Transcript This vast continent which the seas surround will soon

Important Dates
• Political Cartoon: Monday, February 10th
• Matching vocabulary and IDs quiz – ALL
sections, all terms and peopld, and any
terms referred to during lectures:
Thursday, February 27th
• Chapter 23 Test: Tuesday, March 4th
• Practice FRQing TBA throughout chapter
• Napoleon: The Man vs. The Myth
Activity date TBA
“This vast continent which the seas
surround will soon change Europe
and the universe.” Unknown, 1789
1. What continent/country is the writer
speaking about?
2. What kind of change may the writer be
speaking about?
3. Would kings and commoners have
viewed this change in the same way?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXsZb
kt0yqo
CHAPTER 23
The French Revolution
1789-1815
Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité
SECTION 1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LkF61DeYD24
• Life in 1700 France:
– Most advanced country in Europe
– Large population and prosperous trade
– Unrest between the wealthy and poor exists
– Reasons for unrest:
• bad harvests
• inflation
• high taxes
• Enlightenment ideas: liberty, equality, democracy, and
individualism
The Old Order
• Citizens divided into 3 social classes (Estates)
• Clergy (1st estate) rich and poor = less than 1%
• Nobles (2nd estate) inherited their titles wealth came from the land. Some
nobles had little money, but had all the privileges of noble rank = less than
2%
• Everyone else (3rd estate) wealthy merchants, doctors and lawyers,
shopkeepers, urban poor, and peasants = 97%
• Taxes paid:
– 1st = 2%
– 2nd = 0%
– 3rd = 50%
Estates
• Clergy: owned 10 percent of land and
provided for education and relief services for
poor
• Nobles: owned 20 percent of land and paid no
taxes
• Both C and N scorned the Enlightenment ideas
• Why?
3rd Estate
• Three economic groups makeup 3rd estate
• Bourgeoisie (middle class): educated, owners,
merchants, professionals
– Some rich as nobles, but paid high taxes
• Workers: poorest of society
• Peasants: largest group (80%)
– Paid about ½ of income to nobles, Church, and
taxes
• Third estate was eager for change – revolution
Political Cartoon Assignment: 20 points
Using the informational graphs on page 652 and economic equality data you
gather from 2012, create a political cartoon that compares to the one below.
Your cartoon should include your own neo-estates (new estates from today’s
society) that illustrates how our world compares to the time period of the
French Revolution. Notice the one below contains no words – only an
illustration. Your cartoon may or may not use labeling or words (for dialogue,
emphasis, etc.)
Style: Your cartoon should be in color, and on white paper pasted onto a hard,
construction paper-like backboard.
Forces of Change Inspire 3rd Estate
• New ideas about government
– Enlightenment (Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu,
Voltaire)
– Inspiration from the American Revolution
– Equality, Liberty, Justice
Forces cont…
• Economic troubles
– Economy in decline (1780s)
– Burden of high taxes make
business an impossibility
– Cost of living rises
– Crop failures due to weather
result in high bread prices
– Starvation
• Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette:
– Spending problem
– Louis inherited debt
– Borrowed money to help with
American Rev.
Emanuel-Joseph Sieyes
• Clergyman
• Suggests 3rd Estate name themselves the National Assembly
– Pass laws and reforms for French people
• June, 1789: 3rd estate agrees and ends absolute monarchy’s
rule
– Begins representative government
– First deliberate act of revolution
• “The Third Estate embraces then all that which belongs to the
nation; and all that which is not the Third Estate, cannot be
regarded as being of the nation. What is the Third Estate? It is
everything.” Sieyes, Qu'est-ce que le tiers état? ( What is the
third estate?).
• N.A. seizes church land to ease economic crisis: Civil
Constitution of the Clergy
Forces cont…
• Weak leadership
– Louis XVI indecisive
– Didn’t pay attention to
advisors
– Taxed (nobility) his way out
• Marie Antoinette
– Interfered in government
– Gave poor advice
– Member of Austria’s royal
family (France’s enemy)
– Overspent on herself
(Madame Deficit)
Dawn of Revolution
• Voting: clergy and nobles
dominate.
– Each estate had a vote
• 3rd Estate feel left out of
process
– Member’s views based
on Enlightenment
– Bourgeoisie wanted all
three estates to vote
together
– Each delegate from each
estate had a vote
– 3rd estate had more
delegates (thus more
power)
Tennis Court Oath
• The King had declared the activities of the Third Estate illegal
and refused to recognize the "National Assembly."
• Leaders met in defiance at an indoor tennis court at Versailles
• Third Estate swore not to separate until a constitution had
been written for France.
• Louis ordered them to disperse and assembly said, “NO!”
• Louis was unwilling to use force and eventually ordered the
first and second estates to join the new National Assembly.
• The Third Estate won and declared France a constitutional
monarchy. It was 1791.
Bastille Day!!!
• Bastille known as a symbol
o royal abuse of power
• Mob storms Bastille (a Paris
prison)
• Weapons/gunpowder to
defend city
Fear Sweeps France
• Peasants feared nobles
• Peasants soon became
outlaws
• Terrorize nobles destroying
legal papers that bound
them to feudal dues
• October 1789: peasant
women riot over rising
bread prices
– March on Versailles
– Kill royal guards
– Demand Louis and
Marie return to Paris
Section II
Revolution Brings Reform and Fear
• 1789: Peasants begin
revolting against the
clergy and nobles
• Clergy and nobles react
by giving up feudal
privileges
• Commoners become
equal to nobles and
clergy
• Old Regime is dead
Declaration of The Rights of Man
• Approved by the National Assembly of France,
August 26, 1789
• Essentially, France’s DOI with elements of the B.O.R.
• Equality is the prevailing right in this declaration
• Guarantees: equal justice, freedom of speech, and
religion
• Olympe D Gouges writes the Declaration of the rights
of women. Her ideas are rejected and she is
executed
• http://www.historywiz.com/rightsofman.htm
The State-Controlled Church
• National Assembly takes over Church land
– Decides priests and Church officials be elected and
paid by state
• Church loses land (power) and political
independence
• Secularization of Europe begins
• Money from land sales pay off France’s debt
• Actions offend Catholics
– Pope should rule independent of state
– Peasants began to oppose assembly’s reforms
Louis Flees
• On June 20, 1791, the King and his family set
out for Austria.
• Louis was disguised as a steward and his son
was wearing a dress.
• At the border village of Varennes, he was
recognized and eventually apprehended.
• His attempted escape fueled his critics and
sealed his fate – the guillotine.
Divisions
• Assembly creates a limited monarchy
– Louis authority is stripped
– Creates a legislative body: Legislative Assembly (replaces
National Assembly)
• Food shortages and debt remained
• Problems create divisions:
– Radicals (left side) opposed monarch and favored changes
in government
– Moderates (middle) wanted some changes , but not as
much
– Conservatives (right side) upheld idea of limited monarchy
and wanted few changes in government
Émigrés and Sans-Culottes
• Émigrés: Nobles who fled
France
– Hoped to undo Revolution
and restore Ole Regime
• Sans-Culottes: (literally,
without trousers)
– Parisian working men who
wore loose pants instead of
the tight knee pants of the
nobility
– came to refer to any
revolutionary citizen.
War and Execution
• European countries begin to worry
– Austria and Prussia urge France
to restore Monarchy
• Leg. Assembly responds by
declaring war
• August 10, 1792: men and women
invade the palace of Louis and
royal family
– Family imprisoned
• Rumors of King’s supporters (held
in prisons) spread
– September Massacres
– Mobs of citizens invaded the
prisons, held mock trials, and
slaughtered many of the
inmates
Jacobins and Girondins
• Two radical debating groups vying for power
• Both groups were more radical in their views than moderates
• Girondins were somewhat less radical than the Jacobins.
– Girondins were concerned about the plight of the blacks in France's colonies
– Wanted a declaration of war against Austria
Jacobins cont…
• Jacobins grew increasingly critical of Girondin policies.
– Primarily involved in governmental changes
– Had many enemies inside of France
– Controlling these “inside” enemies was key to power
– Encouraged violence
– Responsible for trying, convicting, and executing Louis: January 21,
1793
• Girondins argued against his execution
Jean-Paul Marat
• Jacobin journalist loved by French people
– Called for death to all those supporting king
• Arrested for attacking Girondins
– Acquitted of the charge and treated as hero
• People of Paris turned even more toward the Jacobins.
• Girondins strike back
– Charlotte Corday, a Girondin sympathizer, gained entrance to
Marat's bath and stabbed him.
War Continues
• Great Britain, Holland, and Spain join Austria
and Prussia
• French suffer defeats
• Jacobins order a draft of 300,000 increasing
army to 800,000
– Including women
Reign of Terror
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CUrEJBsWLfA
"Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible“
- Maximilien Robespierre
• After the death of Louis XVI in 1793, the Reign of Terror began.
– The first victim was Marie Antoinette. The rest of the royal family followed
• Maximilien Robespierre (Leader of Jacobins) gains power
– Mastermind of the Reign of Terror
– Wants to build a “republic of virtue”
– Wants to wipe out everything from France’s past
• The Terror was designed to fight the enemies of the revolution
– “If the spring of popular government in time of peace is virtue, the springs of popular
government in revolution are at once virtue and terror: virtue, without which terror is fatal;
terror, without which virtue is powerless.” Robespierre
– Most of the people rounded up were not aristocrats, but ordinary people.
– More than 2,100 were executed – mainly those of the 3rd estate
Terror Ends
• Terror ends when National
Committee arrests and executes
Robespierre
• 1795: Moderate leaders draft
3rd constitution since 1789
– Places power in hands of
upper-middle class
– Calls for bi-cameral
legislature
– Establishes Executive body:
The Directory (5 men)
• Napoleon Bonaparte is chosen
to command French armies
Section 3
Napoleon Forges and Empire
• What does a “Napoleon
complex mean?
• Nap. was a small man –
5’3”
• In 4 years becomes
master of France
• 1796 appointed as
leader of French army
– Leads fight against
Austria
Coup d’Etat
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
According to Webster: A sudden decisive exercise of
force in politics; especially : the violent overthrow or
alteration of an existing government by a small group
“Blow to the State”
1799 Nap. Drives out members of national legislature
Directory dissolves
Establishes the Consul of 3 – the 1st being Nap.
The Consulate made government in France more
efficient
– abolished most of the remnants of class and
privilege.
– Nap. creates a meritocracy, advancing men in
public service according to their ability, not on their
birth.
– The feudal system was dead.
Nap. assumes title of dictator
– Those who supported him and cooperated were
rewarded.
– Those believed to be a threat were eliminated.
Napoleon Rules
• People of France vote in favor of the constitution
– Plebiscite: vote of the people
• Napoleon receives all power
– Keeps many of the changes from Rev.
– Supports laws that both strengthen the
central gov. and achieve Rev.’s goals
• Napoleon’s actions
1. Efficient tax collection
2. National banking system
3. Ends corruption an inefficiency in gov.
4. Sets up Lycees (public run schools for boys)
•
Religion:
– Signs a concordat (agreement) with Pope
Pius VII
– Church is restored but not allowed in
national affairs
– Nap. gains favor with Church officials
Napoleonic Code
•
•
•
•
N.C.: A civil code that gave post-revolutionary France its first
logical set of laws concerning property, colonial affairs, the
family, and individual rights.
In March 1804, Nap. makes himself emperor and the
Napoleonic Code is approved.
Code’s effects:
– Arranged several branches of law,: commercial, and
criminal, and divided civil law into categories of
property and family.
– Freedom of speech and press restricted
– Made the authority of men over their families stronger
– Deprived women of any individual rights, and reduced
the rights of illegitimate children.
– All male citizens were granted equal rights under the
law and the right to religious dissent
– Colonial slavery was reintroduced.
Applied to all territories under Napoleon's control plus
several other European countries and in South America.
Napoleon’s Empire
•
•
•
Nap wants control of Europe and beyond
– Louisiana, Florida, French Guiana (South America) and French West Indies
– Key to dominance is Saint Dominique (today Haiti) and sugar
Word of F.R. inspires enslaved Africans to want freedom
– Civil war in S.D. erupts
– Led by Toussaint L’Overture
– Nap tries to take it back, but loses to disease
Effects of S.D. war
– Nap offers to sell Lousiana to U.S. (1803 T. Jeff buys land)
– Selling land to U.S. assures England will not gain power in America
• Nap turns attention to Europe
–
–
–
–
–
Austria Netherlands, parts of Italy and Switzerland
Looking to expand: Russia, Austria, Sweden and G.B. join forces
Nap crushes his enemies
Austria, Prussia, and Russia sign peace treaties
Only enemy left: Britain
Battle of Trafalgar
• Naval battle
• 1805 off coast of Spain
• British fleet divides French
fleet
• Destruction of French fleet
by British Navy has two
results:
– Ensured British naval
supremacy for next 100
years
– Forced Nap to give up plans
of invading Britain
The French Empire
• By 1812 Nap controlled all of Europe except:
– Britain, Portugal, Sweden, and Ottoman Empire
Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
Section 4
• Three disastrous mistakes
– Creating the Continental System
– The Peninsular War
– Invading Russia
Continental System
• Nap forcibly closes ports to prevent all trade and communication b/t G.B.
and other European states
• Continental System: A failure
– supposed to make continental Europe more self-reliant
– Designed to cut Britain off from European
• England sets up own blockade
– English navy stronger and forces neutral ships to sale into British
harbors
– American ships stopped
• Causes war of 1812
Peninsular War 1808-1814
• Nap invades Portugal via Spain
– Why? To get Portugal to join Cont.
System
• Spanish protest and Nap removes
Spanish king
– Replaces king with his own brother
• Peasant fighters battle for 6 years
– Ambushing French was tactic
– Britain aides Spanish with troops
• Nationalism (loyalty to one’s country)
helps fight Napoleon
• European countries under Nap rule
begin to fight back
Invading Russia 1812
•
•
•
•
•
•
Most disastrous mistake
Alexander I refuses to stop selling grain to G.B.
Russia and France both wanted Poland
– Nap invades Russia
Alex retreats further into Russia
– Nap and 600,000 men follow
– As Alex retreats: Scorched-earth Policy =
burning grain and slaughtering livestock
leaving nothing to eat
– Nap always lived off the land
Nap reaches Moscow with nothing to eat and
must retreat. It’s winter
– Russian troops continually attacked them
as they trudged home.
Anti-Napoleonic forces gathered together.
From 1813 and early 1814, Great Britain,
Russia, Prussia and Austria, drove Napoleon's
forces back to France.
The Downfall of Napoleon
• G.B., Russia, Prussia,
Austria, and Sweden join
forces against Nap
• Allied forces defeat Nap
in 1813 (outside German
city of Leipzig)
• 1814: Prussia and Russia
enter French capital
– Nap abdicates throne
– Nap exiled to Elba (island
off Italian coast)
The Hundred Days and Battle of Waterloo
• Nap escapes Elba (March, 1815)
and returns to France
• People welcomed Nap in Paris.
• Took control of government and
army and again went to war.
• The Quadruple Alliance of
Austria, Russia, Prussia and
Great Britain defeated Napoleon
at Waterloo, Belgium (June
1815).
• Napoleon's last bid for power:
The Hundred Days
• G.B. exiles Napoleon to island of
St. Helena ( South Atlantic),
where he died in 1821.
• Causes: cancer or poisoned
The Congress of Vienna
Section 5
• Congress of Vienna: meetings in Austria
where:
– Euro leaders attempt to establish
Euro order (early EU?)
• Euro leaders try to divide up the
continent (borders)
• Problem with Congress: Two parallel
revolutions
– The French Revolution and the
Industrial Revolution.
• First time in history:
– Nations of entire continent
cooperated to control political affairs
– Agreed to come to the aid of other
countries if threatened
– Created 40 years of peace
Klemens von Metternich
• Influential representative in Vienna
• 3 goals of Metternich:
– Prevent future French aggression
– Restore balance of power (NO AGGRESSION by any
country upon another)
– Wanted to restore royal families
Balancing of Powers
•
•
•
•
Leaving France powerless would harm Europe
Possible retaliation
Euro leaders diminish France’s power
Do not allow any one country to overpower
another
• Principle of Legitimacy:
– Euro leaders agree to restore royal families of
France, Spain, Italy, and Central Europe
– Create stability
Containment of France
• Congress takes steps to
strengthen countries
surrounding France:
– Austrian Netherlands and
Dutch Republic united =
Netherlands
– 39 German states form
German Confederation
– Switzerland recognized as
independent
– Kingdom of Sardinia (Italy)
strengthened with addition
of Genoa
Principle of Legitimacy
• Euro powers agree to restore royal families to
power
– Creates stability
Political Changes
• Britain and France have
constitutional monarchies
• Russia, Prussia, and Austria –
Absolute Monarchs
– Worry about revolution
• Holy Alliance: Russia, Prussia, and
Austria
– Pledge to base relations on
Christian Principles
– Create Concert of Europe:
alliance b/t countries that
ensured one nation would help
another in case of revolution
Latin America Revolts
• After Nap removes king of Spain
– Creoles (colonists born in Spanish
America) capture American
colonies
• C.O.V. restores king to Spain
– Peninsulares (colonists born in
Spain) try to regain control of
colonies
– Spanish king tightens control over
American colonies
• Mexicans revolt and topple Spanish
rule, including other Latin Am.
Countries.
• Brazil declares independence from
Portugal
Legacy of Revolution and Congress
• F.R.:
– First Euro experiment in democratic government
– Set new political ideas in motion
– Major political upheavals of 1800s have roots in
F.R.
– Social attitudes and assumptions about power
changed
• Congress of Vienna:
– Influenced world politics for next 100 years
– Diminished size and power of France
– Increased power o Britain and Prussia
– Nationalism in Italy, Germany, Greece increases
• Explodes into revolutions
– Euro colonies respond to power shift
• Spanish colonies declare independence from
Spain