Transcript 1) Europe 2) The Americas - East Irondequoit Central

RCOT Europe
Indo-European Migrations
Humans started out in
Africa (circa 100,000
BCE)→ Mesopotamia
(Circa 25,000 BCE)→
India→ Europe
Classical Greece: Athens & Sparta:
Greece emerged from its Dark Ages in the eighth century BCE. Independent city states emerged. Centralized
government was difficult due to the mountainous topography of Greece.
>Both fought in Peloponnesian war
>Sparta won and overtook Athens
Athens SPICE information
>Sparta-totalitarian and militaristic
Athens flourished in the 5th century BCE. It was
>Athens: direct democracy
one of the great classical era civilizations.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
S: stratification; male landowners over 18
could vote; women were second class citizens
lacked rights; large class of slave labor
P: Athens was more democratic, developed
Democracy under Pericles, Funeral oration =
importance of common good,
I: sea trade on Mediterranean
had columns (Parthenon) → represent
strength, order, and symmetry
C: Athens columns influenced US colonial
architecture (supreme court buildings);
sculptures; Olympics
Socrates-Socratic oath (debate have reason)
Hippocrates- Hippocratic oath (practice
medicine ethically)
Aristotle → binary logic (1 or 0, A or not
E: mountainous geography  lack of fertile soil
 had to trade to get more grain ; raised
goats, sheep
Roman Republic 500 B.C.E.- 30
C.E.
Roman Empire
•
•
Augustus (Octavian)
-defeat Brutus, Cassius, gained major lands, Roman republic restored,
•
consular power (life), father of country
Urban Empire: adm. Through Alexandria, Egypt, Antioch in Syria and Carthage
•
Pax Romana (Roman peace)
•
Apostle Paul spread of Christianity
•
Aqueducts- carry water
rd
•
3 century crisis (235-284) political,
Byzantine Empire Under Justinian
•Trade in the Mediterranean Eoahoclox trade spread to Black Sea
•Cyrillic alphabet
•Onion domes church
•Eastern Orthodox
•Hagia Sophia
•Great architecture
•Justinian- autocratic style influence Russian culture
•Constantinople is the capital
•Founded by Constantine (330’s)
•Justinian’s code-provided basis for civil law in Europe
•Had perimeter of Mediterranean (expanded) by build army, re-conquer lands -> improve economy, increase trade, bureaucracy (administrators collect taxes)
Charlemagne’s Empire: Early Medieval Period
•Holy Roman Empire 800 CE
•It was not Holy, roman or much of an empire
•843 CE- Empire is split by his grandson’s
->Italy
->France
->Germany
•Charlemagne’s grandfather Charles Martel, stopped Muslim advance from Spain in 732
Invasions of Europe: Era
of Political
Disintegration
•
800’s-900’s
•
Europe
•
Plunder and pillage
•
Invasions occurred in centers of
roman imperial authority, then
North and East Europe
(decentralization)
•
Vikings tormented Europe
•
Urban based civilization
•
Trade decreased
•
Self sufficient economy
•
Feudal society
•
Manor system serf=? Workers
tied to land
•
Made roads in Europe
Dangerous->Feudalism/Manorism
1.
Kings
2.
Lords
3.
Knights
4.
Peasants
Crusades(1100-1300)
•Re-discovery of Greek and Roman classics -> Renaissance
•C-A-R-E
•Causes : Christians wanted to stop spread of Islam, regain Holy Land
•Results: Trade resumed between Europe and Middle East, people move off feudal manors and back to towns and cities, rising middle class of merchants
•200 year battle, 6 crusade (1096-1270)
Spread of the Bubonic Plague (circa 1350)
•Causes fleas get on rats that travel on the silk road, plague spreads to Middle East and Europe
•Effects: kills many (spots on people), devastates populations
Hundred Year’s war (1337-1453)
•England driven from France
•Fight for control of throne of France
•Strengthened France by removing British presence
Protestant Reformation (1500’s)
Key people: Guten burg printing press, Martin Luther Henry VIII, Calvin
•Causes: Due to disagreement between him and Pope Leo; papacy condemned him and picked Bean
•Felt preachers emphasizing act of giving money more than faith
Thirty Years War & Treaty of Westphalia
•End of the Holy Wars in Europe between the Catholics and Protestants (1618-1648)
Absolutism (18th Century)
•Absolute Monarch- Absolute power
•Louis XIV - Sunking
French Revolution
•Causes: calling of estates General in 1789, taking on burden of supporting American
Revolution, Assembly of Notables (1787) attempt to fix policies but did not work
Europe under Napoleon (1812)
•Goal: conquer all of Europe
•Britain = enemy, continental system
•Russia wanted out of continental system because they wanted to trade with Germany
Congress of Vienna (1815-1914): Post-Napoleonic Balance of
Power
•Goal/purpose: get rid of democracy, restore monarchy
•Effect: limited monarch (shared power), balance of power no continental wide conflict for
Revolutions of 1830 & 1848
•Early 1800’s Nationalism: liberalism (not successful)
•Balance of power in Europe 1815-1914 but there were still localized revolutions especially
Unification of Italy (1860’s)
•After Franco-Prussian war, Italy became unified
•Cause: unify Italy
Unification of Germany (1860’s)
•Militarism
•“Blood and Iron”
•Cause: nationalism centered on liberalism to nationalism based in militarism
Europe 1914
•Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
•MAIN (central powers)-> Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Italy ->France ,Great Britain, Russia
•Militarism: united military ->fight hard
•Alliances: always have back up
•Imperialism: raw materials expand power
•Nationalism: unite to fight for country
•Important weapon= machine gun, troops ordered to
attack-> casualties increased because running in open
land before enemies
•Germany lost war: armies collapsed
•League of Nations; Germany pay rep. to new countries:
Poland, Czech, Yugoslavia
•Women took soldiers jobs while at war
•U.S. neutral for 3 years until Germans starved British in
unrestricted warfare (submarine); it failed and U.S. got
involved
Post WWI Europe (1919)
•Germany’s economy crushed (hyper-inflation)
•6/28/1919 Treaty of Versailles signed, Germany pays reparations
Nazi Domination of Europe in WWII
•Because Germany needed strong leader to restore economic, social, and political stability
•Violate Treaty of versailles
•Rebuild army, takes alsace Lorraine, Austria
The Cold War in Europe
•War between Soviet Union and U.S.
•Never fought until Cuban missile crisis
•Iron curtain (division between Soviet Union
and U.S.)
•1949 NATO= military defense alliance U.S. and
countries of Western Europe again Soviet Union
and its Eastern Europe allies
•Warsaw pact = Soviet Union and European
allies against NATO
•Goal of NATO: protect countries in it from
spread of communism
•Goal of Warsaw: protect countries in it from
spread of imperialism
•United Nations ratified in 1945 (UNICEF, FAO,
UNESCO)
•Maintain peace, avoid problems (did not work):
•War between communism and capitalism for
world influence
•Marshall Plan=reconstruct countries
•World Bank: provide funds 1955 for
reconstructing Europe
European Union
•Cause: compete with U.S. to become super power (economy)
•Established Euro- common currency it’s not going well
Europe