Transcript Chapter 5 Slides

Chapter 5
French Louisiane
Themes:
• Louisiana and the World Timeline (pp. 96-97)
• Early Explorations; La Salle Claims
Louisiane (pp. 98-100)
• Pierre Le Moyne; Sieur de Iberville (pp. 100104)
• A New Governor; Economics; French
Government (pp. 104-107)
• A Proprietor (pp. 107-109)
Themes:
• A Proprietor; Growth (pp. 110-114)
• The Code Noir (pp. 115-117)
• A New Governor; Bienville Returns (pp.
118-120)
• Vaudreuil; Kerlerec; End of French
Louisiane (pp. 121-122)
• Review (p. 123)
I. Early Exploration
• European nations began sending
explorers to the New World in hopes of
finding riches.
GLEs:66, 71, 73, 78
A. Hernando De Soto
• De Soto and approximately 600 men landed in
Florida to search for gold.
• They wandered across the southeastern United
States and treated Indians brutally as they hunted
for riches.
• De Soto discovered the Mississippi River, crossed
into Arkansas, discovered Hot Springs, and then
traveled down the Ouachita River.
• De Soto died from fever in southeast Arkansas.
• Few of his men survived, and they had no gold or
riches.
• Europeans did not send another expedition for over
100 years.
De Soto’s Route
II. La Salle Claims Louisiane
• In the late 1600s, Spain, England, and
France established colonies in North
America.
• Spain had colonies in Texas and Mexico.
• The English were establishing colonies
along the Atlantic seaboard.
• France had created New France in
Canada.
La Salle
Claims the
New World
for France
A. La Salle, the Opportunist
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French explorers Marquette and Joliet
discovered the upper Mississippi River while
exploring the Great Lakes region.
La Salle realized he had found the same
river De Soto had found.
La Salle wanted France to establish a
colony at the mouth of the River.
He thought the Gulf Coast would be an ideal
location for a French naval base.
B. Louisiane
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The lower Mississippi had to be explored
before a colony could be established.
King Louis XIV of France gave La Salle
permission to lead an exploration party
down the river.
They traveled from Canada to the Gulf in
two months.
La Salle declared that France owned the
land drained by the Mississippi River and
said it would be known thereafter as
Louisiane, which means “Louis’s land.”
C. Fort Louis
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•
•
•
La Salle returned to France to gather settlers,
supplies, and ships to establish a colony at the
mouth of the Mississippi.
On his return trip, he missed the mouth of the river
and ended up lost in Texas.
He and his men built Fort Louis, but starvation and
hostile Indians took their toll.
La Salle was killed in East Texas by his own men.
**Henri de Tonti
(Read more about it on page 100)
III. Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur de Iberville
• France and England were enemies.
• The French learned the English were
planning to build a colony at the mouth of
the river.
• France was worried about that the English
would travel up the river and invade
Canada.
• Soon France and England were racing to
gain control of the Mississippi River.
GLEs: 65, 66, 72, 78
A. Iberville Comes to Louisiane
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French Minister Pontchartrain chose Sieur
de Iberville to lead the expedition.
Iberville and his brother, Bienville, arrived in
the Gulf of Mexico and anchored at Ship
Island.
B. Finding the Mississippi
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•
Iberville and Bienville explored the mainland
and met the Biloxi Indians.
They searched for and found the Mississippi
River on March 3—Mardi Gras Day!
**What’s in a Name?
(Read more about it on page 101)
C. Baton Rouge and Pontchartrain
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Iberville and a group of Indian guides who were
helping him found a red pole sticking out of the
ground.
Iberville called the area Baton Rouge, or “red stick.”
Iberville and his guides also found a shortcut to the
Gulf and the largest lake he had ever seen. Iberville
named the lake Pontchartrain after his superior, Count
Pontchartrain.
Iberville named the smaller lake after his son, Count
Maurepas, and established Fort Maurepas, the first
French settlement in Louisiane.
Twice, Iberville had to return to France for supplies.
**The Isle of Orleans
(Read more about it on page 102)
D. English Turn
• Bienville entered the Mississippi River and
spotted a large English ship anchored in the river.
• Bienville told the ship’s officers that it was too late
to start a colony because France had already
established one. He also told the English that
they were in danger because French troops were
nearby.
• Bienville claimed the French would attack if they
did not leave.
• The English turned the ship around and left. This
is how that section of the river became known as
English Turn.
E. Fort de la Boulaye
•
Bienville established this fort on land 50
miles upstream from the Gulf of Mexico.
F. Fort Louis de la Mobile and Dauphin Island
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•
Fort Louis de la Mobile became the colony’s
capital, and most of the settlers moved
there.
Dauphin Island was another post built for the
French.
**Life at Old Fort Louis
(Read more about it on page 103)
Early Louisiana Settlements
**Naming Early Forts
(Read more about it on page 103)
G. The Early Colonists
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The most significant problem of the period
was the low population, which consisted of
soldiers, sailors, explorers, voyageurs, and
13 Caribbean pirates.
Voyageurs made their living by paddling
canoes, pirogues, and other boats for
explorers and traders.
IV. A New Governor
• Short on supplies, Iberville returned to
France and found the French at war.
• He was unable to send supplies, and then
he died in Cuba on the return voyage in
1706.
GLEs: 64, 66, 72, 73, 74, 76, 78, 80, 81
**Louisiana Pirogues
(Read more about it on page 104)
Voyageurs
A. Bienville Takes Charge
•
Iberville’s younger brother, Bienville,
became governor at age 22.
B. The Coureurs de Bois
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The lack of European women in the colony was
a major problem.
Coureurs de bois or “runners of the woods”
were hunters and trappers who depended upon
Indians to keep them alive.
They often dressed and acted like Native
Americans and often married Indian women.
Bienville wanted these men to marry French
Christian women and farm the land to end the
chronic food shortage in the colony.
C. The Pelican Girls
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The Pelican Girls were 23 young women
sent from Paris to marry the early
explorers and help the population grow.
**Louisiane’s Fashionistas
(Read more about it on page 105)
V. Economics in Louisiane
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Mercantilism was the belief that each
country or empire should have access to,
and control of, raw materials needed to
build and maintain a healthy economy.
Mercantilism
A. A Closed System
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Mercantilism was a closed system, so
colonists in Louisiane could not trade with
any country other than France.
Louisiane shipped raw materials such as fur,
timber, and indigo to France.
France sent finished goods such as clothing,
furniture, and ink back to the colony.
It was not a very profitable system, and
since it was easier and cheaper to trade with
the Spanish, illegal trade was common.
B. The Fur Trade
•
Fur trading was the main economic
activity, but it was not very profitable.
Bartering
C. Farming
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There was never enough food.
Lack of knowledge, poor soil, flooding,
and few seeds contributed to the
problem, and the period became known
as the Starvation Times.
Indians taught the French how to grow
corn, squash, and beans and how to
hunt and fish.
VI. French Government in the
Colony
•
The top official in the colony was a
governor who was chosen carefully by
the French government.
A. The Commissary
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This official was in charge of
warehouses, trade, and supplies.
Meanwhile, the governor was
responsible for everything else.
The governor and the commissary began
battling over power.
B. Bienville Stays
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Bienville was not popular. He appointed family
members to important positions and used the
colony’s money and supplied as if they were
his own.
He flaunted his power and wealth and feuded
with the commissary.
As a result, he was ordered back to France.
He eventually used his influence and was
reappointed to his former position.
VII. A Proprietor
• The French king grew tired of sinking
money into the colony and getting nothing
but trouble in return.
• He needed to retain control of the
Mississippi River, or England could travel
up it and threaten Canada.
• The king began looking for a proprietor, an
individual who took economic
responsibility for the colony.
GLEs: 65, 66, 70, 71, 72, 75, 77, 81
A. Antoine Crozat
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A monopoly is when a person or group has
exclusive control over the production or sale of
a product or service.
King Louis gave exclusive control of the
Louisiane colony to Antoine Crozat.
Crozat was able to keep all the profits, appoint
officials, and remain exempt from trade tariffs
for 15 years if he met the following conditions:
– He had to give the king 1/5 of any gold found in the
colony.
– He had to send settlers to Louisiane each year.
– He had to buy goods from France and govern the
colony according to French law.
B. Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac
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Cadillac was a hungry, pompous, corrupt man
who loved fancy clothes and wigs.
He was very unpopular but succeeded in
improving the colony and its leadership while
serving as governor.
The Superior Council began as an advisory
group composed of the colony’s leading
officials.
The Superior Council’s power grew and
eventually it served as a legislature and was
able to pass laws.
**Marie Therese Coin Coin
(Read more about it on page 108)
C. Louis Juchereau de St. Denis and Natchitoches
• St. Denis explored much of Louisiane and learned
Indian languages and customs
• Several tribes honored him by tattooing his legs.
• The Caddo called him “Big Leg.”
• St. Denis established an outpost in the western
part of the colony to protect the border against the
Spanish in Texas and Mexico.
• The trading post he established on the Red River in
1714 was Fort St. Jean Baptiste.
• It became Natchitoches, the oldest permanent
settlement in the entire Louisiana Purchase
territory.
D. Los Adaes
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Los Adaes was built to protect Spanish
missions.
It served as the capital of Spanish Texas
for 50 years and created an island of
Spanish culture in western Louisiana.
E. The First Natchez War
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The Natchez murdered four French traders.
Governor Cadillac sent soldiers to punish the
Natchez.
Soldiers forced the Natchez to execute the
guilty warriors, live near Fort Rosalie, and cut
the 2,500 logs required to build the fort.
The effect of these punishments is that
Natchez resentment toward the French grew
even stronger.
Melrose Plantation
Fort St. Jean Baptiste (Natchitoches)
**Bousillage Construction
(Read more about it on page 109)
Bousillage
VIII. A New Proprietor
A. John Law
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He was from Scotland.
He gambled.
He killed a man in a duel.
He traveled to France, established a taxation system,
and started a national bank that slowed inflation.
He created the Company of the West and received a
25-year monopoly over both Louisiana and Canada.
He used a variety of methods, some illegal, to bring
people to Louisiane.
His business interest met with both success and
failure.
Law was involved in many scandals
He lost all his money and died penniless in Italy.
B. Populating the Colony
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Law offered large land grants, or concessions, to
wealthy Europeans.
Those purchasing concessions paid settlers to travel
to Louisiane and work the land for them.
Poor Europeans who couldn’t afford to travel on their
own become redemptioners.
They worked for a merchant or land-owner for three
years to repay their passage to the colony.
During that time, the employer had to provide free
room and board.
At the end of the contract, the employer was to
provide land, tools, and supplies for the
redemptioner so he could start his own farm.
C. Criminals Come to Louisiana
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France didn’t want to lose its best people, so
they began gathering people France didn’t
want and sending them to Louisiane.
People began to view the colony as a penal
(prison) colony.
**The German Coast
(Read more about it on page 111)
**Mississippi River Long Lots
(Read more about it on page 111)
D. Mississippi Bandits
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John Law hired gangs of thugs to seize
homeless, drunk, and street people from the
slums of Paris and other large cities.
The thugs, known as the “Mississippi
Bandits,” forced them onto ships bound for
Louisiane.
E. A Difficult Life
•
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Food shortages, crime, threats of Indian
attacks and diseases took a tremendous toll.
Dangerous wild animals were also a threat.
F. A New Capital
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The capital at Mobile was too far away.
Once New Orleans was established, it
became the new capital.
G. The Company of the Indies
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John Law gained control of the East Indies
Company, which had a monopoly on
France’s Far East trade.
Law merged the East and West companies
and soon had a monopoly over the French
African slave trade.
**The Mississippi Bubble
(Read more about it on page 113)
IX. The Colony Grows
• The colony’s population grew and soon
needed local government.
• Officials divided Louisiana into nine
districts.
• Each district had a fort and settlement, a
commandant, and soldiers for protection.
GLEs: 64, 65, 66, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 80
A. The Ursuline Nuns
•
The Ursuline Nuns established the first
charity hospital and began the colony’s
first school for girls.
Ursuline
Convent
**The Casket Girls
(Read more about it on page )
X. The Code Noir
GLEs: 64, 73,
74, 75, 81
A. Marriage
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According to the Code Noir, blacks and
whites could not live together or get married.
Any children born through interracial unions
were slaves.
Blacks and French colonists were allowed to
marry Indians.
B. Freedom
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The Superior Council had to give
approval if a French man wanted to free
his black wife and children.
Freed slaves who had some French
blood were called les gens de couleur
libres.
C. Cruelty
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Slaves could not be educated, gather in
large numbers in public, or carry weapons.
Recaptured runaways could be branded,
beaten, or have their ears cut off.
A slave who struck his master or ran away
three times could be killed.
Since slaves were unable to testify in
court, owners had little fear of punishment
for their cruel treatment of slaves.
D. Slave Rights
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The Code recognized slaves as humans, so
slaves could not be prevented from marrying.
A child under 14 could not be separated from
his or her mother.
Slaves could not be forced to work on Sundays
or religious holidays.
Owners had to provide adequate food, clothing,
shelter, and medical attention and care for a
slave when he or she was no longer able to
work.
E. Equal Rights
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Freed slaves were equal to whites.
They could buy slaves, own property,
and serve in the government or military.
Because of these rights, many free
people of color were wealthy and
influential.
F. Slave Culture
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Due to centuries of association with
Africa and Africans, the French did not
consider Africans racially inferior;
therefore, the French did not try to
destroy slaves’ native culture like the
English did.
African names, customs, food, language,
and clothing survived better in Louisiane
than in most American colonies.
**Creoles
(Read more about it on page 116)
• The meaning of the term “Creole” has changed
over the years.
• Originally, a Creole was an African slave from
Louisiane.
• Then, children born to French or Spanish
Louisianians were called Creoles.
• Finally, it meant someone of mixed blood.
• Today, Creole is also the name of a language
that evolved in south Louisiana and a term used
to describe buildings or foods of Louisiana
origin.
Gumbo
G. Religion
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Colonists were allowed only one religion:
Catholicism
All slaves had to be baptized.
The Code forbade Jews from entering the
colony.
**Voodoo
(Read more about it on page 117)
• Voodoo is a religion based on a mixture of
Catholic and African beliefs.
• Voodooists believe:
– Nature and natural objects have life.
– There are many spirits.
– Magic, chants, spells, potions and charms
have great power.
Voodoo Queen Marie Laveau’s Tomb
XI. A New Governor
• Due to corruption, Bienville was ordered
back to France and forbidden to return to
Louisiane.
GLEs: 65, 66,
72, 77
A. Etienne de Périer
•
Perier became the colony’s new governor
during the French and Natchez Indian War.
B. The Fort Rosalie Massacre
•
Great Sun and a small group of Natchez
warriors snuck into the fort on November 28,
1729, and attacked the French.
C. The Second Natchez War
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This second war was a civil war for
Louisiane’s Indians because support for the
war was split among Native American tribes.
The war lasted two years.
The Natchez were defeated, and Great Sun
and his people were sent away as slaves.
D. The Natchez Surround Fort St. Jean Baptiste
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The Natchez who had escaped gathered
around the fort and tried to persuade St.
Denis to come out of the fort.
E. “Death to the Natchez!”
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St. Denis and the Indian warriors who
supported him fought back and defeated the
Natchez.
Ten percent of Louisiane’s colonial population
were killed.
Homes and villages were burned.
The Natchez were nearly destroyed.
Other smaller Indian tribes were wiped out.
The Company of the Indies was bankrupt.
Louisiane was once again under populated.
The economy was in turmoil.
XII. Bienville Returns
• After the Natchez War, the King needed
Bienville to return to the colony as its
governor and help bring order to the
colonists.
A. The Chickasaw
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The Chickasaw were friendly with the
English and opposed to the French, so
they united with the Natchez to attack
Pointe Coupee.
Bienville demanded the Chickasaw
Indians living in northern Mississippi give
up the Natchez living with them.
When they refused, the colony was once
again at war.
Chickasaw Warriors
B. The End of the Natchez
•
•
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Bienville recruited slaves to fight and
promised them freedom in return for their
service.
After three years, peace was finally
achieved when the Chickasaw turned
over the surviving Natchez.
The colonists then sent the Natchez to
Saint-Dominique as slaves.
C. The End of the Bienville
1. Bienville was exhausted after three years
of war and asked to be replaced as
governor.
2. He then returned to France.
XIII. Pierre François Rigaud
Cavagnal, Marquis de Vaudreuil
• Vaudreuil followed Bienville as governor and
served for 10 years.
• He was easy going, fun loving, popular with the
upper class, and known as the “Grand Marquis.”
• He led the effort that defeated the Chickasaw.
• He improved the levee system.
• His term was called the Era of Good Feelings.
• Vaudreuil introduced elaborate Mardi Gras
parties that have remained an important part of
Louisiana’s social life. GLEs: 65, 66, 72, 73, 76, 77, 78, 81
XIV. Louis Billouart, Chevalier de
Kerlerec
• Kerlerec was governor during the French
and Indian War.
• Citizens in New Orleans were starving. A
ship with supplies arrived, but the captain
was forbidden by law to enter the colony
because he was Jewish.
• Kerlerec allowed the Jewish captain to
bring supplies into the colony. Ten years
later, Kerlerec was recalled to France and
found guilty of violating the Code Noir.
XV. The End of French Louisiane
• The French and Indian War ended French
rule of Louisiane.
Saint-Domingue
Louisiana’s
Borders
After the
French and
Indian War
A. The Treaty of Fontainebleau
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France signed this treaty with Spain,
which gave control of the colony of
Louisiane to the Spanish.
B. The Treaty of Paris
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•
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This treaty between France and England
gave control of Canada to the English.
At this point, the English controlled all the
land east of the Mississippi River except
the Isle of Orleans.
Spain owned the Isle of Orleans and the
lands west of the river.
**The Florida Parishes
(Read more about it on page 122)
Chapter Review
GLEs: 11