Transcript Chapter 21

Chapter 21
Absolute Power and the
Aristocratic Style
The Catholic
Baroque
Italy and
elsewhere
The Aristocratic France
Baroque
The Protestant Northern
Baroque
Europe
Baroque Art
•
•
•
•
Emotionalism
Illusionism
Splendor
Light and Shade
• Movement
• Religious Fervor
• Domestic
Intimacy
(Cunningham 354)
Bernini, David,
ca.1623
Bernini, David,
ca. 1623
http://www.artexpertsweb
site.com/artists/bernini.sh
tml
Bernini, Pluto and
Proserpine, 1620-22
http://emp.byui.edu/DavisR/202/202C21.html
http://www.students.sbc.edu/mckinney03/gmm/girardon.htm
Girardon, The Rape
of Proserpine, 167799, Versaille
http://www.students.sbc.edu/mc
kinney03/gmm/girardon.htm
• “Like Bernini, Girardon chose to represent
the figures at the height of the story, right at
the moment when Pluto grabs Proserpine
and a struggle ensues. However, when
comparing the two sculptures it is clear that
Girardon is abiding by the rules of French
classicism and restrains his figures. His
figures are graceful and fluid. In the face of
Proserpine, we notice a lack of
emotion.” http://www.students.sbc.edu/mckinney03/gmm/girardon.htm
Absolutism
• “A political theory that
encouraged rulers to claim
complete sovereignty within
their territories.”
(Norton 593)
Absolutist Monarchs
• Possessed a large standing army
• Created a centralized bureaucracy to be
in charge of taxation
• Kept the nobles under control
• adopted expansionist policies—wars,
wars, and more wars
•Spain
Muslims in Spain, 711-1492,
about 800 years
Ferdinand + Isabella
Hapsburg Spain
• “Hapsburg” means “hawk’s castle,” now
ruins
• Under Charles V (1500-58) of Spain, the
Hapsburg reached the peak of their power.
• Charles V’ “universal monarchy” was a
constant menace to France.
(Portrait of the Holy Roman
Emperor, Charles V
Seated. 1548 Oil on canvas,
205 x 122 cm
Alte Pinakothek, Munich)
Hapsburg Spain
• When Charles abdicated (1558), the empire was divided
between the Spanish and Austrian lines. The Spanish
branch ceased to rule after 1700 and the Austrian branch
after 1918.
• Philip II (1556-98) of Spain was a dominant emperor in
the second half of the 16th century
• 1588 the Armada, England won
• 1648 Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648), signing the Peace
of Westphalia afterwards. The Dutch became
independent.
France
France vs. England
• England: Constitutional
Monarchy
• France: Absolutism, advocating
the divine right of kings
The 17th Century
• The Bourbons
– Henry IV (1589-1610)
• Edict of Nantes (religious tolerance)
– Louis XIII (1610-1643)
• Cardinal Richelieu (1624-42)
• Raison d’état
• Centralized government
– Louis XIV (1661-1715 )
• Cardinal Mazarin
Louis IV
• Known as the Sun King
• Represented the height of
absolutism: “L’état, c’est moi”
• Maintained an extravagant court
at Versailles
Rigaud, Louis XIV,
1701, Louvre, Paris
http://www.nd.edu/~artslide/european
art/htmls/euro12.html
Versailles
http://web.mit.edu/sdey/www/pictures/paris/versailles/ver.htm
http://web.mit.edu/sdey/www/pictures/paris/versailles/ver.htm
Bernini, bust of
Louis XIV,
1665,Versailles
http://www.wga.hu/framese.html?/html/b/bernini/gianlor
e/sculptur/1660/louis14b.html
Versailles
• Architect: Louis Le Vau (1612-1670)
• Features of the classical baroque style:
1. spatial grandeur
2. dramatic contrast
3. theatrical display
The Louvre
England
England
• 1066 the Norman Conquest; origin of
the nation state
• 1485 Tudor dynasty
– Henry VII (1485-1509)
– Henry VIII (1509-1547)
– Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
England
• The Stuart Dynasty
• Charles I (1625-1649): an absolutist king,
advocating the divine rights of king, having
clashes with the parliament
• The Puritan Revolution (1642-51): civil war
– Oliver Cromwell (1599-1685)
Van Dyck, Charles I of
England, c.1635,
http://www.ibiblio.org/w
m/paint/auth/dyck/i/charl
es-i.jpg
England
• the Restoration
– Charles II (1660-85): the Merry Monarch
Tories: those who supported the king
Whigs: those who opposed the king
– James II (1685-1688)
– Admired French absolutism
Attempted to restore Roman Catholicism
England
• The Glorious Revolution (1688-1689) : A
peaceful coup of Mary and William
• Bill of Rights (1689):Parliament became
much stronger than before. Britain turned
into a constitutional monarchy.
• 1707 the United Kingdom of Great Britain:
Scotland + England
The Academic Style
• Restraint
• Moderation
• Decorum
(Fiero 535)
The Academic Style
• Girardon (1628-1715)
• Poussin (1594-1665)
• Lorrain (1600-1682)
Girardon, Apollo Attended by the Nymphs, ca. 1666-72,
Versailles, http://www.wga.hu/art/g/girardon/apollon.jpg
Poussin, Et in Arcadia Ego, 1637-39
http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/p/poussin/2a/23arcadi.html
Poussin: Arcadian Shepherds
• Et in Arcadia Ego.
→ “I [death] also dwell in Arcadia”
Poussin: Arcadian Shepherds
• Moral allegory
• Pastoral elegy
• Memento mori
(Fiero 537)
Baroque
Neoclassical
Caravaggio
Poussin
Spontaneity
Senses
Order
Mind
Emotional
Intellectual
Ideal Landscape
• Poussin; Lorrain
• a view of nature more beautiful and
harmonious than nature itself.
• Based on the classical ideals of balance and
clarity
• often contains classical ruins and pastoral
figures in classical dress.
Lorrain, Italian Coastal Landscape, 1642
http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/bio/c/claude/biograph.html
Lorrain, Landscape with Dancing Figures (The Mill), 1648
http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/bio/c/claude/biograph.html
Lorrain, Harbour Scene at Sunset, 1643
http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/bio/c/claude/biograph.html
Poussin, Funeral of Phocion, 1648.
http://www.ariadne.org/studio/michelli/stccl.html
Compare & Contrast
• Ideal landscape (537)
• Dutch landscape (589)
The Aristocratic Style
• Velázquez (1599-1660)
• Rubens (1577-1640)
• Van Dyck (1599-1641)
Velázquez
• The Maids of Honor
Velazquez, Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor), 1656,
http://mil.ccc.cccd.edu/classes/art101/images/S0099186.jpg
Portrait of Pope
Innocent X, 1650
http://multimedia.ame
rican.edu/courses/mm
dd296_fa07/2007/10/
media_appropriation_
collage_1.html
Rubens
•Rape of the Daughters
of Leucippus
Rubens, Rape of
the Daughters of
Leucippus, 1618
http://faculty.evansville.
edu/rl29/art105/img/rub
ens_rape.jpg
• (1) to commemorate the double
marriage of Louis XIII of France to
a Spanish princess and Philip IV of
Spain to a French princess
• (2) a message of (male) power over
(female) privilege
•
(Fiero 539)
The End