Transcript File - Coach Sponsel`s AP United States History

America: A Nutcrackered Neutral
 Reelection in 1804
 War between France and Britain
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Deadlock in Europe
British Pass Orders of Council
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Continental System
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No one trades with France
No one trades with GB
Impressment
U.S.S. Chesapeake
impressment
Impressment
An act of
kidnapping a
ship, its contents,
men and forcing
them into your
navy
1806: England closed
ports under French
control to foreign
shipping (incl. US),
seized US ships &
impressed Americans.
Napoleon ordered
seizure of all
Chesapeake affair
•1806, Chesapeake was a US merchant ship 10 miles off
the coast of Virginia. A British ship in the region ordered
it to stop.
•British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it
surrendered
Chesapeake article
Regarding the Chesapeake
Affair, the Washington
Federalist reported,
“We have never, on any
occasion, witnessed the spirit
of the people excited to so
great a degree of indignation,
or such a thirst for revenge,
as on hearing of the late
unexampled outrage on the
Chesapeake. All parties,
ranks and professions were
unanimous in their
detestation of the dastardly
deed, and all cried aloud for
vengeance.”
Most Americans were angered over this incident
and public opinion was to go to war with the
The Hated Embargo
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Embargo Act of 1807
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Trade with no one
Economy Hurt
Repelled just before leaving office
Showed dependency on Europe
•Jefferson’s
response to the
Chesapeake Affair
was the Embargo
Act of 1807….
•Short of war,
Jefferson
attempted to
defend our
neutrality by
stopping all
American exports
to the world.
embargo1
•Reasoning: Since England and France were at war
with one another and traded for most of their natural
resources with U.S., if we cut off our exports to them it
would force them to respect our neutrality….THIS IS
CALLED ECONOMIC COERCION.
•It would have the reverse effect……
•The Embargo Act not only hurt France and Britain but
it also hurt U.S. trade which was our economic survival
as a nation. As a result, many Americans defied the
law and began to smuggle goods from these countries
as well as others.
•Hurt American businesses
•New Englander’s shift from trade to industry
•U.S. smuggled
•New England talked of secession…..
•Lasted 15 months, repealed in March of 1809
embargo2
embargo2
A Federalist circular in
Massachusetts against the
embargo cried out,
“Let every man who holds the name of
America dear to him , stretch forth his
hands and put this accursed thing, this
Embargo from him. Be resolute, act
like sons of liberty, of God, and your
country; nerve your arms with
vengeance against the Despot
(Jefferson) who would wrest the
inestimable germ of your
Independence from you---and you
shall be Conquerors!!!”
•American people were
hostile towards Jefferson
•Referred to the Embargo
as “Dambargo, Mobrage,
Go Bar Em”….
•Would be replaced by the
Non-Intercourse Act by
President Madison which
allowed U.S. exports and
trade but not with France
and Great Britain……
“Our ships all in motion,
Once whiten’d the ocean;
They sail’d and return’d with a Cargo;
Now doom’d to decay
They are fallen a prey,
To Jefferson, worms and EMBARGO.”
madwar
President James Madison
• Born in Virginia, 1751
•Enlisted in Continental Army
but too small
•Attended Princeton University
and became a lawyer.
•Father of the Constitution and
Bill of Rights.
•Secretary of State during
Jefferson’s Presidency
•President, 1809 to 1817
•Most known for defending US
Neutrality during the War of
1812.
Madison's Gamble
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Madison elected president
Non-Intercourse Act
 Ended embargo against country except France and GB
Macon's Bill No. 2
 Ended Embargo
 Embargo would start again to any nation that had
aggressive behavior
 Napoleon’s response
 Hope was to isolate GB
 Madison takes the bait
 GB does not take the deal
Non-Intercourse Act
1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the
Embargo, which forbade American trade with all
foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France
and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or
French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced
by Macon’s Bill No. 2.
Macon’s Bill No. 2
1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but
offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its
neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly
changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S.
resumed trade with France, but not Britain.
Dupe of Napoleon
•August, 1810: in response,
Napoleon (lying) announced
decrees (stop impressing US ships)
had been repealed
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November, 1810: Madison announces
nonimportation against Britain
 Results in political ties with France
 Major foreign policy mistake
Napoleon
Presidential Election of 1812
War breaks out
again between the
United States and
Britain in 1812.
NEXT
Tecumseh
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Tecumseh (Shawnee warrior) & the
Prophet (brother) formed union of
tribes east of Mississippi to fight white
intrusion
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Supplied by the British
led Indian cultural renewal
1809: General William H. Harrison
appointed as governor of Indiana
Territory by President Jefferson.
President Jefferson instructed
Harrison to convince Tecumseh to
stop attacking American settlements.
Tecumseh vs Harrison
“Sell a country! Why not
sell the air, the clouds and
the great sea, as well as the
earth?
Did not the Great Spirit
make them for the use of
his children?”
Tecumseh
Tecumseh
Tecumseh reflected bitterly
on the white man’s
treatment of his people.
“We gave them forest-clad
mountains and valleys full
of game and in return what
did they give our warriors
and our women? Rum,
trinkets (jewelry) and death”
Tecumseh vs Harrison
William Henry Harrison
“One of those uncommon
geniuses who spring up
occasionally to produce
revolutions and overturn the
established ordered of
things.
If it were not for the vicinity
of the U.S., he would perhaps
be the founder of an Empire
that would rival in glory that
of Mexico.”
madwar
War Hawks
John C. Calhoun
South Carolina
Henry Clay
Kentucky
New members of Congress, John
C. Calhoun and Henry Clay want
war why Great Britain….Why?
•U.S. must defend its neutrality
•Stop impressment
•British forts
•Tecumseh
•Desire for Canada and Florida
•Called 2nd War of Independence
Tecumseh and the Prophet
• War hawks
– Prove they can do what “daddy did”
– Eliminate Native American presence in the
West
• Tippecanoe
• Alliance with the British
Mr. Madison's War
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Warhawks wanted expansion
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Canada
Florida
Declared war on June 1, 1812
Supporters (South and West)
North and Federalist did not want the
war
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Secretly traded with the British
madwar
PRINCIPLES WE FOUGHT
•Defend our neutrality
•Freedom of the seas
•Defend our self interest
Madison brought the US into
this war to defend the neutrality
of the US.
Would this be a violation of
President Washington’s policy of
President James Madison
keeping the US out of war and
neutral?
“Mr. Madison’s War”
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Why Britain, not France?
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Impressment: destroying US economy
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British forts
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Arming of Indians (Tecumseh)
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Desire for Canada
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No respect from British
Was convinced by the War Hawks that this
was a needed war.
“Mr. Madison’s War”
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June, 1812: War Hawks engineer declaration of war
with England.
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Unfortunately, Congress was not aware that London
repealed impressment policy 2 days prior to war
New England opposed to war but Southern/western
states supported the war
US at war vs. most powerful nation, but US divided
Poorly equipped US army initiated military action in
1812 by launching a 3-part invasion of Canada
The British easily repulsed the Americans
On to Canada over
Land and Lakes
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Army poorly equipped and trained
Three Prongs
 Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain
 Non were successful
 British Effective
U.S. Navy
 Frigates (USS Constitution)
 Commodore Perry
 Controlled Great Lakes
 Thomas Macdonough saves New York from
invasion
Map war1812
•US unprepared for
war.
•Failed invasion into
Canada.
•Blockade hurt US
economy…
The Battle of Thames
River, Oct. 5, 1813
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US military victory led by General William H. Harrison
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Tecumseh was killed during this battle
Naval Battles
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The Battle of Lake Erie was probably the most
important naval battle of the war
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After defeating the British, Captain Oliver Hazard
Perry declared, “We have met the enemy and they
are ours”
Thomas Macdonough defeated a British fleet on
Lake Champlain which resulted in a British
retreat
US Naval tradition develops during the War of
1812
Washington Burned and
New Orleans Defended
• Washington burned to the ground
• Baltimore defended
– “The Star Spangled Banner”
• New Orleans defended
– Andrew Jackson
highlights
Washington, D.C. burned by
British, 25th of August 1814
Dolly Madison escaped
from White House and
took many pieces of
art, furniture from the
White House before the
British destroyed it.
Battle of Fort McHenry,
1814
Oh Say Can You See
By the Dawn’s Early Light…
-- Francis Scott Key
highlights
U.S. Flag which flew
over Fort McHenry to
inspire Francis Scott
Key to write the Star
Spangled Banner.
September 13th, 1814
New orleans
•10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi
River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.
•4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were
defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of
Ghent was negotiated to end the war.
New orleans
•Considered greatest
U.S. victory to that
time
•Defeated British’s
best without help
from any country
•Countries gained
respect for the U.S.
after this battle.
•Kept Louisiana
Purchase under the
control of the U.S.
The Treaty of
Ghent
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Ended war
Set prewar borders
The Treaty of Ghent
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War of 1812 is considered a
“stalemate”…Dec. 1814
Peace commissioners in Ghent
devised the following terms of
peace
 A halt to the fighting
 The return of all conquered
territory to the prewar borders
 Recognition of the prewar
boundary between Canada and
the United States
Treaty was ratified by the Senate
Federalist Grievances and the
Hartford Convention
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New England’s grievances with government
 Compensation
 Amendment to change votes needed for
embargos, states added and war
 Abolition of slavery
 1 term presidencies
 Prohibition of 2 Presidents from the same
state
“Virginia Dynasty”
Secession from the union
Death of the Federalist Party
Radical NE Federalists met to discuss their grievances
& find solutions to their problems:
•U.S. Govt. fighting an unnecessary war against the wrong
enemy
•Sought financial assistance from Washington since their trade
was at a standstill because British had placed a blockade
around the Atlantic coastline of US
•New Englanders continued to trade with the British during the
war
•Talked of secession or a separate peace proposal with England
Resolutions adopted by the convention resemble
a modern day political platform:
•Constitutional amendments lessening the powers of
Congress
•restoring Federalist influence by a minority veto
•2/3’s vote before an embargo, new western states could
be admitted and war could be declared.
The Second War for American
Independence
 War against GB not beneficial
 Nationalism
The War’s Legacy
U.S. gained the respect of other nations
 U.S. came to accept Canada as a neighbor and a
part of the British Empire
 The Federalist party came to an end as a national
force
 Talk of nullification and secession in New England
set a precedent that would later be used by the
South
 Gained our neutrality and became isolated from
Europe
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The War’s Legacy
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Native Americans in the West were forced to
surrender large areas of land and move west.
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War heroes such as Andrew Jackson and William
Henry Harrison would eventually become
Presidents.
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More U.S. factories were built
Growth of American nationalism
Enter a time period in our history called the “Era of
Good Feelings”
The War of 1812 won new respect for
America among many British. Michael Scott,
a young lieutenant in the British navy wrote,
“I don’t like Americans; I never did, and never
shall like them…..I have no wish to eat with
them, drink with them, deal with, or consort
with them in any way; but let me tell the whole
truth, nor fight with them, were it not for the
laurels to be acquired, by overcoming an
enemy so brave, determined and alert, and in
every way so worthy on one’s steel, as they have
always proved.
Respect from the Europeans