Transcript spanishfrenchandenglishcolonies-120721114252

Exploring and Colonizing
North America
Spain, France, and
England
■Essential Question: What are
the similarities & differences
among the Spanish, French, &
British patterns of colonization in
North America?
America Prior to the
Arrival of Europeans
Early Human Migrations
1st Migration, 38,000-1800 BCE
2nd Migration, c. 10,000-4,000 BCE
3rd Migration, c. 8,000-3,000 BCE
Eastern Woodland Cultures
■Along the Atlantic Coast of North
America, Native Americans lived
in smaller, mobile bands:
–Farming was supplemented by
hunting and gathering
–Eastern woodland Indians were
likely the first natives to be
encountered by English settlers
Locations of Major Indian Groups
and Culture Areas in the 1600s
When Worlds Collide
What was the impact of Spanish,
French, and English settlement in
North America on Native Americans?
Voyages of European Exploration
European
movement
Exploration:
Direct Causes = 3 G’s
■Political:
Become a world power through
gaining wealth and land. (GLORY)
■Economic: Search for new trade routes
with direct access to Asian/African luxury
goods would enrich individuals and their
nations (GOLD)
■Religious:
spread Christianity and
weaken Middle Eastern Muslims. (GOD)
The 3 motives reinforce each other
European
explore
EFFECTS
•Europeans reach and settle Americas
•Expanded knowledge of world geography
•Growth of trade, mercantilism and
capitalism
•Indian conflicts over land and impact of
disease on Indian populations
•Introduction of the institution of slavery
•Columbian Exchange
NEW
WORLD
OLD
WORLD
Columbian Exchange or the transfer of goods
involved 3 continents, Americas, Europe and Africa
* Squash
* Turkey
* Cocoa
* Peanut
* Avocado
* Pumpkin
* Pineapple
* Tomato
* Peppers
* Tobacco
* Cassava
* Vanilla
* Olive
* Coffee Beans * Banana
* Onion
* Turnip
* Honeybee
* Grape
* Peach
* Sugar Cane
* Citrus Fruits * Pear
* Wheat
* Cattle
* Sheep
* Pig
* Flu
* Typhus
* Measles
* Diptheria
* Whooping Cough
* Sweet Potatoes
* Quinine
* POTATO
* MAIZE
* Syphillis
* Rice
* Barley
* Oats
* HORSE
* Smallpox
* Malaria
The Columbian Exchange
Old World to New World
New World to Old World
Diseases
Smallpox, Measles, Chicken Pox Syphilis
Malaria, Yellow Fever,
Influenza, The Common Cold
Animals
Horses, Cattle, Pigs, Sheep
Goats, Chickens
Turkeys, Llamas, Alpacas, Guinea Pigs
Plants
Rice
Wheat
Barley
Oats
Coffee
Sugarcane
Bananas
Melons
Olives
Dandelions
Daisies
Clover
Ragweed
Kentucky Bluegrass
Corn (Maize)
Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties)
Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties)
Tobacco
Peanuts
Squash
Peppers
Tomatoes
Pumpkins
Pineapples
Cacao (Source of Chocolate)
Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum)
Papayas
Guavas
Avocados
The Spanish Colonies
in America
■ Started in Caribbean, then Central and South
America—most important was conquest of
Aztecs by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro
(1531)
■ First permanent colonies in what will become
United States are founded by Spain
– St. Augustine (Florida) is founded (1565) to
protect Spanish treasure fleets
Georgia
A World Transformed
■Native Americans were eager for
European trade; they were not
initially victims of Spanish
exploration
■They became dependent on and
indebted to Europeans
■Disease decimated perhaps 95%
of Native American population
Cycle of Conquest &
Colonization
Explorers
European
Colonial
Empire
Permanent
Settlers
From Plunder to Settlement
■By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards
immigrated to the New World
–Mostly unmarried males came to
New World;
intermarriage
Whites
from Spain led to
mixed-bloodWhites
mestizos
born &
in mulattos
America
–Distinguished between social
classes: peninsulares & creoles
–The Spanish gov’t operated
strict control over the colonies
The Spanish used the encomienda system to
Spanish
Conquests
&
Colonies
create large cash crop plantations using
Native
American
& African
slave labor
Spanish
missionaries
focused
heavily on converting Native
Americans & establishing missions
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Spanish
ancestory
Mestizos
Spanish
and Indian
mixture
Native Indians
Creoles
Spanish and
Black
mixture.
Mulattos
White
American
and Black
mixture
Black Slaves
What type of relationship existed
between the Spanish and the Native
Americans living in N.Am?
■ Native people learned about new tools,
grow food, raise sheep
■ Many converted to Catholicism
■ Spanish learned new farming techniques
■ Harsh treatment of Native Americans for
slave labor
■ Beating of those who did not convert
■ Disease, death
■ Rebellion
Hernando Desoto – Spanish Explorer
■ Explored Southeast
region of America in
1540.
■ Encountered numerous
Creek Indian tribes in
Georgia, as well as food
such as peaches.
■ Crossed Chattahoochee,
Flint, Ocmulgee, Oconee,
and Savannah Rivers.
Hernando de Soto
Spanish Settlements in Georgia
■
■
■
■
From 1578 to 1583 the Spanish Catholics
built two separate chains of missions.
One led from San Augustin north along
the Atlantic coast, into present day
coastal Georgia. The Guale tribes were
temporarily subdued near what is St.
Catherine’s Island today.
In 1597 the Franciscans in Guale
interfered with the mission Indians once
too often and they rebelled. The missions
along coastal Georgia were destroyed and
most of the friars murdered before
soldiers stopped the uprising by 1601.
Although the Yamasees and Lower
Creeks sought Spanish protection in the
following years, and Spanish Indians
continued to harass English settlers along
the southern frontier, Spain's plans for
hegemony in the Southeast disappeared
along with the missions.
More info on Spanish missions in
Georgia HERE!
Spanish empire by
the 1600’s
consisted of



Southern part of
North America
Central America
Caribbean Islands
Most of outer
South America

The French Colonies
in America
■ French settle Quebec
(1608) & Montreal
(1642) and what would
become Canada
– Control St.
Lawrence River &
access to interior of
North America
– Develop a fur trade
The French Claim Canada
■In 1608, Samuel de Champlain
founded Quebec; French Empire
eventually included St. Lawrence
River, Great Lakes, Mississippi R.
■The French gov’t strictly controlled
the colonies but made little effort to
encourage settlement
■Because the fur trade was the
basis of their colonial economy,
Indians became valued trading
partners (not exploitive like Spain)
What was the relationship between
the French and Native Americans
living in North America?
■ Business partners
■ Friendly
■ Huron (in Canada) were close allies
■ Enemies with Iroquois (on East coast
with British colonies)
■ Diseases killed many
Like Spain, the French gov’t
encouraged converting Native
Americans & establishing missions
The English Colonies
in America
English settlements
■Cabot & New Foundland 1582
■Sir Walter Raleigh attempts to
colonize off the coast of North
Carolina in 1585.
■Establishes the colony of
Roanoke
■Second attempt in 1585 with 150
men and women
Lost Colony of Roanoke
■Spanish Armada delays supply
until 1590
■No settlers found but buildings
are standing
■CROATOAN – written on fence
post.
■Unsolved mystery
What was life like in Jamestown?
■Difficult
■Swamp area with disease
carrying mosquitoes
■Laziness from settlers
■John Smith took over during the
starving time
■Native Americans refuse to trade
during this time
The English Colonies
■In the 1600s, English settlers
arrived in North America
–English colonization differed
from Spanish & French because
the English gov’t had no desire
to create a centralized empire in
the New World
–Different motivations by English
settlers led to different types of
colonies
Migrating to the English Colonies
■17th century England faced major
social changes:
–The most significant was a
boom in population; Competition
for land, food, jobs led to a large
mobile population (vagrants?)
–People had choices: could move
to cities, Ireland, Netherlands, or
America (but this was most
expensive & dangerous)
Migrating to the English Colonies
■Motives for migration to America:
– Religious: purer form of worship
– Economic: Escape poverty or
the threat of lifelong poverty
– Personal: to escape bad
marriages or jail terms
■ Migration to America was
facilitated by the English Civil War
& Glorious Revolution
The Stuart Monarchs
Fort King George
■ First British garrison of the Georgia
colony, is located in Darien, at the
mouth of the Altamaha River.
■ Established in 1721 to 1732 as the
southernmost outpost of British
North America.
■ Protected Carolina colony against
Spanish and French as well as
possible attacks by the hostile
Guale Indians.
■ Poor living conditions and a fire
that destroyed the fort in 1726 led to
its disbandment.
Click HERE for a more
complete story of Ft.
King George!
From New Georgia Encyclopedia – Fort King George, http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2481
Types of Colonial
Settlements
Three types of colonial settlements
Trading Post
Colony
Plantation
Colony
Settler colony
Used to trade items
For example, French fur
traders
Grow and sell cash Settlers establish new towns and
crops, such as rice, settlements, but linked to their
indigo, tobacco,
mother country by trade and
government.
Did not require a lot of
money.
Required more
money to maintain
and build.
Required more money to build the
towns and settlements.
More difficult to protect.
Set up along a water trade
route.
Easier to protect
Easy to protect
Set up along a water trade
route.
Set up on large
areas of land.
Set up along the water for
irrigation use and trade.
European colonization in
North America
Spain
France
England
Plantation colonies in
the Caribbean, Florida,
and Mexico.
Trading post colonies in
St. Lawrence, Great
Lakes, and Mississippi
regions.
Plantation colonies in
Southern English
colonies.
Spanish missions
converted Indians to
Christianity by force,
and governed the
colonial settlements.
Georgia’s coastal
barrier islands served
as sites of Spanish
missions.
Port of New Orleans
controlled trade in the
Gulf of Mexico,
threatening Spanish
shipping in the area.
Fur traders expanded
networks throughout all
of the Southeastern
tribes.
Settler colonies
Jamestown based at
first on trading, then
later became known as
a religious settlement.
Fort King George at
Darien, GA was
southern-most outpost
to protect Charlestown,
South Carolina from
Spanish attacks.
By the early 1600s, Spain, England, & France
had large territorial claims in North America
(but these colonies were not heavily populated,
especially in Spanish & French claims)
These colonial claims came largely
at the expense of the Native
Americans already living there
Colonies in North America
Spanish Colonies
French colonies
English colonies
Mexico, present day Florida,
South western part of South
America
Inland part of North America
and the St. Lawrence river.
They set up a variety of
colonies in Canada and along
the coast of the Atlantic
Ocean.
Controlled their colonies with
viceroys.
Controlled their colonies
loosely. Few settlers moved to
New France, because it was
so rocky, and the temperature
was so cold.
Built for profit and others built
them for religious freedom.
Use of Native American labor
to work on the large farms.
French got along better with
the Native Americans than any
other European country.
English settlers pushed Native
Americans off their land.
Treated the Native American
harshly.
Fur traders
England and Spain were the
two main powers in the
Americas.
Harsh treatment of the Native
Americans, Europeans
diseases claimed their lives
Live among the Native
Americans and respected their
culture.
Did not want to convert the
Native Americans, they just
wanted their land.
Use of African slaves.
Focused on Christianity.
Touted religious freedom
England sent governors to rule
over their colonies.
Spanish, French, & English
Colonial Patterns?
■ Answer the following essential question:
– What were the advantages &
disadvantages of Spanish, French, &
English colonial patterns in terms of
long-term colonization in America?
■ Create a chart with your ideas.
■ Submit your chart in the 2.B Dropbox.
Advantages
for long-term
colonization
Spain
France
England
Disadvantages
for long-term
colonization