Transcript Chapter 34

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CHAPTER FOCUS
SECTION 1 The United States
SECTION 2 Latin America
CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
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Overview
• Chapter 34 examines the political,
economic, and cultural developments in the
Western Hemisphere during the 1800s. 
– Section 1 discusses changes in United
States government, westward
expansion, and the Civil War. 
– Section 2 describes the independence
movements in Latin America.
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Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
• describe the growth of democracy in the
United States. 
• trace the expansion of the United States
during the 1800s. 
• analyze causes of the Civil War. 
• identify cultural changes in the United States
during the late 1800s and early 1900s. 
• discuss how colonies in Latin America won
independence, and examine the types of
governments they developed.
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Read to Discover
• What kind of government developed in the
newly formed United States 
• How and why the United States expanded its
boundaries during the 1800s 
• What led to the Civil War in the United States 
• What cultural changes took place in the United
States during the late 1800s and early 1900s 
• How colonies in Latin America won their
independence 
• Why democracy did not develop in Latin
America
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Terms to Learn
• federal 
People to Know
• Abraham Lincoln 
• manifest destiny  • Simón Bolívar 
Places to Locate
• Alamo 
• Rio Grande 
• Haiti
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Why It’s Important
Many changes took place in the Americas
from 1800 to the early 1900s. The United
States more than doubled in size, and its
government was set on a firm base. This
allowed the country to grow industrially and
to become a world power. Latin America,
which is made up of Mexico, Central
America, the Caribbean islands, and South
America, won independence from
European rule. However, colonial traditions
remain strong. So, despite many efforts,
democracy did not develop in most of
Latin America.
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The United States
• After winning independence, the
Americans set up a democratic
government, expanded the boundaries
of their country, fought a civil war, and
reunited the nation at war's end. 
• Industry grew, and by 1900, the United
States was a powerful country.
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Government
• Americans developed a tradition of stable
government, or a government that rules
from year to year without great changes,
that made the United States powerful. 
• By 1800, two political parties, or groups
with different ideas about government,
had come into being. 
• One was the Federalist party, favoring a
strong federal, or national, government. 
• The other was the Democrat-Republican
party, favoring more power for the states.
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Government (cont.)
• The United States also had a tradition of
representative government, a government
in which the people elect officials. 
• With the growing number of voters,
election campaigns changed, becoming
filled with entertainment, advertising,
songs, parades, and slogans.
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The Westward Movement
• At the end of the American Revolution, the
United States claimed most of the land east
of the Mississippi River. 
• After choosing a spot near a stream and a
large settlement or fort, the settlers would
clear the land and build a one-room
log cabin. 
• The Native Americans tried to defend their
lands against the settlers, but were slowly
pushed farther and farther west.
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Territorial Expansion
• In 1803, the United States doubled its land
size by buying the Louisiana Territory from
France for $15 million. 
• In 1819, the United States and Spain
signed the Adams-Onís Treaty, giving
Florida to the United States and setting
the boundary between the Louisiana
Purchase and the Spanish lands to the
south and west.
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Territorial Expansion (cont.)
• Mexico became independent in 1821, and
Mexicans offered people from the United
States free land, especially in Texas, if
they would swear loyalty to Mexico and
become Catholic. 
• Enslavement and other issues soon led to
quarrels between the Americans who
moved to Texas and the Mexican
government.
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Territorial Expansion (cont.)
• Many Americans believed in the manifest
destiny of the United States, or the idea
that it was the fate of the United States to
stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the
Pacific Ocean. 
• In 1845, the United States allowed the
annexation of Texas, the taking over a
territory and combining it with an existing
country or state. 
• Mexico was angry, and by the following
year, the two countries were at war.
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Territorial Expansion (cont.)
• In 1853, the United States bought a piece of
land from Mexico, called the Gadsden
Purchase, to build a railroad to the Pacific. 
• The United States acquired the Oregon
Territory, and American settlers made the
long, hard trip over the Rocky Mountains to
Oregon, which both the United States and
Great Britain claimed. 
• In another large area of land, Alaska,
Russian fur hunters established a
permanent settlement, but when they lost
interest, the territory was sold to the United
States in 1867.
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Civil War and Reunion
• With United States expansion, different
ways of life developed in the northern and
southern states. 
• The northern states were industrialized,
had factories, railroads, and canals, and
labor was done by hired workers. 
• The southern states depended on
agriculture where crops, such as tobacco,
rice, sugar cane, and especially cotton,
were grown on large plantations that used
enslaved labor.
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Civil War and Reunion (cont.)
• In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected
President, and southerners feared he would
try to do away with enslavement and as a
result some states seceded, or withdrew,
from the nation. 
• By 1861, the North and South were
fighting a civil war. 
• In 1865, the North won, the country was
politically united, and 4 million enslaved
African Americans were freed.
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Cultural Changes
• The rise of industry led to urbanization, or
the growth of cities. 
• The lower class, including most
immigrants, lived in old houses or
commercial buildings that had been made
into apartments called tenements or large
groups of tenements called slums. 
• The middle class lived in apartments, row
houses, homes built for two families, or in
single family residences.
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Cultural Changes (cont.)
• The upper class generally lived in huge
homes staffed with servants. 
• Technological advances changed daily life
during the late 1800s and early 1900s.
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Section Assessment
How did elections campaigns
change by the 1830s?
They became filled with entertainment,
advertising, and slogans.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
What were two results of the Civil
War?
The war settled issue of secession
and ended slavery.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment
Do you agree with the settlers’ or the
Native Americans’ ideas about land
ownership? Explain.
Answers will vary.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Recreate the diagram on page 552
of your textbook, and use it show
the causes and effects of the war
between Mexico and the
United States.
Causes–manifest destiny, annexation
of Texas, border disputes; Effects–half
of Mexican lands turned over to U.S.,
Rio Grande as border between U.S.
and Mexico
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Latin America
• While the United States was expanding, the
European-ruled colonies of Latin America
were moving toward independence.
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The First Revolt
• The first major successful revolt against
European rule took place in the French
West Indies on Saint Domingue, the
western part of the island of Hispaniola. 
• Pierre Dominique Toussaint-L'Ouverture,
an educated and freed slave, led a revolt
of enslaved people. 
• In 1804 it became the first free country in
Latin America, and changed its name to
Haiti.
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Revolution Spreads
• The fight for independence in South
America was led by the Creoles, who
resented the peninsulares, who held the
most important government posts. 
• Soon after the French Revolution began,
a Creole named Antonio Narino translated
the Declaration of the Rights of Man and
the Citizen into Spanish, helping to spread
French democratic ideas and inspiring the
people there to revolt. 
• In the northern part of South America,
Simón Bolívar, another Creole, led the
fight for freedom.
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Revolution Spreads (cont.)
• In 1810, Bolívar, known as “The Liberator,”
and other leaders of New Granada
organized a junta, or political committee, to
take over the government. 
• Another Creole, José de San Martín,
joined Creole leaders in La Plata in a
struggle for independence.
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Mexico, Central America, and Brazil
• Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in Mexico
urged his congregation not to submit any
longer to Spanish rule, and led the Native
Americans in revolt in 1810. 
• Another priest, Father José María Morelos
y Pavón, led a second unsuccessful revolt,
and like Hidalgo, was put to death. 
• In 1820, there was a rebel revolt in Spain
to stop forced labor in Mexico and divide
the land among the peasants.
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Mexico, Central America, and Brazil (cont.)
• Central Americans declared their
independence in 1821, later joined together
to form the United Provinces of Central
America, and then split into the present-day
countries of Costa Rica, El Salvador,
Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. 
• A struggle for independence also took
place in Brazil as Brazilians saw no
reason to remain a part of the
Portuguese Empire.
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Rule by Caudillos
• A new kind of leader called a caudillo, or
strong man, rose to power. 
• Most caudillos ruled as dictators and did
not care about improving the lot of the
people. 
• One such caudillo was Antonio López de
Santa Anna, who led troops into Mexico
City and had himself elected president. 
• A different type of caudillo, Benito Juárez,
eventually took Santa Anna's place. 
• He worked to improve the lives of the
people in Mexico.
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Section Assessment
What inspired the people of
Latin America to move toward
independence?
The American and French revolutions
inspired them.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Why did caudillos rule most of the
newly independent nations of
Latin America?
They ruled because Spanish rule had
given the people little training in selfgovernment, and because the
Creoles were aggressive.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Making Inferences Why do you think
Simón Bolívar was known as the
“Liberator”?
He was known as the “Liberator”
because he freed so many countries
in Latin America.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Recreate the diagram on page 558
of your textbook, and use it to show
the accomplishments of key
leaders in the Latin American
struggle for independence.
Answers will vary.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide
• A stable, independent government helped
the United States grow in power. 
• In 1800, political power in the United States
passed from one party to another through a
peaceful election, rather than through war. 
• In 1830, most adult white males in the
United States were able to vote, making it
one of the world’s most democratic
governments at the time.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• As settlers moved westward, they came into
conflict with the Native Americans, who
eventually were forced to live on
reservations. 
• By 1867, the United States had tripled its
size by acquiring the Louisiana Territory,
Florida, the Oregon Territory, almost half of
Mexico’s land, and Alaska. 
• Different ways of life in the northern and
southern states led to the Civil War in the
United States between 1861 and 1865.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• The Civil War resulted in freedom for
enslaved African Americans and the
preservation of the union. 
• Urbanization changed life in the United
States in the late 1800s and early 1900s. 
• The American and French revolutions
inspired the people of Latin America to fight
for independence.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• In 1804, Haiti became the first
independent nation in Latin America.
Other Spanish colonies and Brazil soon
followed its example. 
• The newly independent Latin American
nations lacked a tradition of selfgovernment. As a result, most were ruled by
caudillos.
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Understanding the Main Idea
What was important about the
American election of 1800?
It was the first peaceful passing of
power from one political group to
another.
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Understanding the Main Idea
What did the United States gain by
the Louisiana Purchase?
It doubled its size; gained rich
farmland, minerals, and forests;
and gained control of the
Mississippi River.
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Understanding the Main Idea
What happened to Native
Americans as the United States
expanded its borders?
The government began forcing them
to live on reservations west of the
Mississippi.
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Understanding the Main Idea
How did city life differ for lower-,
middle-, and upper-class
Americans?
Life differed in housing, in jobs, and
in education.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
How did Antonio Narino help
spread French democratic ideas
throughout the Spanish colonies?
He translated into Spanish the
Declaration of the Rights of Man and
the Citizen.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
Why did Father Hidalgo revolt
against Spanish rule?
He revolted because he was upset
about the way the Native Americans
were treated.
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Critical Thinking
What do you think are some ways
the creation of public schools
changed American life?
Answers will vary.
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Critical Thinking
If you lived in Brazil in 1822, would
you have supported the
Portuguese government or the
monarchy? Explain your answer.
Answers will vary.
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Critical Thinking
How did the revolution in Brazil
compare to the revolution in
Mexico? Explain your answer.
Answers will vary, but revolution in
Brazil came about more peacefully
than in Mexico.
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Geography in History
Place Refer to the map of Latin
America on page 555 of your textbook.
The three battle sites marked show
that they were all fought near large
cities. What other things do these
battle sites have in common?
Describe them in a paragraph.
Answers could include that the three
sites are in mountainous regions and
located centrally but are at opposite
ends of the continent.
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Imagine that in Latin America around
1800, no one could translate French.
How would this have changed the
history of the region? Explain.
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
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1803
1822
U.S. buys the
Louisiana
Territory
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Mexico wins
Independence
1804
1861
Haiti
becomes first
independent
country in
Latin America
U.S. Civil War
begins
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Toussaint-L’Ouverture
c. 1774-1803
Haitian Patriot
A self-educated grandson of an African
chief, Toussaint-L’Ouverture led the battle
to free enslaved people in what is now
Haiti. With the help of generals Jean
Jacques Dessalines and Henri Christophe,
he forced the British to withdraw from the
island, and he also resisted a French
invasion. He later was seized by the
French and died in a prison in 1803. His
battle for freedom made Toussaint a
symbol for the fight for liberty.
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Manifest Destiny
The spirit of manifest destiny was
captured in this 1821 speech by
Francis Baylies, a Massachusetts
Congressman. “Our natural boundary
is the Pacific Ocean. The swelling tide
of our population must and will roll on
until that mighty ocean ... limits our
territorial empire.”
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Benito Juárez
Orphaned as an infant, Benito Juárez
spent his childhood tending sheep for
an uncle. At age 12, Juárez walked to
the city of Oaxaca, intent on getting an
education. For a while he worked for a
priest who urged Juárez to enter the
clergy, but Juárez chose law school. In
1853 Santa Anna exiled Juárez, who
then worked for two years rolling
cigars in a tobacco factory in New
Orleans.
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Cotton
Cotton remains a vital part of the
Southern economy, providing $6.4
billion in annual revenue. Cotton is the
largest cash crop in Alabama and is
also important to the economies of
Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana,
Tennessee, and Georgia.
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Brazil
In land area, Brazil is now the fifthlargest nation in the world. It covers
an area greater than that of the 48
contiguous states of the United States.
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