Transcript Ch. 31: Years of Crisis

Ch. 31: Years of Crisis
Sec. 1: Postwar Uncertainty
Brainiacs
• - WWI shattered the
Enlightenment belief that
progress would continue and
reason would prevail. But new
technology and scientific
advances changed the way
people looked at the world
Albert Einstein – A German-born
physicist who offered startling
new ideas on space, time,
energy, and matter
Relativity
- He theorized that while the
speed of light is constant, other
objects that seemed constant, such
as space and time, are not. They
can change relative to an object
moving near the speed of light.
Theory of Relativity – Einstein’s
theory. It replaced Newton’s ideas
that the world operated according
to absolute laws of motion and
gravity
Freud
Sigmund Freud – Austrian-born
psychologist who studied the
unconscious mind. His ideas
weakened the faith in reason as
a guide to decision making
- The questions of time were
also reflected in the works of
great writers such as Franz
Kafka and James Joyce
Existential funk!
Existentialism – Belief that there
is no universal meaning to life.
Each person creates his or her
own meaning of life through
choices made and actions taken.
Friedrich Nietzsche – A German
philosopher who wrote that
western ideas such as reason,
democracy, and progress have
stifled people’s creativity and
actions
It’s baffling
• - He urged a return to the
ancient values of pride,
assertiveness, and strength
• Surrealism – An art movement
that sought to link the world
of dreams with real life. It was
inspired by Freud’s ideas
Surrealism
The 1920’s
• - The 1920’s became a
prosperous period for many
nations. People were
questioning old values and
moving away from tradition
• Jazz – A new style of music
that emerged in the US. It was
developed mainly by African
Americans and swept across
the US and Europe.
Women
• - As women worked many
“male” jobs during WWI, they
demanded more freedoms
following the war, particularly
the right to vote
• - Many women wore shorter
hair, shorter clothes, drove
cars, and drank and smoked in
public. Many sought advanced
education as well.
Advances
• - The automobile became
affordable for middle class
families and changed where
people worked and lived.
People were much more
mobile
• - The airplane changed
international travel although it
was mostly available to the
rich.
Airplane
• - The airplane changed
international travel although it
was mostly available only to
the rich
• Charles Lindbergh – Made a 33
hour solo flight from New York
to Paris
• - The 1920’s also brought the
radio and motion pictures
Sec. 2: A Worldwide
Depression
Background
• - Europe spent the 1920’s rebuilding while America prospered.
The American stock market was strong, but there were
weaknesses that would soon bring problems.
• - After WWI, many European countries gave up on the monarchy
or dictatorship and went with a democracy even though they had
no experience with a democracy
• - Often there were many political parties so none could win clear
support to rule effectively.
Government
• Coalition government – An
alliance of several parties that
would rule
• - Because they had such
differing views, their rule
never lasted long
• - Many voters were willing to
go back to a strong,
authoritarian ruler.
Germany
• Wiemar Republic – The
republican form of government
set up for Germany in 1919.
• Problems:
• 1. Germany lacked a
democratic tradition
• 2. Post-war Germany had
several major parties and
many minor ones
Germany
• 3. Many Germans blamed the Weimar government for their defeat
and the humiliating treaty of Versailles
• 4. Germany hag huge reparations to pay
• - To cover expenses, the German government printed more money
• - This led to inflation
• Inflation – An increase in prices combined with a decrease in the
value of a currency
No value
Recovery
• - The German economy slowly recovered due to investment by
American bankers and business
• - Germany and France agreed to never go to war again and many
other nations signed similar treaties
• - By the late 1920’s, the US economy largely supported the world
economy
• - While the US economy looked sound, it really wasn’t. The US
wealth was not evenly distributed. 5% of the people earned 33% of
the wealth
Trouble
• - When people could no longer
afford goods, factories cut
production and staff
• - Farmers faced competition
and soon there was
overproduction
• - As profits dropped on farms
and factories, bank loans went
unpaid
Crash
• - As businesses started to fail,
stockholders panicked and a
selling frenzy began and stock
prices plummeted
• - On Tuesday, October 19,
1929, 16 million stacks were
sold and the market collapsed
• - Many stocks were now
worthless. Within months the
unemployment rate increased
and production decreased
No jobs!
• - By 1933, unemployment
reached 25%
• - Many farmers lost their land
when they could not make
loan payments
Depression
Depression
Great Depression
• Great Depression – The term
for this economic slump
• - American banks panicked
and ordered that their
European loans be repaid. This
led to business failures and job
loss in Europe
• - It also led to a shutdown of
exported goods
Recovery
• - Through the 1930’s, the
nations of Europe slowly
recovered
• Franklin Roosevelt – The first
president elected after the
depression began (1932)
New Deal
FDR
New Deal Roosevelt’s plan for
reform
Public Works
Recovery
• - It involved massive public works projects and new stock market
regulations
• - Slowly, the US economy began to recover
Sec. 3: Fascism Rises in
Europe
Democracy??
• - While democracies remained strong in the US, Great Britain,
and France during the depression, that was not the case in all
nations. Many people were frustrated with the difficult economic
times and lost faith in government
Fascism
• Fascism – A new militant
political movement that
emphasized loyalty to the
state and obedience to the
leader
• - Fascism was very nationalist
and believed that peaceful
nations would be conquered.
They believed in a strong
military and were quick to use
it to preserve order
Fascism
Italy
• - In Italy, people were frustrated by a lack of land gain faollowing
WWI. Inflation and unemployment also caused problems
• - The fascist Party began receiving support in 1919 and by 1922
they were in control of the government
Mussolini
• Benito Mussolini – The new
fascist leader of Italy
• Il Duce – Mussolini’s title. “The
leader.”
• - Mussolini banned all political
parties, jailed opponents,
censored radio and
newspapers, and outlawed
strikes
Hitler
• Read Hitler’s Rise to Power – p.
911-914
• Terms:
• Adolph Hitler – German
dictator from 1933 – 1945
• Der Fuhrer – Hitler’s title.
“The leader”
• Nazi – National Socialist
German Workers’ Party.
Hitler’s political party
Stuff
• Mein Kampf – “My Struggle.” A
book Hitler wrote while in
prison
• Lebensraum – German word for
“living space.”
• Kristallnacht – “Night of
Broken Glass.” This was the
real beginning of the
Holocaust
Kristallnacht
Kristallnacht
• - By 1935, dictatorships had
taken over in Italy, Germany,
Poland, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria,
and Romania
Hitler
Sec. 4: Aggressors Invade
Nations
Stuff
• - By the mid-1930’s Germany and Italy were showing signs of
aggression. France and Great Britain were still recovering and
wanted peace. Japan had also fallen under military rule and was
becoming aggressive.
• - Japan also had experienced economic problems in the early
1930’s. Military leadership soon replaced civilian deomocracy
Japan
Emperor Hirohito – Was the leader of Japan,
but he was only symbolic. The real power
was with the military
Hideki Tojo – The military
leader of Japan
Stuff
• 1933 – Japan invades Manchuria
• - The League of Nations is opposed to this so Japan withdrew
from the league
• 1937 – Japan invaded China and controlled much of the north
• - To avenge the 1895 defeat, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia
• - The League of Nations member opposed this as well but did
nothing
• - By giving in to Mussolini, Great Britain and France hoped to keep
peace in Europe
Hitler’s turn
• - Hitler pledged to undo the
Treaty of Versailles and he
started by rebuilding his
military
• - The League of Nations
opposed this but did nothing
Rhineland
• Rhineland – A 30 mile buffer
zone between France and
Germany. It was German land
but it was a demilitarized area
• March 7, 1936 – Hitler sends
troops to occupy the Rhineland
• - The French were stunned
but did nothing
• Appeasement – Giving in to an
aggressor to keep peace
Effects
• - Hitler later admitted that if the French would have challenged
him, he would have backed down.
• Effects:
• 1. Hitler gained prestige and power in Germany
• 2. It turned the balance of power in Germany’s favor
• 3. The lack of a response by France and Great Britain encouraged
Hitler to speed up expansion
• - In 1936, Germany, Italy, and Japan created an alliance
Axis Powers
• Axis Powers – What Germany,
Italy, and Japan came to be
called
Spain
- After a 3 year civil war, Spain
also fell under a military
dictator in 1939
Fransico Franco – Became leader
of Spain
- Germany and Italy helped
Franco win power but the west
did nothing to stop him
Isolation
• - France and Great Britain
continued to do little to stop
fascism, choosing
appeasement instead. The US
remained isolated
• Isolationism – The belief that
political ties to other countries
should be avoided
More German Aggression
• March 1938 – Hitler invades and
annexes Austria
• Anschluss – Germany’s peaceful
takeover of Austria
• September 1938 – Hitler Invades
the Sudetenland in
Czechoslovakia
• - This had once been German
land under the Prussian Empire so
Hitler claimed he was just taking
back what was rightfully his
No more demands?
• Munich Conference –
September 29, 1938, between
Germany, France, Great
Britain, and Italy.
• - It was agreed that Hitler
would take the Sudetenland
but that would be his last
demand
Poland
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Read Primary Source – p. 919
Hitler continued his aggression and now looked to Poland
August 23, 1939 – Russia and Germany sign a non-aggression pact
- Hitler would now be able to invade Poland
- He felt that Great Britain and France would do nothing about it
THE END!