Transcript The High and Late Middle Ages 1050-1450

The High and Late Middle Ages
1050-1450
Chapter Focus: How did changing
economic and social conditions, wars,
and the growing powers of monarchs
begin to build the framework for the
modern nation-state?
8.1 – Royal Power Grows
Focus: How did monarchs in England and France expand
royal authority and lay the foundations for united nationstates?


Nation-states – regions
that share a government
and that are independent
of other states*
High Middle Ages* (10001300)
– Monarchs gain power*
 Govn’t
bureaucracies
 Tax system
 Armies
– Lords and the Church
lose power*
8.1 – Royal Power Grows
English Kings Strengthen
Their Power
 Battle of Hastings*
– William, Duke of Normandy,
French Normans claim the
English throne*
 William
the Conqueror –
King of England (1066)*
defeated the Anglo-Saxon
King Harold Godwinson, who
died from an arrow in his eye,
which turned the tide of the
battle
 Blend Norman, French, &
Anglo-Saxon customs
8.1 – Royal Power
Grows

William the
Conqueror*(1066)
– Require vassals to swear first
allegiance to him*
– Domesday Book – census – tax
collection

Henry II*
(1154)
– Common Law – system based
on custom & court rulings –
applied to ALL of England*
– Jury – group of men sworn to
speak the truth*
– Claimed right to try clergy in
royal courts
8.1 – Royal Power Grows
Tradition of
Government
 King John*
– Clever, cruel,
untrustworthy*
– Magna Carta (1215) –
great charter – limits
royal power*
 Nobles
forced John to
sign*
 Nobles had certain rights
 Monarch must obey the
law*
8.1 – Royal Power Grows
Due process of law *
– Govn’t must act fairly
and in accordance with
the law
 Habeas corpus*
– Can’t be held in prison
without being charged
with a specific crime


Parliament – England’s
legislature*
8.1 – Royal Power
Grows
– 2 house body
 House
of Lords* – nobles & high
clergy
 House of Commons* – knights &
middle class citizens

“Power of the purse” – King
must consult Parliament before
levying taxes
8.1 – Royal Power Grows

Estates General *
– France*

(1302)
representatives from all 3
estates*
– Clergy
– Nobles
– Townspeople
8.2 – The Holy Roman Empire and the Church
Focus: How did explosive conflicts between monarchs and
popes affect the balance of power in Europe?

1077 – Conflicts b/w secular
rulers and Church officials*
– Holy Roman Empire
 empire
of west central
Europe from 962-1806,
comprising present-day
Germany and neighboring
lands.*
8.2 – The Holy Roman Empire and the Church

Henry IV *
– King of Germany (1054)
– Holy Roman Emperor
– Feud with Pope Gregory VII
 Lay
investiture
– Lay Investiture*
 appointment
of bishops by
anyone who is not a member
of the clergy*
 Pope believes only he has this
power
8.2 - Holy Roman Empire and the
Church

Concordat of Worms*
(1122)
– treaty between the Pope and the
Holy Roman Emperor
– church had the sole power to
elect and invest bishops*
– the Emperor could invest them
with fiefs
8.2 - Holy Roman Empire and the
Church

Frederick I Barbarossa
– Holy Roman Emperor attempted to
bring the wealthy cities of northern
Italy under his control.

Pope Innocent III*
– Church peak of political power
– Pope claims supremacy*
– Excommunicates King’s of France
and England*
8.2 - Holy Roman Empire and the Church

Albigensian Crusade
– Pope Innocent IV & King Philip II vs.
Albigensians
 Rejected
Catholic beliefs & rituals
– Slaughtered by knights & the Pope’s armies
8.3 – The Crusades and the Wider World
Focus: How did the Crusades change life in
Europe and beyond?
 Crusades (1096 – 1291)
– Series of holy wars
– Christians battle Muslims for control of the
Holy Land in the Middle East*
 Jerusalem
& other places in Palestine where
Christians believe Jesus lived and preached
8.3 – The Crusades and the
Wider World

Pope Urban II –
called for a Holy
War*
– Council of
Clermont* (1095)
 Asked
Christian
Kings & knights
to help free the
Holy Land from
Muslim control*
8.3 – The Crusades and the Wider
World
 First Crusade (1096-1099)
– Christian knights capture Jerusalem
in 1099 – 400 miles of land*
– Divide into four crusader states
– Massacre Muslim & Jewish residents
8.3 – The Crusades and the
Wider World

Second Crusade*(1147-1149)
– Organize to recapture the city of
Edessa, Crusader armies are defeated
– 1187 – Muslims take Jerusalem*

Third Crusade*
(1189-1192)
– Led by English King Richard*
– Fought Muslim leader Saladin*
– 1192
 Truce
with Saladin
 Jerusalem remains under Muslim
control*
 Christian pilgrims may visit holy
places*
8.3 – The Crusades and
the Wider World

Fourth Crusade*
– Crusaders capture &
loot Constantinople
(Church capital in east)
– Problems between
Church in east & Church
in west (Rome)
– Muslims capture
crusader states –
massacre Christians
8.3 – The Crusades and the Wider World

-
Impact of the Crusades
Legacy of hatred between Christians and Muslims
European Economies expand
Trade increased and expanded
Large fleets of ships built in Italy, now used for
trade
Increased the power of the Monarchs
Popes power thru enthusiasm for the crusades
reaches its greatest height
Split between the Byzantine church and Roman
church is hardened as a result of the fourth
Crusade
8.3 – The Crusades and the Wider World

Reconquista*
– North African Muslims – Moors –
captured most of Spain (700s)
– 1400s – campaigns by Christians to
drive Muslims out of Spain*
8.3 – The Crusades and the Wider World

Ferdinand & Isabella*
– King & Queen of Spain*
– 1492 – drove remaining Muslims out of Spain*
– Changed religious policy
 No
toleration for Muslims & Jews (150,000 flee)
8.3 – The Crusades and
the Wider World

Inquisition*
– Church court that tried people for heresy
– Heretics questioned & tortured
– Many burned at the stake
8.4 – Learning & Culture Flourish
Focus: What achievements in learning, literature,
and the arts characterize the High and Late Middle
Ages?
 Economy and politics improves
– Need for education expands
– Women not allowed in universities

New Learning
– Blend Greek, Muslim, and ideas of European
thinkers
– Scholasticism – use of reason to explain
Christian beliefs*
– Scholastics – scholars who taught at
universities*
– Thomas Aquinas *
 argued that the most basic religious truths
could be proved by reasoning, and logical
argument
 Summa Theologica*
8.4 – Learning & Culture
Flourish
Literature (Latin)
 Vernacular*
– Everyday language of ordinary people
(French, German, Italian, etc.)

Dante Alighieri*
– Italian
– Divine Comedy – poem about an imaginary
journey into hell and purgatory, where souls
await forgiveness*
 How
action’s in life determine fate in afterlife
8.4 – Learning & Culture
Flourish

Geoffrey Chaucer*
– English
– Canterbury Tales* – pilgrims
traveling, each tells a story
8.4 – Learning &
Culture Flourish
 Gothic Architecture*
– Flying buttresses* –
stone supports outside of
church; higher, thinner
walls with stained-glass
windows
– Spires – points; ascend
upward into heaven*
– Vaulted ceilings
8.4 – Learning &
Culture Flourish
Art
 Illumination*
– Artistic decoration of books and
manuscripts
8.5 A Time of Crisis
Focus: How did the combination of plague, upheaval in the
Church, and war affect Europe in the 1300s and 1400s?

Mid-1300s*
– Crop failure - starvation
– Plague
– War
8.5 A Time of Crisis

Black Death*
– Bubonic plague – disease spread by fleas and
carried by rats*
 Epidemic
disease*
– outbreak of rapid-spreading
– One third of Europe’s population dies
8.5 A Time of Crisis


1200s
– Mongol armies spread disease to Asia
1300s
– Rats spread the plague in Chinese cites – 35 mil. die
– Fleas infest clothes & ships – disease spreads Asia, to
Middle East, & then Europe
8.5 A Time of Crisis

European economy
– Workers die – production decreases – survivors
demand higher wages
– Inflation – rise in prices*
8.5 A Time of Crisis

Church Splits
– People lose faith as
clergy members die
– Pope Clement moves
papacy to Avignon,
France – luxurious court
– Reformers elect their
own pope to rule in
Rome

Great Schism*
– Split in the church
 Two
& sometimes three
popes

Ends in 1417 compromise
– Pope Martin V
8.5 A Time of Crisis

The Hundred Years’
War (1337-1453)
– Wars between England
and France for control of
the French throne –
English Kings claim
French lands
8.5 A Time of Crisis
English Victories
 Battle of Crecy –
1346
– English longbow – 3
arrows
– French crossbow – 1
arrow



Battle of Poitiers –
1356
Battle of Agincourt –
1415
– 6000 English VS
30,000 French,
English win again
Battle of Orleans –
1429
– French led by Joan of Arc
defeat English
8.5 A Time of Crisis
New Weapons
-
-
-
Crossbow – Frenchaccurate but short
range
Longbow – English – 6
foot long- great range,
rapid rate of fire 3-1
over crossbow, could
pierce all but the
heaviest armor
Cannon – Frenchcould smash castle
walls
8.5 A Time of Crisis
 Joan of Arc
–
–
–
–
Peasant girl – 17 yrs. Old
Led French army to victory
Helped crown Charles VII
Captured by Burgundians
– allies of English
– Tried by Church court for
witchcraft & heresy
– Burned at the stake, May
30 1431
8.5 A Time of Crisis

Impact of Hundred Years’ War
-Created
a growing sense of national feeling in
France – French Kings expand power
-Power of Parliament increases in England –
Limits power of King
-England loses their lands in France – turn
to trading ventures overseas
-Castles and knights disappear – replaced by
hired soldiers
-Populations recover from Black Death – trade
expands
8.5 A Time of Crisis