Captains-general
 Spanish America
Casa de Contratación
Council of the Indies
Viceroy
Presidencias and captaincies-general
Audiencias
Bourbon kings
 Missionaries
Dominicans, Franciscans, Jesuits
Missions
Church structure
 10 archbishoprics, 38 bishoprics
Schools
Nunneries
North America, 1700-1803
1. The French had successfully expanded beyond their struggling colony of New France due to the efforts of the coureurs de bois (independent
traders) who explored west to present-day North Dakota and Colorado. Notable were the activities of fur trader Louis Jolliet and the Jesuit missionary
Jacques Marquette who traveled the Upper Mississippi and journeyed south to where the Mississippi joins the Arkansas River. Later, the Sieur de
La Salle would travel the entire Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico (1682) thereby establishing the French claim to the Mississippi basin. This claim
was solidified in 1718 with the establishment of New Orleans.
2. Encroachments by other Europeans into lands considered to be Spanish forced Spain to show greater concern about the border region of Texas.
For the most part, Spain ignored Texas while it concentrated on New Mexico. However, when reports arrived in 1689 that the French had established
a colony on the Texas coast (directed by La Salle), Spain ordered expedition. The discovery of the abandoned site confirmed the Spanish
government's worst fears. British activity opposite Florida caused further anxiety. Clearly, Spanish lands were imperiled and they had to be
defended.
3. The peace of 1763 ending the Seven Years' War made Britain a clear winner in North America. From the French it gained all of France's
possessions east of the Mississippi River and from the Spanish it acquired Florida in return for recognizing Spain's acquisition of French claims
west of the Mississippi River.
4. Russia countered Spanish claims in the northwest when it pushed across Siberia into Alaska. Eventually the Russians reached as far south as
northern California in their quest for food and supplies to support their presence in Alaska.
5. The revolutionary victory of the Americans in 1783 brought them the lands east of the Mississippi River to the Appalachian Mountains. The
American claim to this territory was enhanced by the victories of George Rogers Clark in the Ohio River Valley. By a separate treaty in 1783, Spain
received Florida from the British.
6. Under pressure from Napoleon, Spain ceded back to France in 1800 the vast Louisiana territory. With Napoleon needing cash to resume his war
in Europe, France sold Louisiana in 1803 to the Americans for $15 million. Explorations by Meriweather Lewis and William Clark in 1804-1805
established the American claim to the northwestern territory.
Questions:
1. How were the French able to make such vast claims on the North American continent?
2. Why did the Spanish begin to show more interest in Texas?
North America, 1700-1803
 British North America
 Shared political power between monarch and Parliament
 Consequences of the Seven Years’ War
 First Continental Congress, 1774
 Second Continental Congress, July 4, 1776
Continental Army
 Saratoga, 1777
 Yorktown, 1781
 War against Britain – Spain, Dutch Republic, Russia
 French support
 Treaty of Paris, 1783
 Articles of Confederation, 1781
 Constitution, 1789
 “Checks and balances
The Expansion of Prussia, 1640-1795
1. The Hohenzollerns began to rule the insignificant lands of Brandenburg in 1417. The family inherited territories along the Rhine in western
Germany in 1609. The duchy of Prussia (East Prussia) was added by inheritance in 1618 as a fief from Poland. Thus, by the seventeenth century
Brandenburg-Prussia consisted of three disconnected territories. Frederick William I (1640-1688), the Great Elector, soon realized the weakness of
these lands without any natural frontiers and pursued policies to correct the situation.
2. Although Brandenburg had little impact on the Thirty Years' War, Frederick William did win from the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 the territories of
Magdeburg and eastern Pomerania.
3. As a result of Frederick William's siding with Poland in a war against Sweden in the late 1650s, Poland's overlordship in East Prussia was
surrendered. By the time Frederick William died in 1688 a single state of Brandenburg-Prussia had been created.
4. In 1740 Frederick II (1740-1786), the Great, took advantage of the death of Charles VI (1711-1740) of Austria to invade the nearby Austrian
territory of Silesia which had a large population, industry, and natural resources. The conclusion of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
and the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) confirmed Prussia's title to the land.
5. The partition of Poland between 1772 and 1795 was a result of Frederick the Great’s concerns over the 1769 Russian military victory against the
Turks in the Balkans. An apprehensive Austria, fearing an alteration of the balance of power in the region, made clear its opposition to further
Russian expansion. Frederick concurred and persuaded Russia to take Polish territory instead. At the same time, Austria and Prussia took slices
out of Poland. For Poland, the loss represented 30 percent of its lands and half its population.
6. The acquisition of West Prussia in 1772 permitted the physical joining of the two Prussias.
7. After the first partition, Russia exercised influence over Poland. Taking advantage of another Russian-Turkish conflict in 1788, Poland
established a brief independence. When the war ended in 1792, Russia and Prussia took two more bites out of Poland.
8. In 1794-95 a rebellion broke out in Poland against Russian interference. After crushing the insurrection, Austria, Prussia, and Russia finished
carving up Poland and it disappeared as a state.
Questions:
1. In what manner did Brandenburg-Prussia geographically grow to become a major European power?
2. Why did Prussia attack Silesia and what did it expect to gain?
The Expansion of Prussia, 1640-1795
Growth of the Austrian Empire, 1526-1795
1. The traditional Austrian hereditary possessions consisted of Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, and Tyrol. During the Thirty Years' War Austria
reclaimed Bohemia. Since 1526 the Austrian emperor had also worn the crown of Hungary. In truth, however, the Austrian emperor exercised
authority only over the northwest portion of Hungary.
2. The revival of Turkish power by the Ottomans resulted in their pushing west up the Danube once again into Hungary, Slovenia, and Croatia and
north into Transylvania. By 1683 the Turks had laid siege to Vienna. After two months, the Europeans lifted the siege and went on a counteroffensive culminating with the defeat of the Turks in 1687 at the second battle of Mohacs (the first battle marked a Turkish victory in 1526 as they
penetrated Hungary). With the Turks routed, Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia were regained by Austria.
3. At the end of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1713, Austria gained the Spanish Netherlands and occupied the Spanish possessions of Milan,
Mantua, Sardinia, and Naples.
4. In 1740 Charles VI (1711-1740) of Austria died leaving his daughter Maria Theresa (1740-1780) the throne. During the last years of his life
Charles sought to have the other European states sign the Pragmatic Sanction which would guarantee Austrian territory after his death. Although the
document was signed by Frederick William I of Prussia, his son Frederick the Great chose to ignore it and invaded the rich land of Silesia thereby
touching off the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748). Other states sought to take advantage of Austria's weakness and also attacked. At the
end of the war Prussia still retained Silesia.
5. In conjunction with Russia and Prussia, Austria helped carve up Poland in 1772 and received Galicia.
Questions:
1. How did the Austrian Empire grow in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
2. Why was Austria unable to retain Silesia?
Growth of the Austrian Empire, 1526-1795
 Eighteenth Century Absolutism
 Frederick William I of Prussia (1713-1740)
General Directory
Junkers
 Frederick William II, the Great, of Prussia (1740-1786)
Military affairs
Silesia
Poland
Serfs
 Empress Maria Theresa of Austria (1740-1780)
 Joseph II of Austria (1780-1790)
reforms
From Muscovy to Russia, 1584-1796
1. Between 1580 and 1651 the wastelands of Siberia were explored by Cossacks and fur traders. In essence, the region was a game preserve
utilized by the government to exploit the furs. By the seventeenth century, the conquest of Siberia was completed.
2. The Ukraine was acquired by treaty in 1667 ending a war with Poland. The lands on the left bank of the Dnieper River were ceded to Moscow
and those on the right remained with Poland. The exception was Kiev that was left under Muscovite rule for two years, though actual control lasted
much longer. By treaty, Moscow's hold on Kiev became permanent in 1686.
3. Peter the Great (1682-1725) desired a warm water port to provide access to Europe. This could be achieved only through the Baltic and that was
controlled by Sweden. With the support of Poland and Denmark, Peter attacked Sweden at Narva in 1700 but the 8,000-man army of Swedish King
Charles XII soundly defeated the Russian army of 40,000. Peter's action initiated a series of wars known as the Great Northern War (1701-1721).
Sweden, however, failed to follow up its victory and with a reconstituted army, Peter overran the Swedish Baltic provinces. The mouth of the Neva
River was captured in 1703 and here Peter built his new capital of St. Petersburg. In 1708 the Swedes invaded Russia with the intention of
capturing Moscow but at Poltava in 1709 Peter's forces crushed the invaders. Nevertheless, the war continued for twelve more years until the
Peace of Nystadt in 1721 by which Russia acquired Estonia, Livonia, and Karela.
4. The desire for warm water ports continued under Catherine the Great (1762-1796) who initiated war against the Turks in 1769. By 1771 Russia
controlled Ottoman provinces on the Danube River and the Crimean coast of the Black Sea. A treaty confirmed these acquisitions in 1774 that also
gave Russia an outlet to the Mediterranean by granting access through the Bosphorus Strait. Although the treaty made the Crimea an independent
state, Catherine annexed it in 1783.
5. The partitioning of Poland between 1772 and 1795 by Russia, Austria, and Prussia was due to Prussia's fear that the balance of power in the
region was being jeopardized by Russian military successes. In return for giving up some of its conquered Danube provinces, Russia obtained
eastern Poland.
6. In 1773 Emelyan Pugachev initiated a mass peasant revolt in southern Russia. Freeing the serfs and offering promises of land, the rebellion
spread rapidly between the Ural Mountains and the Volga River. Over 1500 estate owners and their families were killed. In 1775 Pugachev was
captured and executed. The rebellion collapsed and Catherine responded with greater oppression of the peasantry.
Questions:
1. What factors drove Russian expansion?
2. What prompted the rebellion of Pugachev and what was the impact upon the development of Russia?
From Muscovy to Russia, 1584-1796
 Catherine II, the Great, of Russia (1762-1796)
Initial reforms
Charter of the Nobility, 1785
Emelyan Pugachev Rebellion, 1773-1774
 French Revolution
 Discontent
First Estate (Clergy)
Second Estate (Nobility)
Third Estate (Commoners, skilled workers,
bourgeoisie)
 Louis XIV (1774-1792)
 Estates General, last called in 1614
First Estate and Second Estate 300 delegates
Third Estates 600 delegates
The French Republic, Its Satellites, and Hostile States in 1799
1. The war against the European states by revolutionary France began on April 20, 1792, when a declaration of war was issued against Austria. By
1793 an informal coalition against France consisted of Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, and Russia. The
French army was quickly on the defensive, being left with only the area around Paris and the eastern frontier by July 1793. However, under the
guidance of the Committee of Public Safety, the army was rebuilt to a force of 1,169,000 men, making it the largest in Europe. In 1794 the allies were
pushed across the Rhine and the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) was conquered. This was followed in early 1795 by the fall of Holland and the
creation of the Batavian Republic under French tutelage.
2. The French army of Napoleon in 1797 crushed the Austrians in Lombardy. By the Treaty of Campo Formio, the Austrian Netherlands were ceded
to France, French occupation of the left bank of the Rhine was confirmed, and recognition was given to the newly formed Ligurian Republic
centered on the city of Genoa and the Cisalpine Republic around Milan. In return, Austria had a free hand in absorbing Venice into its empire.
3. It was also in 1797 after the death of a French general at the hands of a Roman mob that a French army invaded Rome. This was followed by the
creation of the Roman Republic under French rule. When Pope Pius VI protested this action he was made a French prisoner and died while in
custody. The situation offered Ferdinand IV of Naples an opportunity to defend the Church while expropriating papal territory. Rome was easily
conquered in November 1798 but the following month French troops came down from the north and defeated the Neapolitan army, chasing it back to
Naples which was seized by the French. The Parthenopean Republic was established in January 1799 but lasted only five months as Ferdinand
regained his throne with the help of the British navy.
4. In April of 1798 a French army invaded Switzerland and set up the Helvetic Republic under the protection of France.
5. The Treaty of Luneville in 1801 between France and Austria confirmed the provisions of Campo Formio and in addition legitimized the Batavian,
Helvetic, Cisalpine, and Ligurian Republics. Also reconfirmed was the recognition of the left bank of the Rhine from the North Sea to Switzerland
as French territory. Finally, Austria agreed to restructuring the map of Germany into a French dominated Confederation of the Rhine.
Questions:
1. How did the boundaries of France change between 1792 and 1801?
2. How did France restructure the lands that were conquered?
3. What were the social and economic consequences of France controlling such a large part of Europe?
The French Republic, Its Satellites,
and Hostile States in 1799
 Estates General opens May 5, 1789, at the Palace of
Versailles
Third Estate constitutes itself as the National
Assembly,
 June 17,1789
 Bastille, July 14, 1789
 The Great Fear, July-August, 1789
 Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, August 26,
1789
Olympe de Gouges
 Civil Constitution of the Clergy, July 12, 1790
 Legislative Assembly, October 1791
 War declared on Austria, April 20, 1792
 National Convention, September 1792
 Abolition of the monarchy, September 21, 1792, creation
of a republic
 Execution of Louis XIV, January 21, 1793
The Napoleonic Empire, 1810-1813
1. A combined French and Spanish fleet being moved to Holland in preparation for an invasion of Britain was destroyed in October 1805 at Trafalgar
off the coast of Spain by a British fleet.
2. On land, the forces of Napoleon were repeatedly victorious. At Ulm in October 1805 a large Austrian army was defeated and soon thereafter
Vienna was occupied. In December 1805 Napoleon defeated the combined forces of Austria and Prussia at Austerlitz. The Treaty of Pressburg
resulted in Austria withdrawing from Italy and Napoleon being recognized as the king of Italy. The following year the Prussian army was defeated at
Jena and Auerstadt. Berlin was soon thereafter occupied. In 1807, Napoleon crushed the Russians at Friedland and seized East Prussia.
3. By the Treaty of Tilset (1807), Russia was permitted to take Finland from Sweden (an enemy of France) and France was free to take Portugal (a
British outpost). Out of Prussia's territory was carved the Grand Duchy of Warsaw under French protection. For Russia, there was concern when
in 1809 the territory, on its doorstep, was enlarged.
4. In November 1806 Napoleon issued the Berlin Decrees that prohibited his allies from trading with Britain. The Milan Decree the following year
sought to stop even neutral nations from trading with Britain. This Continental System hurt the European economy more than Britain as Napoleon
failed to comprehend how much the two economies were intertwined. Moreover, Britain declared that any port refusing to receive its goods would be
blockaded. Significantly, Britain had the navy to back up the promise while the French after Trafalgar had virtually no navy to stop them.
5. At the end of 1810, Russia withdrew from the Continental System prompting Napoleon to act. By June of 1812 Napoleon had amassed an army of
over 600,000 men, though by the time he reached Russia it was down to 422,000. Unwilling to do battle, the Russians retreated, embracing a
scorched earth policy. Only at Borodino, outside Moscow, did they give battle. The Russians inflicted 30,000 casualties on the French but suffering
twice as many for themselves. The French entered Moscow in September 1812 and promptly the city was set afire by the Muscovites. With winter
beginning to set in, Napoleon ordered withdrawal. Begun in October, the retreat turned into a disaster as the ravages of winter and attacking
Russians depleted the withdrawing troops. Only about 10,000 of the original number made it to German soil.
6. With a reconstituted army, Napoleon crushed Austria, Prussia, and Russia at Dresden in 1813 but a few months later he was decisively defeated
at Leipzig. An allied army followed Napoleon to Paris. He abdicated in March 1814. Exiled to Elba off the coast of Italy, Napoleon escaped in
March 1815 and fought one last battle at Waterloo where he was again decisively defeated on June 18, 1815.
Questions:
1. Why was Napoleon such a successful general?
2. Why was the Russian campaign the beginning of the end for Napoleon?
3. Why was Napoleon allowed to go into exile rather than be executed by the victorious allies?
The Napoleonic Empire, 1810-1813
 Committee of Public Safety, 1793-1794
Maximilien Robespierre, executed July 28, 1794
Reign of Terror
 Dechristianization
 Thermidorian Reaction, 1794
 Directory, August 1795
 Napoleon Bonaparte
Commander of French army in Italy, 1796
Coup d’etat against the Directory, 1799
First Consul, 1799-1804
Emperor, 1804-1815
 Concordat of 1801
 Napoleonic Civil Code
 Bureaucratic reform
Prussia and Austria after the Peace of Vienna, 1815
1. The Treaty of Paris in 1814 resulted in a lenient peace for France. The monarchy was restored with Louis XVIII (1814-1824) ascending the throne
and France was permitted to retain some of the territories in western Germany and parts of the Austrian Netherlands which it had captured by 1792.
2. Although Poland was reconstituted out of the Duchy of Warsaw, Prussia and Austria were allowed to keep some Polish territory. Thus, the new
Polish kingdom was only three-quarters the size of the previous Duchy of Warsaw. The crown was to be worn by the Russian tsar. To compensate
Prussia for the loss of some of its Polish lands, parts of Saxony and the kingdom of Westphalia were conceded as well as the left bank of the Rhine.
3. The Austrian Netherlands were handed over to Holland to create a united Netherlands. In return, Austria received the northern Italian provinces
of Lombardy and Venetia which would give it interests in the course of Italian affairs. The marriage in the Netherlands, however, was not a good
one since the two areas differed in culture, language, and religion. Likewise, there would be future resentment in Italy over Austrian interference.
4. In Italy, the Kingdom of Piedmont and Sardinia was extended to the border with Switzerland.
5. Switzerland became a perpetually neutral state.
6. The Confederation of the Rhine created by Napoleon was replaced by the German Confederation. It was composed of thirty-nine independent
German states including parts of Prussia and the Austrian Empire. The presence of both states would lead to future conflicts over control of the
confederation.
7. Effectively, a belt had been placed around France to contain it from any future aggression: the Netherlands in the north and the German
Confederation, Switzerland, and Piedmont in the east. Moreover, Prussia had received considerable territory on France's eastern frontier to deter
any French aggression from that quarter.
Questions:
1. How was Europe reorganized after the Napoleonic Wars?
2. What was the rationale behind the restructuring of Europe at the Congress of Vienna?
3. What were the potential problems created by the "new Europe" constructed at the Congress of Vienna?
Prussia and Austria after the Peace of Vienna, 1815
 Napoleonic Empire
 Military successes, 1805-1807
 Dependent states
 Allied states
 Continental System, 1806
 Invasion of Russia, 1812
 Defeat , April 1814
Exile to Elba, 1814
 Battle of Waterloo, June 18, 1815
 Exile to St. Helena, 1815-1821