Transcript The Conservative Order and the Challenged of Reform

Congress of Vienna
Countries/People
Alliances created
•Russia
•Prussia
•Austria  Metternich
•Great Britain
•France
•Holy Alliance: Russia,
Prussia, Austria (feared the
Goals
Legacy
1.
2.
3.
(Metternich)
Prevent future French
aggression
Restore Balance of power
Restore Royal Families
spread of Revolutions)
• Concert of Europe: Help
each other if revolution occurred
•Power shift to G.B. and Prussia
•Nationalism spread: Italy &
Germany
•Democracy
The Conservative Order and
the Challenged of Reform
1815-1832
Age of isms: nationalism, liberalism, republicanism,
socialism, communism
The Challenges of Nationalism and Liberalism
The Political Spectrum
TODAY:
1790s:
Montagnards
The Plain
(swing votes)
Girondists
(“The Mountain”)
Monarchíen
(Royalists)
Jacobins
Emergence of Nationalism
• What is nationalism?
– Nation composed of people who are joined
together
• Common customs, culture, history
– Should have the same government
» Political and ethnic boundaries should be the same
• Nationalism opposes Congress of Vienna
– What provides political unity?
• Nationalism  ethnicity
• Vienna Settlement  monarchies/dynasties
– Popular sovereignty
• People determined national character
• What about minority groups?
– Majority rules?
Fate of Nationalism
• People had no say over territorial changes
• Language, nationality, and religion weren’t
taken into consideration
• Ideas of democracy and self-government
were rejected by European leadership
• Soon enough, concessions were made
Creating new Nations
• Language impacts the spread of nationalism
– Local dialects replaced
• Part of a nation
– Spread social and political advancement
Nationhood
• Definition: economic and administrative
efficiency
– Unite Germany and Italy
– Could every groups become a nation?
• NO!
• Needed economic stability and power
Results of the Congress of
Vienna
• Concert of Europe – group of leading
nations which periodically met to discuss
issues regarding stability
– Temporary suppression of democratic and
nationalistic ideals
• International peace – no general (multinational) war in Europe until World War I a
hundred years later
– Small Conflicts
• Crimean War (1854-1856)
• Austro-Prussian War (1866)
• Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
Nationalistic Pressure around Europe
• England rule Ireland
– “Irish Problem”
• Unite all German-speaking people
– Pitting Prussia against Austria
• Unite Italian-speaking people
– Isolate Austrian control
• Poland
– against Russian ruler
• Eastern Europe
– against Austrian empire
• Southeastern Europe
– against Ottoman and Russian control
Early 19th Century Political
Liberalism
• 19th century definition:
– Liberalism  challenge political, social or
religious values
• Considered more radical than they actually were
• Who were the liberals?
– Wealthy and educated professionals
• Relationship between Nationalism &
Liberalism
– Not identical, but could be compatible
Political Goals
• Goal: limit the power of arbitrary gov’t
– Locke Theory  responsible constitutional
gov’t
• But…
– Contempt for aristocracy and the lower classes with no
property
– Representation to those with property
Economic Goals
• Liberals wanted to be divided from lower
class
– No gov’t regulation of economics
• No mercantilism
• No gov’t restrictions on labor and goods
– Differed around Europe
Conservative Governments
Conservative Outlooks
• Conservative power remains
• People
– Legitimate monarchies
» Feared revolution and execution (like Louis)
– Aristocracy
» Feared loss of land and influence
– Established churches
» Responsible for education and maintaining status quo
• Only supported representative gov’t if they wrote the
constitution
• FEARED
– Liberalism, nationalism and popular sovereignty
Conservative governments faced
new PRESSURE
• Unemployment
– No military industries
• Raise new political ideas
– Not focused on war
• Especially the young
• Key European people
– Metternich: devoted to Habsburg emperor
– Castlereagh: British
Conservative Response to
Liberalism and Nationalism
Austria
People:
Response:
Prussia
People:
Response:
G.B.
People:
Response:
France
People:
Response:
Using your notes
• Complete Table
• Work on Thesis #2
Political Discontent
Russia (1825)  Suppression
France (1830)  Revolution
Belgium  Independence
Britain (1832) Accommodation
Russia: Decembrist Revolt of 1825
The Decembrist Revolt, 1825
• Tsar Alexander I
– Against liberalism & nationalism
• Military Unrest
– Military coup d’etat in 1826
• Southern Society: representative gov’t, end serfdom, Polish
independence
• Northern Society: constitutional monarchy, end serfdom,
protect aristocracy
• Dynastic Crisis
– 1st Crisis: Constantine or Nicholas
– 2nd Crisis: Decembrist revolt
• Moscow regiment refused to swear allegiance
Nicholas I
Most reactionary: turned against all reform
• Official Nationality
– “Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationalism”
• Russian language, customs and religion were
wisdom
• Revolt in Poland
– Poland proclaimed independence from Russia
• Nicholas sent troops
• Suppress all liberal and national movements with
force
Revolution of France 1830
Charles X
Believer in Divine Right
• Reactionary Policies
– Emphasis on returning aristocracy and
Catholicism
– Liberal reaction through voting
• FAILED
• Charles replaced ministry with ultra-royalists
– Prince de Polignac
– Liberal negotiated with liberal side of royal family for
constitutional monarchy
» Feared Rpublic
• July Revolution, 1830
– Liberals win majority
• Royalists attempt to seize power
– Four Ordinances: dissolved Chamber of Deputies
– People of Paris react (alliance between
laborers and middle class) 1830
• Charles X sends troops
• 1,800 die and the king flees (Last Bourbon King)
• Louis Philippe becomes King
– Push for Constitutional Monarchy
Louis Philippe
• “King of the French”
– Tri-color flag
– No official religion or censorship
• Little/no sympathy for working class
– Worker revolts continued
• Continued control of Algeria and Northern
Africa
– France was an Empire
Belgium
• Nationalism leads to Independence
– Congress of Vienna merged Holland and
Belgium
• Different languages, economy and religion
– Independence in 1830
• Pre-curser to World War I
– Germany will invade Belgium, leading to
English involvement in War
Great Britain
Political & Economic Reform
Spirit of Accommodation/Compromise
1. Large commercial and industrial class
•
Cannot ignore their interests without
damaging England’s prosperity
2. Moderate reforms supported (Whigs)
•
No need for revolution
3. British law, tradition and public opinions
showed respect for individual liberties
Events that led to the Great Reform
Bill
• Britain’s response to popular uprising
– Accommodation  No revolution
• Economic reform
– Allow economic freedom
– Support labor unions
• Religious reform
– Catholic Emancipation Act
• Legislating Change
– The Great Reform Bill
Catholic Emancipation Act
Goal  To maintain peace in Ireland
1. First Step
•
Send Protestant representatives to
Parliament
•
Problem: Most Irish are Catholic
2. Second: Irish elect Catholics
(Daniel O’Connel)
•
If England doesn’t let them “sit” there
will be revolution
Liberal or Conservative
• Catholic Emancipation
– Liberal measure, Conservative
purpose
• Maintain order in Ireland
• But…
– Increased property
requirement to vote
• The Great Reform Bill
• Increased voters
– kept land and gender requirement
• Some workers LOST the right to vote
• Results
– No need for revolution
• Orderly reform
– Church, gov’t, commerce
– Same government
• More people influencing
1848 Revolutions
France
Habsburg Empire
Italy
Germany
Year of Revolutions
• No single factor led to Revolutions
+ Food shortage
+ Economic depression (industry)
+ High unemployment
+ Wretched living conditions
= frustration
• Liberal working class joined with political liberals
– Dramatic change in ONE YEAR
• NATIONALISM
• What changes occurred?
– Failed to establish genuine liberal and/or
national governments
– Failed to combine political reform with social
reform
• Liberals failed to unite all social classes
• Liberals fell to the armies of the reactionary class
Exceptions to Revolution
• Russia  Why?
– Inability to communicate
– Poland’s revolts were spread-out and failed
• Switzerland 
– Strong Army
– Developed a Federalist state to minimize complete control
• Great Britain  Why?
– Policy of accommodation
• Great Reform Act of 1832
– Pacify middle class
• Catholic Emancipation Act
– Suppression of Irish revolts
– Repeal of Corn Laws
France
• In the beginning…
– Economic depression
– June Days of Violence
– Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected
• Hope for stability and greatness  FAIL
• Ego!
• End Result
– Emperor Napoleon III
– Monarchy  republic  monarchy  republic 
monarchy 
Habsburg Empire
• Nationalism Resisted!
– Susceptible to Revolution
• Borders broke up ethnicities
• Serfdom
• Rebellions spread
• Vienna Uprising
– Louis Kossuth: Magyar Nationalist + Students
– Metternich & Ferdinand Fled
– Major Result  Abolished serfdom
• March Laws: Ferdinand forced to sign
– Equality of religion, jury trials, press
– Nobility pay taxes
– Election of lower chamber
– Liberals vs. Nationals
• Liberal political structure
• No autonomy within borders
• Magyar Revolt
– Desire separate state for Hungarians
– Austria vs. Hungary
• Austria and Nationalists against Magyars
1890
Hungary
• Czech Nationalism
– National equality for Slavs
• Who were Slavs? Poles, Ruthenians, Czechs,
Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes, Serbs
• Goal: ONE Slavic state
– Free from Ottoman and Habsburg control
– Led to conflict between Germans and Slavs
• Czech nationalism FAILED
The Age of Metternich
•
1.
Figure 1
1815
Type of Control
•
2.
Happily working together to control
Europe
Attitude of statesmen toward
power
•
Carefree
•
•
Solved the problem of Napoleon
Created a new order that they control
“dream”
3.
•
4.
Europe would follow their
dictates/demands/design
Title?
•
“All is right with the world.”
• Figure 2
1820-1830
1. By 1830, how were leaders
divided?
•
No longer worked together to
maintain conservative
governments
2. What impact did the Old Order
possess?
•
Some still worked together to
suppress rebellion
3. New weaknesses?
•
•
Britain did not support
conservative regimes
Liberal regimes in France &
Belgium
4. Title?
•
“We Need Help?
•
1.
Figure 3
1848
Why did the old order lose
control?
•
•
2.
Large # of revolutions
Earlier breakdown of unity
To what extent was a
completely new order
established?
•
3.
Mostly old-order was reestablished
Why did change take place in
this fashion?
•
4.
Conservatives used force, force
rejected them
Title?
1.
“It’s all over.”
Italy
• Austria faced Nationalism in Northern Italy
• Nationalists & Liberals hoped for
unification
– Turned to Pope Pius IX (liberal)
– Radicals forced Republic  Pope fled
• Returned to war
• France protects Rome
– Why? Wanted weak nation to the south
Germany
• Revolutions
– Wanted unification & liberal government
• Prussia
– Frederick William IV moved towards…
• Unification
• Liberal government reforms (constitution)
– Suffrage
– Three-class voting: based on ability to pay taxes
• Frankfurt Parliament
– Goal: write a constitution
• Purpose: liberal unification of Germany
– Alienated conservatives & working class
• How do you unify?
– Large or Small
• Created a constitution
– Asked Frederick William IV to RULE
• He refused
• Kings ruled by the grace of God, not by the will of man 
CONSERVATIVE
• Impact: small conservative, constitutional
changes in Germany
Prussia
Frankfurt
Austria