Transcript World War I The Great War 1914-1919

WORLD WAR I
THE GREAT WAR
1914-1919
World History
District 11 Essential Questions
 How did the countries involved view events that sparked the war? What
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do primary and secondary sources reveal about the causes of WWI?
How do maps increase understanding of the events of WWI?
What was the impact of technology on the war?
What were the major results of the war?
How was political power used and lost as a result of WWI?
Why did the Russian revolution occur?
How did the economic developments of the 1920's impact world
societies?
Research - how can one determine the reliability of history resources,
identify points of view or biases?
Analysis - what strategies are useful in analyzing conflicting
interpretations of history?
Warm-up: Silent quick write
• For the next 5 minutes you must write about
the game on Tuesday.
• Questions you might want to answer
– What country were you part of and what did they
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want?
Who were your enemies?
Who were your allies?
Was war the final solution to the game?
What factors did your group have to consider
when making decisions?
WWI-Main Ideas
 Death and DestructionAdvances in weaponry, from
improvements to the machine gun and airplane, to the
invention of the tank, led to mass devastation during
World War I
 Economies respond The war affected many European
economies. Desperate for resources, the warring
governments converted many industries to munitions
factories. They also took greater control of the
production of goods.
 Power hungry nationsThe quest among European
nations for greater power played a role in causing World
War I. By the turn of the 20th century, relations among
these countries had grown tense.
The Impact Today
 World War I led to the disintegration of empires
and the creation of new states
 Communism became a factor in global conflict
as other nations turned to its ideology; some
nations still adhere to this ideology (Cuba, North
Korea, Vietnam)
 The Balkans continue to be an area of political
unrest.
MAIN Causes of World War I
 M=Militarism
 A policy of glorifying and relying on military power and of
keeping a standing army always prepared for war.
 A=Alliances
 Agreements or promises to defend and help another country.
 I= Imperialism
 A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other weaker
countries politically, economically, and socially.
 N=Nationalism
 The belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation—
that is, to the people with whom they share a culture and
history—rather than to a king or empire.
Militarism
 European countries competed for overseas
empires (imperialism)
 Nations began building large militaries
 By 1914 all but Britain had large standing
armies
 Each European country stressed the
importance of quickly mobilizing if war were
to break out (mobilization)
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Alliances: Two main alliances
divide Europe
The Triple Alliance:
Formed in 1881/2
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy
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The Triple Entente:
Formed in 1907
France
Great Britain
Russia
Imperialism
 European powers wanted more resources for their
industrial economies
 They colonized Africa and Asia looking for these
resources
 Different European powers wanted more resources
and power and threatened to over take other
countries colonies
 This led to increased tension between European
powers
Nationalism
• Many ethnic groups or nationalities were under the rule of other
nationalities
• Example: Austria-Hungary was a multinational state that included
Hungarians, Slovaks, Poles, Germans being ruled by ethnic
Germans/Austrians
• The Balkans:
• Many countries on the Balkan Peninsula had struggled to obtain
freedom from the Ottoman Empire (yes their still around)
• Austria-Hungary and Russia want to take over these newly
independent areas (imperialism!)
• Creates tension between Austria-Hungary and Russia
• Also creates tension because Serbians, Romanians, Bulgarians don’t
want to be ruled by Austrians or Russians
Nationalism: The Balkans
Socialism Internal Dissent
Among the People
 Socialist labor movements increased their
power
 They used strikes (sometimes were violent) to
achieve improvements in the workplace because
of bad conditions of Industrial Revolution
 Conservative leaders feared that revolutions
would break out due to labor strife & class
divisions
Europe on Fire: Underlying
causes of World War I
Assassination of
Archduke
Francis
Ferdinand
Underlying Causes
of WWI
Allies aka Triple
Entente
Russia
Central Powers aka
used to beTriple
Alliance (at start)
AustriaHungary
England
Ottoman
Empire
VS.
Germany
Belgium
Italy
France
Two sides of War
 Central Powers
 Allied Powers
 Austria-Hungary
 France
 Germany
 Russia
 Ottoman Empire
 Britain
 Belgium
 And eventually….
 USA
 Italy
Austria-Hungary
declares war on
Serbia
Germany invades
Belgium to get to
France  brings
Great Britain into
war
Russia mobilizes
to protect Serbia
France
readies
troops to help
Russia(ally)
Germany declares
war on Russia
because Germany
allied with A-H
US Enters war
Allies and Central
powers quickly
reach stalemate
Alliance Chain Reaction
US wants to
preserve trade so
stays neutral
Preparedness
movement in US
urges American
gov’t to prep for
war
Main Ideas About The Great War
 Conscription:
 military draft (common in Europe before 1914)
 Between 1890-1914 European armies doubled in size
 Leaders created complex military plans & did not want to alter their
plans so there were few choices for leaders (select few become very
powerful)
 Mobilization:
 Aggressive preparation for war
 assembling and moving troops and supplies for war; considered an act
of war to many
 Propaganda:
 biased ideas spread to influence one for or against a cause
 Before and during the war Propaganda was used to stir up national
hatreds
 During the war Propaganda was used to get people to help defend &
almost everyone thought the war would be over in a few weeks because
most wars usually ended quickly in Europe
 On the same day Russia ordered a mobilization on Austria
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Hungary
July 29th the Russia army ordered full mobilization (Germans
would see this as an act of war)
Germany told Russia they had 12 hours to halt & when they
ignored Germany declared war on Russia Aug. 1
Germans had a plan under General Alfred von Schlieffen
Schlieffen Plan:
 a plan by Germany to have a two-front war against France and Russia
who formed an alliance in 1894
 Small holding action in Russia while most of German army would
invade France & then move through Russia after French defeat
 Invaded France on Aug 3rd & demanded that Belgium let German
troops through & then Great Britain declared war on Germany Aug
4th
Western Front
 Western border between Germany and
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Belgium/France (pic p. 412)
Germany needed quick victory over France
By September 1914 Germans approach Paris
French and Allies regroup and force Germans
to retreat
After this the war settled in to a stalemate
because of trench warfare
Trench Warfare
 Trench warfare: a form of warfare in which
opposing armies fight each other from
trenches dug in the battlefield
 Muddy
 Open to mortars
 Small land gains
 Rat infested
 Disease infested
 Prone to gas attacks [bad because gas is heavier
than air; if you stayed you died, if you got out you
got shot
New Weapons of War
1. Poison gas: caused blindness,
2.
3.
4.
5.
blisters, and death by choking
Machine gun: wipe out waves of
attackers
Tank: armored combat vehicle, all
terrain
Submarine: primary weapon
against ships using torpedoes
(important to Germany)
Airplanes: number of planes in
combat went from 850 to 10k
during WWI
Political Cartoons
 How to Analyze Political Cartoons:
 What is a Political Cartoon?
 Political cartoons are a type of drawing that is used to present
editorial opinions, comment on social change, criticize current events,
and point out political situations.
 Cartoonists use different techniques:
 These include: caricature, exaggerating a person’s distinctive
features; size distortion, making specific people or objects larger or
smaller; symbols, using people places, or places, or objects to
represent abstract ideas; and captions, placing words or sentences
under the cartoon.
The Red Peril
This Political Cartoon comments on
communism.
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What does the fire represent?
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Bolshevism
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Why do you think the symbol of
fire was chosen?
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Something that is destructive and
on the move
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What is the fire endangering?
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Houses, fields, etc that represent a
peaceful and ordered way of life
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What is the message of the
cartoon?
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People of all countries should be
aware that Soviet Communism is a
danger to their traditional values
Frank and Marie-Therese Wood Print Collections,
Alexandria, VA
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http://www.worldwar1gallery.com/politicalcartoons/
Europe at War
 Eastern Front
 Western Front
 There was lots of movement
 The Schlieffen Plan called for
on
 Italy betrays the Triple
Alliance and attacks Austria
in May 1915
 Bulgaria joined the Triple
Alliance in September 1915
 The Germans are considered
successful in the East and it
enables them to be more
offensive in the West
German army to go through
Belgium & into Northern
France & sweep around Paris
 First Battle of Marne –the
French halted Germans by
sending fresh troops
 They were in a stalemate that
last for nearly 4 years
 Trenches stretched from the
English Channel to the
borders of Switzerland
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War of Attrition:
wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses
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Planned Economies: all systems being directed by the government to mobilize
for war
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At first the United States tried to remain neutral- but then the Germans were
using unrestricted submarine warfare which included sinking passenger liners
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Lusitania: May 7, 1915-an unarmed British passenger steamship sunk by the
Germans, leading the U.S. into the war because over 100 American civilians were
killed
 US entered the war April 1917 :When the Germans continued to
use unrestricted submarine warfare. When US joins war gives a
psychological boost to Euros & new source of money & supplies
Impact of Total War
 Total War: completely mobilizing resources
and people for war
1. Increased Government power
 Set up price, wage, and rent controls
 Rationed food supplies & materials
 Regulated imports & exports
 Took over transportation systems & industries
2. Manipulation of Public Opinion
 DORA- Britain used these laws to limit free speech and to discourage
anyone from speaking out against the country or the war
 Used Propaganda to motivate
3. Total War & Women
 Women were asked to take over jobs previously done by men
 After war lost jobs or had reduced wages
 Positive impact on the social & political movement earned them the
right to vote
 The right for women to vote which was given to women in Germany,
Austria, and United States immediately after the war & most British
women gained the right to vote in 1918
 Women also gained independence by getting their own apartments, jobs,
etc. during the war
End of War
 Wilson’s 14 Points:
U.S. President Wilson’s plan for a new world order
based on democracy an international cooperation
 Paris Peace Conference:
meetings in Paris to discuss how to come to a
settlement about the war– Germany was not
invited, Russia was absent, so it was the U.S., Great
Britain, and France. The U.S. wanted to prevent
future wars and the others wanted to punish
Germany
End of War
 Reparations: repayments, in this case,
Germany was supposed to pay war costs
 Treaty or Versailles:
-5 treaties with the 5 defeated nations– Germany was
especially unhappy with it
-Terms:
1. Germany pays all reparations
2. Germany take blame for starting the war
3. Germany had to cut its military
4. Rhineland demilitarized
5. Eastern Europe and Africa borders redrawn
End of War
 Mandates: a nation governing another nation, but did
not own its territory (used in the Middle East to govern
countries like Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Iraq
 Legacy of War:
 Shattered the liberal , rational society
 Incredible death tolls
 Increased power of government, but freedom of press & speech
were limited due to national security
 Changed societies & creation of new states & new problems
TACTICS & WEAPONS
OF
WWI
TRENCH WARFARE
 individuals fighting from ditches protected by
barbed wire
MORTARS
 a muzzle-loading indirect fire weapon that
fires shells at low velocities, short ranges and
high-arcing ballistic trajectories
MINE SYSTEM IN THE SEAS
 inexpensive self-contained explosive device
placed underwater for offensive, defensive or
psychological use
 torpedoes: a self-propelled explosive
projectile weapon, launched above or below
the water surface, propelled underwater
toward a target, and designed to detonate on
contact or in proximity to a target
CONVOY SYSTEM
 group of vehicles/boats traveling together for
mutual support; in WWI, passenger ships
traveled with battleships for protection
(expensive and inefficient)
OBSERVATION BALLOONS
 gas or hot-air balloons used on the Western
Front of the war for observing what was
going on (a dangerous job)
 zeppelins: were used by the Germans as bombers
during the WWI, without notable success
POISON GAS
 tear gas grenades (first used by the French),
then chlorine gas (used by Germans) to
overcome the stalemate of trench warfare
(led to the invention of the gas mask)
MACHINE GUNS
 heavy guns on tripods that could fire 400-600
rounds of small caliber rounds a minute
TANKS
 large, armored vehicle with caterpillar tracks
that carried personnel and guns; used as a
solution to trench warfare (the British were
the first to use the tank)
AIRPLANES
 canvas and wood biplanes, traveling 100
MPH, used at first for observation, then
added machine guns and metal propeller
GRENADES
 small hand-held anti-personnel weapon
designed to be thrown and then explode after
a short time
FLAME-THROWERS
 a mechanical device designed to project a
long controllable stream of fire
RESULTS
 Trench Foot
 Dysentery
 Shell Shock (emotional shock)
 Tremendous Loss of Life
 (22 million, ½ were civilians)
Weapons & Tactics of WWI
Activity
 Students will be assigned to groups of 3
 Each group will draw a weapon from the box
 Each group will be issued 2 colors of clay
 You will now create your weapon or tactic with clay
 After completing your weapon/tactic you may draw
another and create another
 When everyone is finished we will rate the weapons
on creativity and accuracy
 Which ever group creates the best-looking weapon
will be awarded 10 extra credit points each
 Russian Revolution:
the 1917 Revolution in Russia that placed Lenin
and the Bolsheviks in
power, taking Russia
out of the Great War and into their own civil war,
which led to communism in Russia
 Armistice:
an agreement to end the fighting