Transcript Reformation, social changes, Scientific Revolution, Political

Protestant Reformation
and the Catholic
Counter -Reformation
Rooted in Jewish tradition/Torah
and the person of Jesus of
Nazareth
 Jesus – rabbi? who encouraged
ethical self sacrifice –
 Love God
 Love others
 Care for the
vulnerable/outcastes
Many stories written about
the teachings of Jesus of
Nazareth
 Canon of 4 gospels
established 4th century CE
 Place Jesus as Messiah of
Judaism; also: son of God
and resurrected

Proclaims special revelation:
Jesus’ message meant to be
universal – not just for the Jews
 Travels & begins inclusion of
Gentiles in synagogues…eventually
separate churches
 Some conflict with Jerusalem
church

Most from Paul
 Advice to early church
communities
 How to live in the world
 Imminent 2nd coming of the Christ
(Messiah/Savior)
 By 2nd century – church leaders
begin collecting manuscripts

315 CE – Edict of Milan – Constantine
Christianity becomes legal
 325 CE Council of Nicaea – uniform
Christian doctrine
 Later 4th century (Emperor
Theodosius) Christianity becomes
state religion of Roman Empire
 382 CE – Latin Vulgate: Old and New
Testament

 What
is the Nature of Christ?
 “Heresies” – unofficial ideas/
ideas that go against official
church; Eg: Nestorians, Arians
 Nicene creed meant to settle
 Eventually  doctrine of the
Trinity
Roman
Catholic/Latin Church
becomes unifying factor among
Germanic tribes & others
Charlemagne sees himself as the
military protector of the Church
High Middle Ages- church power
at height
1054
– Latin West v. Byzantine
Empire
Latin Church (Roman Catholic)
Eastern Orthodox
Excommunicated each other;
After 1453 – Moscow/Muscovy
declared self center of
Orthodoxy
 Reconciling
classical reasoning
(Aristotle) and Christian faith
 Thomas Aquinas - Summa
Theologica
 Forms the theological basis
of the Roman Catholic
Church
 Wealth
& power of upper clergy
(nobles)
 Investiture: simony & nepotism
 Lack of discipline among clergy
 Lack of education/knowledge
among clergy
 Avignon Papacy & Great Schism
John Wycliffe – theology prof @
Oxford
 English translation of NT
 John Huss – theology prof @ Prague
 Burned at the stake
 This heresy: objected to worldliness
of clergy; advocated personal
salvation; challenge to church
authority

 Renaissance
Humanism outside of
Italy
 Different emphasis – concern
over problems in society
 Search for more personal
religious practices
 Erasmus, T. More, Rabelais

The
Protestant
Reformation ended the unity
of the Christian church in the
West –
 Christianity was eventually
fragmented into dozens of
denominations…
 Why did Christian unity come
to an end and how did that
impact society?




Began in German states because it
lacked a strong central government
Holy Roman Empire included over 300
semi-independent states
Some wanted independence from the
Holy Roman Empire
Weak emperor could not control
independent ideas about religion within
the German states
 started
Reformation
 German monk, became
professor of theology at
University of Wittenberg
 How did his movement start?

October 31, 1517:
nailed on door of
Wittenberg Church
the 95 Theses –

arguments to debate -

Criticized sale of
indulgences
Printed copies of
Theses spread
justification by faith
only God’s grace through Christ saves; no
amount of good works could do it...
priesthood
all
of all believers
Christians are equal before God
these ideas challenged basic church
doctrine, tradition and authority…that is,
they were heresy
Luther’s conflict with the church led
to violence
 Peasants revolted - the Lutheran
princes crushed the rebellion
 Civil War between the HRE
supported by Catholic princes & the
Lutheran princes
 1555 Peace of Augsburg

John
Calvin & Predestination
or Doctrine of the Elect
Protestant work ethic &
success
Anabaptism
Many, many others…
Significance…
 Protestantism
spreads ---
While Lutheranism spread in
Northern Germany and
Scandinavia
 Calvinism spread into Scotland
(Presbyterians), England
(puritans), Netherlands (Dutch
Reformed) especially
 Huguenots were Calvinists in
France

Council
of Trent
Society of Jesus/ Jesuits
Inquisition
Index
Goal: to halt spread of
heresy
Options:
Try to eliminate
Protestantism
 Change to Protestantism
….what are other options?

HRE Charles V & the
German Wars of Religion
Charles’ Habsburg domains
The Turks
Lutheranism  war
Peace of Augsburg 1555
Retirement!!!

Phillip
II of Spain– (Charles V’s son)
Inherits Spain, Netherlands &
later Portugal
Netherlands revolt when P cracks
down on independence and
Protestantism
Protestant part becomes
independent: United Provinces/
Dutch Netherlands
Amsterdam -financial power house
Shipped almost all trade in North,
Baltic Atlantic and Arctic seas
Joint stock companies & stock
exchanges
 freedom of religion, speech &
press (more or less)
Science, philosophy, art
Tech innovation

France endures religious wars
through 4 kings – eventually
protestants (Huguenots) are
given some religious freedom –
for a while… and the right to
fortify their towns
 (Edict of Nantes)

Why
did England officially
separate from the Catholic
Church?
How did this impact the
English Reformation?
England’s King Henry
wanted to divorce his
wife, Catherine of
Aragon for not producing
a male heir to the throne

(daughter: Mary)
 Catholic Church forbade
divorce - refused to
dissolve Henry’s marriage





Henry withdrew England from Catholic
Church married Anne Boleyn and
created a new church
Act of Supremacy - Parliament created
Church of England (Anglican Church)
with king as its head
King took church lands and abolished
monasteries
important Englishmen were required to
swear oath accepting king as head of the
church instead of the Pope...
Div
Beh
Died
Div
Beh
Surv
Catherine of Aragon - Mary
 Anne Boleyn Elizabeth
 Jane Seymour - Edward
 Anne of Cleves
 Catherine Howard
 Catherine Parr
Son Edward inherited throne 1st

Henry was NOT a protestant
 Very few changes were allowed in
the church by Henry
 However, changes were made
during the period of Henry’s son
and the English church adopted
more protestant ideas







Catholic daughter of Catherine
of Aragon
Married Catholic Philip II
of
Spain
Sought to revive Catholicism
Protestants revolted
Persecution of Protestants led to
her being known (by Protestants) as:
Bloody Mary (but she wasn’t)
25 years old; ruled 45 years!
 Protestant; re-established the
Anglican Church as the National
Church
 “The Virgin Queen” never
married because it helped her
keep peace w/ other countries
 Emphasized loyalty for England
over religion





assassination plots against Elizabeth
1587 – forced to order the execution of
her Catholic cousin, Mary Queen of
Scots
Catholic Mary (Stuart) had been living
in England after haven been driven
from Scotland by scandal & Protestant
uprising
Catholic Spain wanted Elizabeth dead
so Mary could take the throne





assassination plots against Elizabeth
1587 –execution of her Catholic cousin,
Mary Queen of Scots
Spain attempted an invasion with their
feared “invincible” Armada (navy)
English “pirates” had been attacking
Spanish ships and New World ports
The Armada was defeated by the
weather and the smaller, faster English
ships
Science to
“Enlightenment”
How a mixture of Protestantism &
Scientific discovery
led to new ideas
about government…
Scientific Revolution
 Before
the revolution…
 Scholars relied on established
authorities for truth
 Established authorities included:
The Bible & early church writings
The Catholic Church
Aristotle, Galen (medicine)
Astronomy before Revolution:
Geocentric Theory
 Earth
is the
center of the
universe.
 Planets and sun
rotate around it.
(Ptolemy –
Greek)
New Theory: Heliocentric
 The
sun is the center
of the universe and
planets rotate around it
 Copernican theory ….
Kepler verifies with
math… Galileo with
telescope
 Copernicus
 Kepler
 Galileo
 Newton
Natural
Laws
=
govern
the
universe
Inductive
Method
Deductive
Method
collect
specifics
generalization/
formula
generalization
specific
application
Scientific Method
Using
carefully conducted
experiments and
mathematical calculations
to evaluate or verify results
of experiments
Other leaders
 Descartes
 Bacon
 Vesalius
 Harvey
 Hooke
Hooke’s drawing
of cells
The Scientific Revolution  Created
an atmosphere of skepticism
(doubt – desire for proof)
 Emphasized the importance of
evidence
 Impacted law, study of history,
chronology and eventually philosophy
and government
 Law:
End
rules of evidence!
to witch trials
 History:
critical study of documents,
coins & other historical “evidence”
 Chronology:
organizing events of the
past

Philosophy: skepticism; natural law;
deism

Politics: social contract
Early Modern European society
 Legal
class divisions
Clergy, Nobility, commoners
 Hierarchy based on birth
 Privileged nobility
 but…growing wealth of
bourgeoisie
Nobility
 Privileges
/ not under common law
 Titled lands; arranged marriages
 Exempt from many taxes; but
charged the peasants fees on
everything
 increasingly extravagant lifestyles
Increasingly in debt
Looked down on new nobles &
gentry
Bourgeoisie
 Upper
middle: professions, wealthy
merchants
 Gentry: very wealthy that
purchased estates (and sometimes
titles of nobility)
 often aspired to the lifestyle of the
nobility; servants
 often arranged marriages
Lower bourgeoisie
 Shop
owners
They hired apprentices &
servants (“urban workers”)
 Lesser merchants
Urban Laborers

artisans: shop workers;
apprentices & journeymen
(skilled labor)
 unskilled labor - wages low
later marriages; new
household; nuclear family;
unwed mothers; foundling
hospitals, orphanages
Peasants
prosperity varied – usually very
poor
 Benefited by domestic system

Political Developments
in Europe
1600-1750
Developments in Europe
1500: “New Monarchies”
 1500’s: “Wars of Religion”

 1600’s:
rise of “Absolutism”
AND development of English
“Constitutionalism”
 1700’s commercial ventures,
territorial wars AND the
“Enlightenment”
Primary Sources
 Absolutism
/ Divine Right
 Bishop Bossuet
 Politics Drawn from the Very Words
of Holy Scripture, ca. 1675
 Social Contract/
Constitutionalism:
 John Locke
 Two Treatises on Government, 1691
Holy Roman Empire
 Thirty
Years War (1618-1648)
 1648 Peace of Westphalia
 War weakened HRE
 Treaty weakened the HRE further
 Austria begins to rise
 Post Louis’ wars: Austria gets
Southern Netherlands & Milan from
Spain as Louis’ gr-son gets Spain
France:
 aided
protestants in Thirty Years War
 Creates
 Louis
an absolute monarchy
XIV –the Sun King
 Versailles
/ church
 Wars with the rest of Europe:
1667-1714 – Wars over the
Spanish Succession
1600’s-1700’s
 England: Stuarts (Scottish
monarchs) replace the Tudors
 Parliament twice removes Stuart
kings from power because they
English
fear:
protestants saw
 Absolutism +
them as
 Catholic Monarchy connected
 Charles
I (1649)/James II (1688)
English Civil War-Puritan Revol.
 King
Charles I tries to rule as absolute
monarch/ persecutes Puritans
 Parliament creates an army to go to
war against the king
 Oliver Cromwell – one of the generals
 King defeated, tried, executed for
treason 1649
 10 yr. Puritan Rule follows/ Cromwell
 The
Glorious Revolution
 Unlike
the English Civil War/Puritan
Revolution:
 Parliament removed king James II
without bloodshed - 1688
 Mary (J’s prot daughter) and William
(leader of Dutch Netherlands)
replace James; wars with France
 Catholic monarchy outlawed by
Parliament
English Bill of Rights of 1689
 Parliament
above the monarchy
 Identifies limitations of monarchy
 Protects rights of individuals:

eg: Fair trial, no “cruel & unusual
punishment”
 Mirrors
ideals of Locke
 Creates a constitutional
monarchy/ prevents absolutism
Spain



Phillip II – counter-reformation!
Armada defeated
Spain loses the Northern Netherlands
 After
Phillip II – other weaker rulers
 By 1715 – end of Louis’ wars Spanish monarchy goes to French
Bourbon line,
 SOUTHERN Netherlands to
Austria/HRE
Northern (Dutch) Netherlands
Gains independence from Spain
 Confirmed internationally 1648
(Westphalia)
 A Republic – governed by assembly of
mostly merchant notables/ religious
tolerance enhances trade and
 Only chose military head of state in
times of war
 William III marries Mary Stuart who
become K & Q of Engl 1689; no heirs…

Baroque movement
 Catholic:
 Monarchy
& Catholic
Church main patrons
Bernini
Baroque movement
 Protestant:
 Noble
&middle class
patrons,
Rembrandt