Transcript The High Middle Ages

The High Middle Ages:
Growth of Europe
SS.A.2.4.7; SS.B.1.4.1; SS.A.2.4.11;
SS.B.1.4.4
Vikings Become Normans
England & The Norman Invasion
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AD 400: Anglos and Saxons invade England
800s: King Alfred the Great unites Anglo-Saxon
kingdoms; Anglo-Saxons rule England
October 14, 1066: Battle of Hastings
William of Normandy leads mounted army of
Normans against the foot-soldiers of King Harold
 All knights get land for swearing loyalty to William,
as sole ruler of England
 Official language of the Kings court is French,
eventually Anglo-Saxon and French cultures mix
 William conducts first census since Romans
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William the Conqueror
King Henry II of England
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1154-1189: Henry II expands monarchy’s power
Courts of Justice closed, replaced by King’s court
 Local codes of law replaced by English common law
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Catholic Church challenges kings power to put
clergy on trial, when Henry tries to punish
Archbishop Thomas à Becket of Canterbury
Instead, Henry has the archbishop killed, but when
people get angry with him, he gives church its way
Henry II vs. Thomas
The Magna Carta
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Many rich noblemen did not like the growing
power of the king/monarchy
1200s: Noblemen rise up and rebel against king
King John forced to put seal on a document of
rights called The Magna Carta (Great Charter)
Limited the power of the monarch
 A feudal document recognizing the mutual
obligations of lords and vassals
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Magna Carta allows for England’s first
Parliament to form under reign of Edward I
The Magna Carta
Europe, A.D. 1160
France: Rise of the Capetians
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843: Carolingian Empire divided, W. Frankish
kingdom becomes early French kingdom
987: Last Carolingian king dies, replaced by Hugh
Capet, starting Capetian Dynasty in France
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Early on Capetian kings had little power, controlling
only the lands around Paris (a.k.a. Ile-de-France)
1182-1223: King Philip II Augustus defeat
English armies and take control of territories of
Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Aquitaine,
expanding the power and wealth of the French
crown
King Philip II Augustus of
France
Philip’s Conquests
France
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1223-1314: kings Louis IX and Philip IV expand
French power and wealth even more
By 1300, France was the largest, most powerful
European monarchical state
1302: Philip IV established France’s first
parliament by holding regular meetings with the
three estates:
First Estate: the clergy
 Second Estate: the nobility
 Third Estate: peasants and townspeople
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King Louis IX
The Holy Roman Empire
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900s: Saxon dukes became kings of Eastern
Frankish Kingdom, renamed Germany
In return for protecting the pope, King Otto I of
Germany is crowned “Emperor of the Romans”
in 962 (first since Charlemagne)
As new “Roman” emperors, German kings
attempted to rule both Germany and Italy
Kings wanted to make money off of Italy
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Italy must be at center of a “holy” or “Roman” realm
Banner of the Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Struggles In Italy
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With Jerusalem under Arab control, Rome
becomes center of Christianity to W. Europeans
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Frederick I considers his empire “holy” and thinks
Rome must be included to legitimize empire
Italy is only part of Europe with good trade
Pope opposes Frederick’s campaign in Italy
Northern Italian cities, used to their freedom,
join the pope and defeat HRE in 1176
Frederick II won many battles, also defeated
Empire In Decline
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While emperors fought in Italy, powerful lords
left behind to rule Germany
With defeat in Italy, many lords think emperor
weak, and create their own smaller kingdoms
German H.R. Emperors left with no real power
Germany and Italy never create powerful,
centralized monarchy; unlike England & France
Italy & Germany consist of small, independent
states until 1800s
Central & Eastern Europe
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Slavic people started as single group in C.E.
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Western Slavs establish Polish and Bohemian
(Czech) kingdoms, converted to Western
Christianity by German monks in tenth century
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Split into western, eastern, and southern Slavs
Hungary also converted by Germans
Eastern and southern Slavs convert to Eastern
Orthodox Christianity by Byzantine missionaries
Cyril and Methodius
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Croats, southern Slavs, accept the Roman church
Russia
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Slavs also settle in area of modern Ukraine and
Russia
Late 700s: Swedish Vikings come, dominate
Locals call their new rulers Rus
Viking leader Oleg, settles in city of Kiev
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Establishes Principality of Kiev, a Rus state
Eventually, Kiev rules over lands b/w Baltic and
Black seas, and the Danube and Volga rivers
Vikings eventually assimilate into Slavic culture
Rus convert to Orthodox Christianity
End of the Russian State
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1200s: Mongols conquer Russia, requiring Rus
princes to pay them tribute
One prince, Alexander Nevsky, emerges as
most powerful
1242: Nevsky defeats invading German army
The Khan, mongol leader, rewards Nevsky with
title of “grand-prince”
Nevsky’s descendants eventually come to rule