Transcript Peace Treaties with Germany`s Allies (1919

Peace Treaties with Germany's
Allies (1919-23)
Introduction
• After peace had been made with Germany at
Versailles (28th June 1919), ‘The Big Three’ turned
their attention to Germany’s allies. Their intention
was to have on treaty with the Habsburg Empire,
but two separate treaties were signed with Austria
and Hungary. There had been a Communist uprising
in Budapest and this delayed signing the treaty with
Hungary. Both of these treaties were diktats, as were
those signed with Bulgaria and Turkey. However, a
second negotiated treaty was signed with Turkey in
1923.
The Treaty of St. Germain
(10th September, 1919 – With Austria)
The principle of NSD was used in the treaty with Austria.
 Italy gained the Tyrol and Trentino in the North, and Istria
and Trieste in the Northeast. (She did not get Fiume.)
 Czechoslovakia gained the Sudetenland (German speaking),
the Czech provinces and Slovakia.
 Serbia was given various states in the Balkans: Bosnia,
Herzegovina, Croatia and Dalmatia, to form the Kingdom of
Yugoslavia (Yugoslavia = The Southern Slavs)
 Poland gained Galicia.
 Austria could not unite with Germany (no Anschluss)
 Austria was disarmed to 30,000 men plus three Danubian
police boats.
 Austria was supposed to pay reparations, but as she was
bankrupt in 1920, none were paid.
The Treaty of Trianon (4th June,
1920 – With Hungary)
• Hungary lost some border districts to
Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
• Transylvania was given to Rumania, which
doubled Rumania’s size.
Comments on the Treaties of St.
Germain and Trianon
• Austria complained because she was disarmed and
unable to defend herself against the hostile
neighbours that encircled her. See diagrams. Both
states were land-locked and surrounded by weak or
hostile neighbours.
▫
▫
▫
▫
▫
▫
Switzerland (Neutral)
Germany (Weak, Union forbidden)
Czechoslovakia (Hostile)
Hungary (Hostile and covetous of Austria)
Yugoslavia (Hostile)
Italy (Hostile)
Comments on the Treaties of St.
Germain and Trianon
▫
▫
▫
▫
Austria (Weak)
Czechoslovakia (Hostile)
Rumania (Hostile)
Yugoslavia (Hostile)
• Many of Austria and Hungary’s neighbours were
hostile because they wanted to keep their newfound independence, and they resented the
former control of the Habsburgs.
Comments on the Treaties of St.
Germain and Trianon
 Both treaties were diktats.
 NSD was applied and denied. E.g. 3 million Austrians lived in the
Sudetenland under foreign rules. 3 million Magyars lived under
Rumanian rule in Transylvania.
 No Anschluss for Germany and Austria. The Czechs and the
Slovaks resented being in one country.
 Austria was disarmed.
 Austria lost its monarchy (loss of Prestige and National identity)
 Both Austria and Hungary lost out economically, e.g. they were
both landlocked, this damaged trade. Though Austria and
Hungary enjoyed free trade before the war, they did not
afterwards.
 Hungary lost valuable agricultural land, Transylvania. Both
countries suffered from a drop in population (Workforce).
Austria’s population dropped from 22 million to 6.5 million and
Hungary’s population dropped from 21 million to 7.5 million.
Treaty of Neuilly (27th November,
1919 – with Bulgaria)
• Bulgaria lost Western Thrace to Greece, which
meant that Bulgaria lost the coastline that lead
more directly into the Mediterranean.
Settlement with Turkey
Treaty of Sevres (August, 1920 – a diktat)
 The Turks agreed to lose their Middle-Eastern empire. Saudi
Arabia became independent; Britain gained Palestine, TransJordan and Iraq as mandates. (Mandate = a lease. Britain and
France only looked after these lands for 30 years). France was
given Lebanon and Syria as mandates.
 In Europe Turkey lost other lands. Greece gained Eastern
Thrace (not Constantinople) and Smyrna on the Turkish
mainland. Italy gained Rhodes (Dodecanese Islands). The
Dordanelle Strait was demilitarised (League of Nations). An
Army officer Mustapha Kemal, objected to these losses, and led
a revolution against the Sultan (Mohammed VI). Kemal drove
the Greeks out of Turkey (1922) and the Greeks were easily
defeated, because their King (Alexander) had been killed in
October 1920, as a result of a bite from his pet monkey. The
British stepped in to make peace between Greece and Turkey.
Settlement with Turkey
Treaty of Lausanne (1923 – Negotiated)
• Turkey regained all the land she had lost to
Greece. The Straits remained demilitarised and
Italy kept Rhodes. Kemal became the first
president of republican Turkey with his new
capital at Ankara. Constantinople was renamed
Istanbul.