Transcript The Struggle for Empire (pgs. 43 to 49)

The Struggle
for Empire
Aly Go, Jason Marlatt, Ellie Mamatis, and Tiana T
Nicholson, M
CHA 3U1 - 01
02/13/2012
Overview
• Introduction: Frontier
Conflict
• From Deerfield to
Louisbourg
• French Indian War
• Washington and Braddock
• British Victory
• Pontiac’s Revolt
• The Expulsion of the
Acadians
Intro: Frontier
conflict (1/2)
• The 18th century of
America was shaped by
the conflict between
Britain and France for the
control of North America
and the consequences of
victory for British policy.
• Britain and France fought
a series of war along the
frontier between their
colonies in North America
Intro: Frontier
conflict (2/2)
• Conflict focused on
• control over lucrative fur trade
• & French efforts to prevent British and American
expansion into the interior of North America
• Each side relying on Native Americans to conduct
most of the fighting
• Native Americans played both sides attempting to
protect their own territorial interests
• with varying degrees of success
FROM DEERFIELD TO
Louisbourg (1/3)
• Louisbourg was a massive
fort constructed to guard the
entrance to the St.
Lawrence.
• The fortress had been a
major problem for trade so
the British set an expedition
to capture the fort in 1740.
• In 1745, the Fort was
captured - until 1748 when it
was returned to France
under the Treaty of Aix-laChappelle
FROM DEERFIELD TO
Louisbourg (2/3)
• Early settlements began to pop up all over the
thirteen colonies during the first half of the 18th
century.
• The New Frontier people were easy targets against
attack from the French and native forces.
• Most attacks were over control of the thriving fur
trade which was the main economy in these areas.
• Deerfield was an example of a settlement that came
under attack.
FROM DEERFIELD TO
louisbourg (3/3)
• In 1702, a truce that had brought
some form of peace was broken
with the start of Queen Anne’s
War
• On February 29, 1704, a group of
Abenakis and French attacked a
settlement called Deerfield, in
Massachusetts.
• 50 settlers were killed and 100 were
taken as prisoners.
French and indian
war (1)
• Britain and France have always been at
war only to stop for a brief peace, in
North America a large war known as the
French War started in 1754.
• The war was mainly over control of the
Ohio Valley by American Colonist and
the French and their Indian allies.
• This causing a longer conflict known as
the Seven Years War between 1756-1763
that would lead to the elimination of
French rule and British supremacy in
North America.
• To help stop the threat French and
Native threat, delegates including
Benjamin Franklin came together in
June 1754 to push back the French and
settle in the Ohio River Valley.
Washington &
braddock (1/3)
• The French began to build forts
(expanding) in fear of the
English traders & colonists
encroaching the Ohio Valleybuilding Fort Duquesne
• In Oct 1753, Gov. Robert
Dinwiddie sent George
Washington (Virginia militia
officer) to spy on the French.
• Washington was promoted to
command of a militia regiment
to counter French
• But the mission failed
• In Washington’s ambush, his
men built Fort Necessity
• Soon the Native Americans
(French allies) sought revenge
and defeated Washington’s
men.
Washington &
braddock (2/3)
• In 1755, the British sent Gen.
Edward Braddock instead &
trained a large force to capture
Fort Duquesne.
• The French countered
Braddock’s expedition• Braddock was wounded fatally.
• Followed by attacks on
American settlements
•
many killed
• & many fled East as refugees
Washington &
braddock (3/3)
• Britain continued building
string of forts along Allegheny
Mountains to secure
themselves, but the French was
still major threat.
• In 1758, the British set out for
another mission against Fort
Duquesne
• This time persuaded the Natives
to leave the French for British
protection
• upon getting to the Fort, they
discovered it was abandoned.
British victory
(1/2)
• In 1758, the British destroyed Fort Duquesne.
• The British also captured the big French fortress of
Louisbourg
• Long threat to American shipping stopped
• The St Lawrence Valley lay open to British attack
British victory
(2/2)
• Gen. James Wolfe led a
British siege on Quebec and
captured it after the Battle of
Quebec (Sept 13, 1759)
• The loss of Louisbourg and
Quebec sealed fate of French
Empire in North America.
• The fall of Montreal to
Britain in 1760
ELIMINATED the
French threat.
PONTIAC’S REVOLT
• During the Seven Years War,
the British claimed victory over
the French.
• The Native American leaders
began to question the British
and the American intentions.
• In 1763, the French
surrendered the Ohio territory
(land that the Native
Americans claimed theirs).
(1/7)
PONTIAC’S REVOLT
(2/7)
• The Europeans and Native Americans used to
be considered as allies, even equals, until
1763.
• The Native Americans started to find
themselves treated as subjects whose right
and interests were regularly ignored.
PONTIAC’S REVOLT
(3/7)
• The native spiritual leader
Neolin (the Delaware
Prophet) was allied with
the Ottawa chief,
PONTIAC.
• Within only a few weeks,
the forts were captured and
attacked including Forts
Niagara and Detroit.
• Settlements were burned
and 200 settlers died.
PONTIAC’S REVOLT
(4/7)
• Hundreds of deaths occurred in the Delaware
and Shawnee nations
• due to the British giving the Native
communities blankets infected of smallpox.
• An uneasy peace was restored for both sides.
• They knew they couldn't defeat each other.
PONTIAC’S REVOLT
(5/7)
• The Royal Proclamation of 1763 - prohibited
European settlements (west of the crest of
the Appalachian Mountains) to prevent
another revolt - by protecting Native
American lands from trespassing settlers.
• To ensure that “the several nations or tribes
of Indians, with whom the British Crown are
connected, and who live under protection,
should not be molested or disturbed.”
Pontiac’s revolt
(6/7)
• British government hoped the policy would
preserve the fur trade and renew previous
alliances.
• Colonial farmers’ demanded for and to replace
their old land that they have “worn out”.
• British soldiers were unwilling to pay
sufficient soldiers along the frontier to control
settlement
PONTIAC’S REVOLT
(7/7)
• The Royal Proclamation of
1763 was a failure
• It created a deep resentment
by the colonists
• who were hungry for fresh
farmland
• & angry because the end of the
French control in North
America didn’t open territories
to settlement
• The Native Americans were
NOT happy too – since British
guarantees to protect their
lands were WORTHLESS
the expulsion of
the Acadians (1/3)
• There was an uncertain relationship between the
Acadians and the New England colonies.
• There was war between Britain and France.
• The French farmer (the Acadians) did close trading with
the New England colonies.
• In 1730, Acadians swore allegiance to Britain on
condition that they would not be required to take up arms
against France
the expulsion of
the acadians (2/3)
• The British feared Acadians might
support French invasion of the
colony.
• In July 1755, Gov. Lawrence of
Nova Scotia demanded Acadians to
swear an oath w/o conditions.
• When they disapproved, Lawrence
ordered the Acadians to be
deported
• So they were:
•
•
•
placed on ships
their farms & villages were burned
& in most cases families were split
up
the expulsion of
the Acadians (3/3)
• Almost 7,000 Acadians were
deported during 1755.
• They were sent to France and
Quebec and throughout the
American colonies.
• As Catholics, they were
unwelcomed and were later
on sent to England as a result
of opposition from the
colony.
• Some settled in Louisiana
and their descendants
became known as Cajuns.
The struggle
for empire