Transcript 4. The culture of Ukraine (ХIV

Time of the Cossacks-Hetman state. Ukraine
under the reign of the Austro-Hungarian and
Russian Empires.
Plan
1. The Cossacks.
2. National liberation movement under the
leadership of Bohdan Khmelnytskiy. Narrowing of
the autonomy and liquidation of Zaporizhian Sich.
3. Ukraine under the direct imperial Russian rule.
4. Western Ukraine under the Habsburg monarchy.
The Cossacks
 after
1400 that the Cossacks emerge as an
established and identifiable group in historical
accounts
 Cossack society was a loose federation of
independent communities, often merging into
larger units of a military character, entirely
separate from, and mostly independent of,
other nations
 two independent territorial organisations:
Zaporizhia and the Don Cossack State
Hetman was the title used by commanders of
the Ukrainian Dnieper Cossacks from the end
of the 16 century
 Zaporizka Sich was the social and political
and military and administrative organization
of the Ukrainian Cossacks, founded in the
first part of XVI century beyond the Dnieper
banks in the area of Khortitsia island
 by 1618 the Zaporozhians were members of
the Anti-Turkish League
 after 1624 the Cossacks began to devote
their martial energies to land-based
campaigns

View of the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station from
Khortytsia.
The importance of Zaporozhian Cossacks in shaping the
Ukrainian identity means that the Greater Coat of arms of
Ukraine features a Zaporozhian Cossack figure on the right of
the national emblem
National liberation movement under the
leadership of Bohdan Khmelnytskiy.
Narrowing of the autonomy and liquidation of
Zaporizhian Sich.
Khmelnytsky Uprising continued from 1648–1657
or 1654
 Bohdan Khmelnytsky:
• was elected Captain of the registered Cossacks in
Chyhyryn
• organized supporters and plotted an uprising
against the Polish landlords
• he sought the aid of the Crimean Tatars
• was elected by The Cossack Rada as Hetman in
1648

Bohdan Khmelnytsky
•
gained numerous privileges for the Cossacks
under the Treaty of Zboriv
• was abandoned by his former allies the
Crimean Tatars
• in 1654 Khmelnytsky persuaded the Cossacks
to ally with the Russian tsar in the Treaty of
Pereyaslav
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1648
Diminished scope of Polish-Lithuanian control
•
the Treaty of Pereyaslav:
• gave the Ukrainian Cossack state the
protection of the tsar.
• Moscow demanded taxes to be collected from
the Ukrainian people
• Moscow used the Treaty as a ‘backdoor’ to
future Ukrainian internal affairs
• the Cossacks became more and more
integrated into the Russian Empire
 Cossacks gradually lost their independence,
and were abolished by Catherine II in 1775
Ukraine in the membership of Russian and
Austrian empires
During almost 150 years Ukrainians were
under the power of two empires: 80 percent
were subject to the Russian emperor; the
rest settled the empire of Habsburgs.
 Like all empires those of the Russian
Romanovs and the Austrian Habsburgs were
vast territorial conglomerates containing
huge populations of ethnically and culturally
diverse peoples.
 Political power was highly centralized and
vested in the person of the emperor who saw
no need to take into account the views or
desires of his subjects.

Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule.
The Russian empire:
• was one of the biggest in the world.
• differed from other European countries by its
political system.
• tsars-emperors had an unlimited power
• tsars had absolute power over all nationals in all
areas of their life.
• as for the language and culture, the Ukrainians
were closely subjected to Russians
• the government soon began to consider Ukraine
as Russian side.

The Russian Empire in 1866
feature of imperial presence in Ukraine was the
army
• the term of service accounted 25 years
• corruption at which government silently closed
the eyes was everywhere
• Ukrainian lands lost all traces of their national
distinctiveness
• the territories were reorganized into regular
Russian provinces
• the Ukrainian nobility gradually became Russified
• process of enserfment of the peasantry
culminated in 1783 under Catherine
•
 Serfdom
remained until the emancipation of 1861
 the development of industry especially in eastern
Ukraine
 the growing urban centres became highly Russified
• The first modern university in Ukraine was
established in 1805 at Kharkiv
• Universities had a stimulative effect on the
Ukrainian national movement
• Literature became the primary vehicle for the
Ukrainian national revival
•
The most important writer was Taras
Shevchenko:
 was bought out of servitude by a group of
artists
 his poetry reflected a conception of
Ukraine as a free and democratic society
 had a profound influence on the
development of Ukrainian political thought
 his patriotic verse earned him arrest and
years of exile in Central Asia
the revolution in 1905 transformed the
tsarist autocracy into a semiconstitutional
monarchy
 some easing in Ukrainian national life
 Duma in 1906 provided Ukrainians with a
new forum to press their national
concerns

Administrative divisions of Russian Empire
superimposed on map of Ukraine
Western Ukraine under the Habsburg
monarchy.
Halychyna, Bukovina andTranscarpathia were under
the Habsburg monarchy
 striking feature of this empire remained its ethnic
variety
 Zakarpattya was included to the Hungarian part
of the Habsburg’s empire and was isolated from
other Ukrainian lands
 Ukrainians in Austria enjoyed greater
opportunities for their national development and
made greater progress than did Ukrainians in
tsarist Russia

The Austrian Empire








the reforms initiated by Maria Theresa and Joseph II
improved the position of Ukrainians
improvement in the legal and social position of the
Ukrainian urban population
allowance for instruction in the native language
the Greek Catholic church became a major national
and religious, institution
the revolution of 1848 set in motion important
transformations in Galician society
the corvée was abolished in 1848
impoverishment of the Ukrainian peasantry
increased
emigration to the Americas began in the 1880s
there were pro-Russian sympathies among the older
 the Russophiles promoted a hybrid UkrainianRussian language and a cultural and political
orientation toward Russia
 By the outbreak of World War I, Ukrainians in
Austrian part of Ukraine:
 were still an overwhelmingly agrarian and politically
disadvantaged society
 had made impressive educational and cultural
advances
 possessed a large native intelligentsia and an
extensive institutional infrastructure
 achieved a high level of national consciousness

References :

1. Декларація про державний суверенітет України. Прийнята Верховною Радою
Української РСР 16 липня 1990 року. - К. 1991.

2. Акт проголошення незалежності України, прийнятий Верховною Радою
України 24 серпня 1991 року. - К. 1991.

3. Конституція України. Прийнята на п'ятій сесії Верховної Ради України 28
червня 1996 року. - К. 1996.

4. Крип'якевич І. П. Історія України. - Львів, 1990.

5. Полонська-Василенко Н. Історія України. Т. 1-2.-К. 1992.

6. Andrew Wilson. The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation. Yale University Press;
edition (2002).

7. Anna Reid. Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine. London, Orion
Books; 4th impression (1998, preface 2003).

8. Mykhailo Hrushevsky. History of Ukraine-Rus’ in 9 volumes.

9. Orest Subtelny. Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1988).

10. Paul Robert Magocsi. A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press
(1996).
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