Transcript the war to end all wars

UNIT 13
WORLD WAR I
“THE WAR TO END ALL WARS”
What caused this war?
• There are four M.A.I.N. causes of World War I
• Militarism
• The belief that a nation needs a large military force.
• Major build up of armies and navies led to threats that caused tensions among
neighbors
• Alliances
• Central Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria
• Allied Powers- Great Britain, France, Russia, Serbia and others
• Imperialism
• Competition over gaining colonies and resources!!!
• Nationalism
• Placed countries’ interests above all other concerns
• Some ethnic groups hoped to form their own nations.
Nationalism Continued…
• Nationalism can bring nations together but it can also be a major source of
conflict.
• Russia – The largest Slavic country encouraged Pan-Slavism (tried to draw
together all Slavic peoples)
• Serbia wanted to participate in Pan-Slavism. (Serbia declared in 1878 and wanted to ally with
Russia.)
•
•
•
•
Austria-Hungary opposed Slavic national movements.
What is going on with the city of Sarajevo?
Thus intense animosity between Serbia and Austria-Hungary
Thus setting the stage for the catalyst of World War I.
Austria's Archduke Franz Ferdinand, died
wearing this uniform in Sarajevo on June 28,
1914
“The Spark”
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s
Assassination
• Sarajevo, (Bosnia) AustriaHungary
• Gavrilo Princip
• The Black Hand
• The Next Slide will provide
details
• It seemed like a bad idea for Austrian
Archduke Franz Ferdinand to make a
trip to Bosnian city of Sarajevo.
• After all, Austria had taken over Bosnia
just six years earlier, and many
Bosnians were still bitterly opposed to
Austrian rule.
• Bosnia happened to be home to many
Serbs (from Serbia…which is located
just south of Austria Hungary)
• Furthermore, they chose the worst day
to announce a visit, A Serbian festive
holiday…
• Gavrilo Princip, a member of a Serbian
national group, (The Black Hand) will
get a second opportunity at becoming
the notorious figure who fires the “first
bullet” of WWI.
Artstetten Castle, just outside of
Vienna
•
•
• Nationalistic Feelings
caused periodic
waves of violence
ThehadOttoman
Empire
and against Armenians.
Muslim Turks distrusted the Christian Armenians for a couple of reasons
Thesupported
Balkan
Region
1) Turks believed they
Russia
against the Ottoman Empire
2) ManyEmpire
Armenianswas
protested
oppressive Ottoman policies
The Ottoman
on theagainst
decline
The Result:
Before it had
a stronghold
on theonBalkan
nations,How
butbad?
over time,
• Turks
unleash a massacre
the Armenians.
Over 1 million Armenians would be murdered
control had weakened.
(1915-1923)
• Many of the territories in the Balkans wanted to declare their
independence.
• Other nations wanted a piece of the crumbling empire like a
buffet…
• The Armenian Genocide
8 Steps to War
Not to be confused with the 8 Fold Path 
1. Ferdinand assassinated – (This became the final straw between
Austria-Hungary and Serbia)
2. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
3. Russia (Serbia’s Ally) mobilizes its troops for war
4. Germany (Austria-Hungary’s Ally) declares war on Russia
5. Germany declares war on France (Russia’s Ally) and prepares to
invade Belgium
6. Britain, who pledged to protect Belgium, declares war against
Germany
7. Austria-Hungary declares war against Russia
8. France and Britain declares war on Austria-Hungary
Time to “Show Off” our Industrialized “Stuff”
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
New technologies changed warfare forever.
Many of the recent inventions
Internal combustion engine
Airplane
Communications devices
Automatic machine guns
Poison gas
Advancements in submarine warfare
The tank (though the tank appears in World War I, it doesn’t play the
significant role it will in WWII)
The Schlieffen Plan
Overview
•In 1914, Germany believed war with Russia was
extremely likely. If war broke out, Germany
assumed France would also attack as she was both
an ally of Russia and keen for revenge for her
defeat in the Franco-Prussian war.
•If this happened, Germany would face a war on
two fronts. Germany wanted to avoid this at all
costs.
•Germany planned to defeat France rapidly and
then turn to the eastern front for a major offensive
on Russia. This was the basis for the Schlieffen
Plan.
•The Germany Army Chief of
Staff, Alfred von Schlieffen was
asked to plan a way of
preventing a war on two fronts.
His initial plan was produced
late in 1905. He believed that
it was a priority to defeat
France quickly, forcing them to
surrender before Russia had a
chance to mobilize her armed
forces.
Trench Warfare
• Trenches were dug where troops huddled at the bottom.
• For more than three years, the battle lines almost
remained unchanged
• When soldiers did leave the trenches they were
subjected to heavy artillery and clouds of poisonous gas
Key Battles on the “Western Front”
•
•
•
•
•
•
“BLOODY VERDUN”
Battle of Verdun
The longest battle of the war
10 months long!
Germans wanted to lead an assault on
the French fortress of Verdun.
The goal was to cripple the morale of
the French by taking the famed
fortress (history dates all the way back
Roman times)
Nearly 1 million casualties between
them
However, not much was accomplished
in terms of advancement.
Key Battles on the “Western Front”
Battle of the Somme
•
•
•
•
WWI’s deadliest Battle
Over 1.2 million casualties
Despite the losses, the allies only gained approximately 7 miles!
British launch their own attack with the intentions of pulling the Germans from Verdun
Knights of the Sky
• The New Knights - The ACE
• A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down
five or more enemy aircraft, during aerial combat.
• Oswald Boelcke
• Over 40 kills for Germany… Appeared in every major publication
• Despite the success of Boelcke, his protégé was the one man you did NOT
WANT to see in the skies…
• Manfred Von Richtoffen (The Red Baron) had over 80 kills
• France’s top pilot was Rene’ Fonck with 75
• Eddie Rickenbacher finished with 26
Red Baron Pizza
• In 1915, Richthofen was assigned to the flying service by his
request. Throughout his career, Richthofen would often wake
up minutes before he was to take flight – too late for a preflight meal.
• Engineers eventually fastened an aluminum plate to the
plane, just inches above the engine to create a cooking
surface. The cooks at the airfield prepared pizzas and froze
them for him. When Richthofen woke up, he would dress,
grab a frozen pizza, and then rush out to his plane.
• Once he was at the plane, Richthofen would place the frozen
pizza on the aluminum plate and take off for his mission. Four
and a half minutes later, Richthofen would enjoy a crisp
supreme pizza.
• Although Richthofen enjoyed the supreme pizza, it was MeatTrio that was his favorite.
• During the 1970s, the Schwan Food Company learned of
Richthofen’s routine and became enamored with the story.
They began selling pizza to schools under the name of Red
Baron pizza.
America’s Path to War
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Woodrow Wilson
“He kept us out of war”
U-boats and submarine warfare by the Germans
The Lusitania 1,198 people dead (128 Americans)
Why?
Final Blow…
Zimmerman Telegram
Proposal to Mexico to ally with Germany
Incentive for Mexico?
To get back territory it had lost earlier to the US
U.S. Entry in WWI
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Why Neutral?
U.S. wasn’t ready for war. Needed a draft. (The Selective Service Act)
Women served in the military for the 1st time in American history
Fate-Destiny? Russian’s will be bowing out of the war?
Why?
Revolution?
Had it not been for the United States, the outcome of the War may have been
drastically different.
The Russian Revolution
• Leader of Russia in 1914 is the Czar,
Nicholas II
• Russia is in economic chaos
• Food Shortages, riots, soaring inflation
added to the hostility
• People were beginning to blame Nicholas II.
• Nicholas II thought the war would rally the
citizens behind their government
• As Nicholas II anticipated, people did line up
to join the military…
• However numerous problems would arise
setting the stage for a recipe for
revolution…
The Recipe
• The military was ill equipped
• The factories could not produce the ammunition fast enough
• Russian army sustaining heavy losses despite fighting a smaller
German army
• This led to the Czar wanting to take control of the military.
• The problem is the Czar “understood literally nothing about
military matters”
• So Nicholas II set off to advise the military in person.
• Problem: He leaves his unpopular wife, Czarina Alexandra in
control of the country
• She would rely on the advice of Grigory Rasputin… A self
proclaimed holy man and healer whom the Russians viewed as
corrupt and immoral.
• Eventually by the end of 1916, a new regime will rise to take
over
1916: Rasputin murdered
Grigory Rasputin, a self-fashioned Russian holy man, is
murdered by Russian nobles eager to end his sway over the
royal family. Rasputin won the favor of Czar Nicholas II and
Czarina Alexandra through his ability to stop the bleeding of
their hemophiliac son, Alexei. Although the Siberian-born
peasant was widely criticized for his lechery and
drunkenness, he exerted a powerful influence on the ruling
family of Russia.
He particularly influenced the czarina, and when Nicholas departed to lead Russian forces in World
War I, Rasputin effectively ruled Russia through her. In the early hours of December 30, 1916, a
group of nobles lured Rasputin to Yusupovsky Palace, where they attempted to poison him. Seemingly
unaffected by the large doses of poison placed in his wine and food, he was finally shot at close range
and collapsed. A minute later he rose, beat one of his assailants, and attempted to escape from the
palace grounds, where he was shot again. Rasputin, still alive, was then bound and tossed into a
freezing river. A few months later, the imperial regime was overthrown by the Russian Revolution.
• The Czar would be overthrown by a provisional government
(emergency/temporary government.)
• Then that government will be overthrown… Wait a minute say that again?...
• Yes. A 2nd Overthrow. This time by a group called the Bolsheviks.
• The Bolshevik Revolution
• But First… The Background…
• 1848- Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels write
“The Communist Manifesto”
• History was a class struggle between wealthy
capitalist and the working class (proletariat)
• In order to make profits, the capitalist took
advantage of the proletariat
• The proletariat would eventually rise up and
overthrow the capitalist system, creating their
own society
• The proletariat society would take control of
the means of production and establish a
classless, communist society, in which wealth
and power would be equally shared
• Thus the ideas behind The Communist
Manifesto, would become the backbone of the
Bolshevik Revolution
Marxist Socialism
The Roots of
Communism
•Socialism and communism are both economic systems (the production, distribution, and
Thegoods
Bolshevik
use of wealth) that require that
be owned inRevolution
common, instead of privately.
•The difference between the two systems is in the fact that socialism covers a wide range
•
Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky will lead the Revolution
of political systems, including communism, whereas communism is a strict interpretation
•
They both adopted Marx’s thoughts but adapted them to fit Russia.
of socialism.
•
The Difference between Socialism and Communism…
•While socialism advocates communal ownership of industry, it does so in two ways: either
•
Promises – “Peace, Land, and Bread” & the end to war
in the form of state ownership or else in the form of ownership by the workers themselves.
•
The Bolsheviks will be later called communists.
•Communism, on the other hand, allows for only one form of the communal endeavor: state
•
Communism - a political system in which the government owns key parts
ownership through
a small group
of political
elite. property (China, Korea, Cuba,
of the economy
and there
is no private
•CommunismLaos,
alsoVietnam)
goes one step further than socialism in that the Communist state not
only •controlsLenin
the economy,
all areas
withdrawsbutRussia
fromofthesociety.
war The former Soviet Union is an example
of... •
Signs the Brest-Litovsk Treaty giving a large amount of Western Russia to
Germany
•
Lenin is able to stay in power with the assistance of “The Cheka”
•
Why would Russia being out of the war create a major concern for the
allied powers?
Communism
Socialism
Capitalism
Costs of the War
•
•
•
•
•
•
World War I became a war of
attrition, or a war based on
wearing the other side down by
constant attacks and heavy losses.
Germany is forced to sign an
armistice (cease-fire)
About 8.5 million soldiers died in
this war
Nearly 21 million were wounded
13 million civilians died
War cost nations about 332 billion
dollars!
Treaty of Versailles
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
World War One ended at 11am on 11th November 1918.
In 1919 “The Big Four” met
David Lloyd George of England
Vittorio Orlando of Italy
George Clemenceau of France
Woodrow Wilson from the US
Met to discuss how Germany was to be made to pay for the damage
world war one had caused.
Treaty of Versailles
“One harsh punishment”
Military Clauses
•
•
•
•
Army - was to be reduced to 100,000 men and no tanks were allowed
Navy - Germany was only allowed 6 ships and no submarines
Air Force - Germany was not allowed an air force
Rhineland - The Rhineland area was to be kept free of German military personnel and
weapons
Territorial Clauses
• Anschluss - Germany was not allowed to unite with Austria.
• Colonies would be controlled by the League of Nations
Economic Clauses
• Germany will be forced to make reparations, or payments to the nations that won the
war
Wilson’s 14 Points (The First Seven)
1. Open Diplomacy - There should be no secret treaties between powers
2. Freedom of Navigation - Seas should be free in both peace and war
3. Free Trade - The barriers to trade between countries such as custom
duties should be removed
4. Multilateral Disarmament - All countries should reduce their armed forces
to the lowest possible levels
5. Colonies - People in European colonies should have a say in their future
6. Russia - Russia should be allowed to operate whatever government it
wanted and that government should be accepted, supported and
welcomed.
7. Belgium - Belgium should be evacuated and restored to the situation
before the war.
Wilson’s 14 Points (The Second Seven)
8. France - should have Alsace-Lorraine and any lands taken away during the war
restored.
9. Italy - The Italian border should be readjusted according to nationality
10. National Self -Determination - The national groups in Europe should, wherever
possible, be given their independence.
11. Romania, Montenegro and Serbia - Should be evacuated and Serbia should have
an outlet to the sea
12. Turkey - The people of Turkey should have a say in their future
13. Poland - Poland should become an independent state with an outlet to the sea.
14. League of Nations - An assembly of all nations should be formed to protect world
peace in the future.
Versailles Nuggets
• Germany expected a treaty based on these fourteen points.
• However, negotiations between the 'big four' did not go smoothly.
• Wilson believed that his fourteen points was the only way to secure
everlasting peace.
• The French however, wanted the defeated nations to be punished
severely and believed Wilson's plan too lenient.
• Privately Lloyd George sided with Wilson
• However, the British public, like Clemenceau, wanted Germany punished
severely.
• Lloyd George knew that if he sided with Wilson he would lose the next
election.
The Aftermath or WWI
• In the aftermath of World War I, the political order of Europe came crashing to the
ground.
• The German, Austro-Hungarian, and Russian empires ceased to exist, and the
Ottoman Empire soon followed them into oblivion.
• New nations emerged, borders were radically shifted, and ethnic conflicts erupted.
• Victors and vanquished alike faced an enormous recovery challenge after four years
of financial loss, economic deprivation, and material destruction.
• Amid this chaotic situation, the leaders of the victorious coalition assembled in
Paris to forge a new international system that would replace the old order.
• The decisions they made would determine the future of Europe, and much of the
rest of the world, for decades to come.
Modern Warfare
New Nations Emerge
After
WWI
END NUGGETS
• When Marshal Foch of France learned of the Versailles Treaty's contents,
he reportedly complained, “This is not peace. It is an armistice for
twenty years.”
• As it turned out, he was uncannily accurate in his prediction of when
humanity would be plunged into a second world war.
• World War II was a conflict that would surpass its predecessor in the
number of deaths and injuries, the extent of physical destruction, and the
geographical area affected.
• The terrible experiences of World War II have tended to overshadow the
memory of the war that broke out in the summer of 1914.
• But World War I unquestionably represented a major turning point in
history, and its consequences are still felt throughout the world.