Transcript WORLD WAR I

•Europe at peace since Congress of
Vienna.
•But rivalries had been causing
mistrust and hatred.
Nationalism created tensions in Europe:
1. France
and
Germany
•France wanted revenge for losing
Franco-Prussian War.
•Wanted lost territories back.
NATIONALISM
• Two types of nationalism contributed to
WWI.
1) The first type was the tendency of the
great powers to act out of national interest.
2) The second type occurred in countries
with diverse populations. The longing of an
ethnic minority for independence often led
to violence.
2. Austria-Hungary and
Italy
•Italy gained Italian speaking lands that
used to be part of A-H.
3. Minority groups in Austria-Hungary
also wanted independence.
• Slavs
• Bohemians
• Croatians
• 14 Total
4. Naval rivalry - GB and Germany.
•Germany builds up navy to challenge
Britain.
•GB naval policy was to have 2X as
many ships as the second largest navy.
5. Colonial Rivalries added to tensions.
•Compete for African & Asian colonies
•Conference of Berlin - divides Africa
into colonies & keeps peace for a while
MILITARISM
• Militarism is the policy of aggressively
building up armed forces in preparation for
war.
• By the 1900’s diplomacy had taken a
backseat to militarism
• The military gained more influence.
• The world powers of Europe all engaged in
militarism.
• All the endless planning for war made war
much more likely.
Military Buildup
•Growing tensions force European’s
to build up militaries in case of war.
The Triple Alliance
•Created by German
Chancellor - Otto
von Bismarck.
•Goal: Isolate France so cant seek
revenge from Franco-Prussian War.
Members in the Triple Alliance:
1. Germany
2. AustriaHungary
3. Italy
•Russia signs a separate
treaty with Germany.
•New German King
William II forced
Bismarck to resign.
•He will allow treaty
with Russia to expire.
•France quickly signs treaty w/ Russia.
•France needed ally because Germany
had isolated it.
•Russia need ally because angry at how
A-H treating it’s Slavic minority.
•Russian are ethnically Slavs.
Members in the Triple Entente:
1. France
2. Russia
3. Great
Britain
•Great Britain joins because worried
about Germany’s growing navy.
How Alliance System Works:
• If a country is attacked then alliance
allies must come to your aid.
Problems with Alliance System:
1. Increased tensions between European
countries even more.
2. Made it possible for a minor conflict
to erupt into an major war.
The Spark That Leads To WWI
•Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the
heir to the A-H throne.
•He made a visit to Sarajevo, Bosnia.
PRELUDE TO WAR
• On June 28, 1914 Archduke Francis
Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of AustriaHungary and his wife made a trip to Bosnia.
• Bosnia was the capital of Sarajevo, which
was a new province w/in Austria-Hungary.
• That morning an attempt on Ferdinand’s life
was made.
• Still he attended the state ceremony that
night and went to visit the injured officers.
• Later that day he was shot to death by a
second terrorist, Gavrilo Princip.
• Princip was a Bosnian nationalist who
believed Austria-Hungary had no right to
rule Bosnia.
• Little did he know his actions would serve
to spark a world war.
• The assasination of Ferdinand ignited what
was WWI, known as the Great War at the
time, but the main causes exisisted well
before 1914.
•Franz Ferdinand
was assassinated
by Gravilo Princip
•Princip being taken to jail
after the assassination.
•He part of the Black Hand - terrorist
group wanted Bosnia be part of Serbia.
•A-H blames assassination on Serbia.
• Funeral of Franz Ferdinand.
THE WESTERN FRONT
•German plan was to crush France
quickly before can prepare for war.
•Called Schlieffen Plan.
•Goal: Avoid F defended border by
attacking through neutral Belgium.
THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN
• The Germans had long prepared for this
day.
• Germany is between France and Russia.
• To avoid being trapped they devised a plan
known as the Schlieffen Plan to strike first.
• The plan was to quickly take out the French
and then concentrate on Russia.
• The Germans quickly put the plan into
action.
• However, to reach France as quickly as
possible they had to pass through Belgium.
• GB was the protector of Belgium and on
August 4th they stepped in much to the
dismay of the Germans.
• After only one week all of the great powers
of Europe had been drawn into the conflict.
• The two sides had been drawn.
• The Central Powers vs. the Allies
• Because of Schlieffen Plan Great
Britain declares war on Germany.
The Countries Fighting in WWI:
•Central Powers:
• Germany • Austria Hungary
• Ottoman
Empire
• Allied Powers:
• France
• Russia
• Great
Britain
Stalemate on Western Front
•G conquered
Belgium in 3
weeks & advanced
toward Paris.
•German offensive
stalls at Battle of
Marne River.
•Schlieffen Plan is
a failure.
STALEMATE
• Both sides felt confident in a quick victory.
• Relatively equal in size and strength the two
sides reached a stalemate.
• A stalemate is a situation in which neither
side is able to gain a sizable advantage.
• A major contributor to the stalemate was
trench warfare.
• Trench warfare consisted of foxholes and/or
elaborately dug trenches stretching for
miles.
Trench Warfare
•Neither strong enough
to win the war so it
becomes a defensive
trench warfare.
• Soldiers dig network of trenches
protected by barbwire and mines.
• Neutral land in-between the trenches
called - “No-Man’s Land.”
• Wasteland of barbwire, mines, dead
bodies, etc.
Soldiers
lives
consisted of:
1.Living in muddy, rat infested trenches
2.When
ordered “Over
the Top”
soldiers climb
out of trenches,
run across noman’s land,
and attack the
enemy trench.
Attacking soldiers in No-Man’s Land.
3.Most offenses resulted in heavy
losses and little territory gained.
The Battle of Verdun
A battlefield in Belgium.
New Technology
•New
technology
will kill
large
numbers of
soldiers.
1.Machine Gun - Killed soldiers as
raced across no-man’s land.
Vickers
Machine Gun
2. Modern Artillery - used 12 inch
guns and had a range of 5-12 miles.
3.Poison Gas - Germany starts but
later also used by allies.
•All soldiers will be given gas masks.
•Mustard Gas was feared because it
blinded the men.
4. Tanks
•First tanks were jeeps with a
machine gun and protective armor.
•Later tanks designed to move across
trenches and barbed wire.
5. Aircraft
•First used to observe enemy troop
movements.
•Later, machine guns added and planes
battled in “dogfights”.
German Aircraft
British Aircraft
6. Submarine
•GB quickly destroyed German’s
surface navy and set up a blockade so
no imports.
•German’s use “U-Boat” - submarine to
attack GB navy and supply ships.
•Allies use convoys to protect against
attacks.
•Convoy - large group of merchant
ships protected by warships.
EASTERN FRONT
•Eastern front not trench warfare.
•Front lines went back and forth.
• Countries fighting on Eastern Front:
• Russia and Serbia.
• Germany and Austria-Hungary.
•Russia most men,
but suffered from:
1. Lack supplies - 1/4 men no rifles.
2. Poor
Leadership.
• At first, the war well for Russia.
•Then rest of war Russia suffered
many defeats.
• Turning point on the Eastern Front Battle of Tannenburg.
• Germany & A-H took the offensive
for rest of the war.
Three-quarters of Russia’s troops
either killed or wounded.
• Bulgaria joins the Central Powers.
• Germany, Bulgaria & A-H eliminate
Serbia from the war.
Italy joins the Allies
•Secret treaty with the Allies promises
Italy land in A-H if fight in war.
• A new Southern Front is created.
•Not much movement on this front.
United States joins the Allies
• Both Central and Allied Powers tried
get USA join its side.
•Both used Propaganda - spreading of
ideas or beliefs that:
1. Further
a countries
cause.
2. Damage
an opponents
cause.
Three reasons why US entered war:
• US President
during WWI Woodrow
Wilson.
• Looked like
US remain
neutral for entire
war.
1.German sub sank British passenger
liner Lusitania.
•Germany claim cargo had Contraband
- military supplies for British.
•German
government
warned
passengers
of the
danger.
2.Unrestricted Submarine Warfare.
•G wants starve GB into surrender
by sinking any ships near coastline.
•Would even sink neutral nations.
•Want defeat Allies before US enters
war.
3. Zimmerman Telegram
•Britain intercepts German telegram to
Mexican government.
•It said, if Mexico attacks US then G
give back lands lost to US in Mexican
Wars.
•Germany wanted to keep US out of
Europe by fighting Mexico.
The End of the War
Western Front:
•US arrive in Europe brings relief to
Britain and France.
•G knows need win war quickly or
will lose.
•Attacked in three places, but Allies
held due to new US troops.
•Allies counterattacked using Biteand-Hold techniques.
•Able to finally break G trenches
causing G morale to collapse.
•Many Germans deserted the army.
Eastern & Southern Front:
•A-H breaks apart when
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, & Poland
declare independence.
•Bulgaria & Ottoman Empire surrender
Revolution in Germany
•While G trying to negotiate an
Armistice - end to fighting a
revolution overthrew Kaiser’s govt.
•William II Abdicates the throne.
•Newly formed Weimer Republic
negotiates treaty with Allies.
Peace Settlements
•President Wilson attends peace
meetings at Versailles, France.
•He created a framework for peace The Fourteen Points.
1. Created the League of Nations.
•Congress voted against US joining &
eventually League of Nations will fail.
2. Outlawed
warfare.
• Only Allies were allowed to attend the
peace conferences.
• Goal of B and F was to punish G.
• Allies wrote _____ different peace
treaties - one each losing power.
• Only Germany’s treaty is the Treaty
of Versailles.
The Treaty of Versailles
•* = Parts Germany hated the most.
1.France
regained
territories
of Alsace
and
Lorraine.
2.* Germany
can’t keep
military forces
in the
Rhineland Germany’s
industrial area.
3. *Germany had admit complete
responsibility for the war - “War Guilt
Clause”.
4. *Germany
forced to pay
Reparations payment for war
damages.
•Sends G into
debt destroying
its economy &
resulting in high
inflation.
5. Germany lost all overseas colonies to
the Allies.
6. Limited size of German military.
•Not
happen,
German’s
scuttle
ships.
7. Required
German
navy to be
turned over
to Allies.
8.* Part of Germany taken to
re-establish an independent Poland.
•Some German speaking areas given
Poland so can access sea - “Polish
Corridor”.
•Made
Germany
angry
because cut
country into
two parts.
•Weimer Republic refused to sign the
Treaty of Versailles - felt too harsh.
•Allies threaten restart war so sign
treaty.
•War ends June 28, 1919.