Eastern Absolutism PPT
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Transcript Eastern Absolutism PPT
JIGSAW FOR WEDNESDAY
Take notes on your assignment.
Email them to me or give to me Wednesday morning in
homeroom
Highlight important contribution events
Multiple Choice Quiz on East Absolutism on Friday
FOUR PHASES OF THE 30 YRS WAR
Bohemian (1618- Danish ( 16251625)
1629
Swedish (16301635)
French/
International
(1635-1648)
IF YOU ARE A #2
The rise of the
Habsburg Empire
and the impact of its
leaders…
Ferdinand III
Charles VI
Leopold I
IF YOU ARE A #3
The Rise of Prussia
Absolutism
Frederick William, the
“Great Elector”
(r. 1640-1688)
Frederick III, “the
Ostentatious”
(r. 1688-1713)
Frederick William I,
“the Soldiers’ King”
(r. 1713-1740)
IF YOU ARE A #4
The Rise of Russian
Absolutism
Ivan the Great
Peter the Great
Ivan the Terrible
WELCOME BACK!
Bell Ringer: Define
the term
ABSOLUTISM and its
characteristics
Agenda and
Objective: Through
notes and document
analysis, students
will identify the
characteristics of
Eastern Absolutism
and the background
causes of the 30
years War.
EASTERN
ABSOLUTISM
WEST VS. EAST REVIEW
Diverged after 1300:
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
serfdom abolished
serfdom reestablished
weak lords
powerful lords
urban
agrarian
strong middle class
weak middle class
strong states – strong central
authority
weak empires – weak central
authority
OVERVIEW OF EASTERN EUROPE
Three aging empires—Holy
Roman Empire, Ottoman
Empire and Polish
Kingdom—gave way to new
empires of Russia, Austria
and Prussia
(“HOP RAP”)
Holy Roman Empire (HRE):
religious divisions due to the
Reformation and religious
wars in 16 th and 17 th
centuries split Germany
among Catholic, Lutheran
and Calvinist princes
Ottoman Empire: could
not maintain possessions
in eastern Europe and the
Balkans in the face of
Austrian and Russian
expansion
Poland: liberum veto –
voting in Polish
parliament had to be
unanimous for changes to
be made; thus, little could
be done to systematically
strengthen the kingdom
Eastern absolutism was
based on a powerful
nobility, weak middle
class, and an oppressed
peasantry composed of
serfs.
Threat of war with
European and Asian
invaders were
important motivations
for eastern European
monarchs’ drive to
consolidate power.
Resulted in reduced
political power of the
nobility.
However, nobles gained
much greater power
over the peasantry.
Three important
methods of gaining
absolute power:
Kings imposed and
collected permanent
taxes without the
consent of their
subjects.
States maintained
permanent standing
armies.
States conducted
relations with other
states as they pleased.
Absolutism in eastern
Europe reached its
height with Peter the
Great of Russia.
Absolutism in Prussia
was stronger than in
Austria
QUICK REVIEW
How different was Eastern
Europe compared to Western
Europe?
SERFDOM IN EASTERN EUROPE
After 1300, lords in
eastern Europe
revived serfdom to
combat increasing
economic challenges.
Lords demanded that
their kings and
princes issue laws
restricting or
eliminating peasants’
right of moving freely
Lords confiscated
peasant lands and
imposed heavier labor
obligations.
Hereditary serfdom
was re-established in
Poland, Russia, and
Prussia by the mid17 th century.
WHY SERFDOM IN EASTERN EUROPE AND NOT
WESTERN EUROPE?
Reasons were not
necessarily
economic.
Political reasons
more plausible –
supremacy of noble
landlords.
Most kings, in fact,
were essentially
“first among equals”
in the noble class
and directly
benefited from
serfdom.
Eastern lords had
more political power
than in the west;
monarchs needed
the nobles.
MAP OF ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE
BELL RINGER….ACTIVIT Y
Read the following two primary source
documents and be prepared to address
the discussion questions on the next
slide.
Agenda and Objective: Through notes
and document analysis, students will
identify the characteristics of Eastern
Absolutism and the background causes
of the 30 years War.
THE THIRT Y YEARS’ WAR
Why did the Jesuits refuse to respect the Peace of Augsburg
(1555)?
How did the Jesuits actions in Germany during the early
1600’s illustrated the confusion between secular and clerical
authority in early modern Europe?
How might the Jesuits actions result in a general European
war?
What were the reactions to the crowning of Emperor Ferdinand
II? Why?
What initial grievance led to the outbreak of violence in
Bohemia?
Predict reactions to the Bohemian Revolt from the Emperor,
Spain, France, etc
T H I RT Y Y E A RS’ WA R ( 161 8 - 164 8 ) –
M OST I M P ORTA NT WA R O F
T H E 17 T H C E N T URY
Failure of the Peace of
Augsburg, 1555
agreement had given
German princes the
right to choose either
Catholicism or
Lutheranism as the
official religion of their
states.
The truce in Germany
lasted for 60 years until
factionalism in the Holy
Roman Empire brought
about war
FOR TUESDAY
FOUR PHASES OF THE WAR
Bohemian (1618- Danish ( 16251625)
1629
Swedish (16301635)
French/
International
(1635-1648)
FOUR PHASES OF THE WAR:
Bohemian Phase
Danish P hase
D e fenes t ra t io n o f P r a gue ( 161 8 ):
t r ig gere d w a r i n B o h e mia
Th e H o l y Ro m a n E m pe ro r pl a c e d
s evere re s t ri c t ions o n
P rote s t a nt ism
Two H RE o f fi c i als we re t h row n o ut a
w i n dow a n d fe l l 7 0 fe et be l ow ( di d
n ot di e be c a us e t h ey we re s aved by
a l a rg e pi l e o f m a n ure )
Th e e m pe ro r t h e n s o ug h t to
a n n ihilate t h e Ca l vinist n o bi lit y i n
B o h e mia
P rote s t a nt fo rc e s we re eve nt ually
de fe a te d a n d P rote s t a n t ism wa s
e l iminate d i n B o h emia
re pre s e nted t h e h e i ght o f C a t h olic
powe r duri n g t h e wa r
A l bre c ht v o n Wa llens tein ( 1 5 83 16 3 4 ): M e rc e n a r y g e n eral w h o wa s
pa i d by t h e e m pe ro r to fi g h t fo r t h e
HRE
Wo n a n um be r o f i m po r t a nt ba t t l e s
a g a inst P rote s t a nt a rm i es
E d ic t o f Re s t it utio n ( 16 29 ): T h e
H R Empe ro r de c l a re d a l l c h urc h
te rri to ries t h a t h a d be e n
s e c ul arized s i n c e 1 5 5 2 to be
a uto m at ic ally re s to re d to C a t h o lic
C h urc h
Swedish Phase:
Protestants
liberated territory
lost in previous
(Danish) phase
Gustavus Adolphus
(King of Sweden):
led an army that
pushed Catholic
forces back to
Bohemia. Dies.
In response, the Holy
Roman Emperor
reluctantly annulled
the Edict of
Restitution
The Swedish army
was defeated in
1634; France now
feared a resurgence
of Catholicism in the
HRE.
French Phase:
“International Phase”
Cardinal Richelieu of
France allied with the
Protestant forces to
defeat the HRE.
(example of Politique)
Treaty of Westphalia
(1648): ended the
Catholic Reformation in
Germany
Renewal of Peace of
Augsburg
Guaranteed that
Germany would remain
divided politically and
religiously for centuries
Dissolution of Holy
Roman Empire
confirmed
THE TREAT Y…
France, Sweden, and
Brandenburg (future
Prussia) received various
territories and gained
international stature.
The two Hapsburg
branches were weakened:
Spanish Hapsburgs saw
their empire decline
dramatically thereafter
Austrian Hapsburgs lost
much influence in
Germany
Results of 30 Years’ War
Germany physically
devastated
Germany was further
divided by the decline of
the Holy Roman Empire
Ended the wars of
religion
Beginning of the rise of
France as the dominant
European power; also
accelerated the
continued rise of Britain
& the Netherlands
MEMORY DEVICE FOR TREAT Y OF
WESTPHALIA: EF-CHIP
E nd of Wars of Religion
F rance emerges as Europe’s most powerful country
C alvinism added to the Peace of Augsburg
H oly Roman Empire ef fectively destroyed
I ndependence for the Netherlands and Switzerland
P russia emerges as a great power
RISE OF EASTERN ABSOLUTISM REVIEW
Monarchs vs. landlords successful
monarchs gained power in 3 key areas:
1) taxation
2) army
3) foreign policy
AUSTRIAN ABSOLUTISM
How did
the
Austrian
Empire
consolidate
its power?
AUSTRIA
Habsburgs
mostly in
HRE, but also
outside to SE
Austrian
rulers = HRE
emperors
Catholic
Habsburg domains to 1795.
THE HABSBURG EMPIRE (AUSTRIAN EMPIRE)
Ruler of Austria was
traditionally selected as
Holy Roman Emperor
Was NOT a national
state – its
multinational empire
included:
Austria proper:
Germans, Italians
Bohemia: Czechs
Hungary: Hungarians,
Serbs, Croats,
Romanians
No single constitutional
system or
administration existed
in the empire as each
region had a different
legal relationship to the
Emperor.
STEPS TO ABSOLUTISM
Ineffective Habsburg rule
in the HRE forced
monarchs to turn their
attention inward and
eastward to consolidate
their diverse holdings
into a strong unified
state.
Reorganization of
Bohemia was a major
step towards absolutism
30 Years’ War set stage
Old hereditary provinces
of Austria proper were
centralized by Ferdinand
III (1637-1657).
Hungary was the third
and largest part of its
dominion.
Serfdom intensified in
Habsburg lands
Robot - 3 days of unpaid
labor a week became the
norm, many serfs worked
everyday except Sunday
AUSTRIA – TURKISH WARS & EXPANSION:
1529 & 1683 –
unsuccessful Ottoman
sieges on Vienna
Habsburgs acquire
Hungary &
Transylvania
(Romania) from
Ottomans (but not
fully integrated)
new Habsburg state = Austria, Bohemia, + Hungary
IMPORTANT HABSBURG RULERS
Ferdinand II (1619-1637)
took control of Bohemia
during the 30 Years’ War
Ferdinand III (1637-1657):
centralized gov’t in the old
hereditary provinces of
Austria proper.
Leopold I (1658-1705)
Severely restricted
Protestant worship
Siege of Vienna:
Successfully repelled Turks
from gates of Vienna in
1683
Emperor Charles VI
(1711-1740): Issued
Pragmatic Sanction in
1713
Habsburg possessions
were never to be divided
and henceforth to be
passed intact to a single
heir (even if female.)
His daughter, Maria
Theresa, inherited
Charles’ empire in 1740
and ruled for 40 years
OUTCOMES
German became
official language
Catholic identity
Vienna- center of the
empire.
PRUSSIA
PRUSSIA
Hohenzollerns = elector of Brandenburg & duke of Prussia
elector of Brandenburg – helps choose Holy Roman emperor
1618 – Prussia became possession of elector of Brandenburg when
junior branch of Hohenzollern family died out
Ruler of Brandenburg was designated
as one of 7 electors in the Holy
Roman Empire in 1417.
Yet by the 17th century, Brandenburg
was not significantly involved in HRE
affairs
Marriages increasingly gave the
Hohenzollerns control of German
principalities in central and
western Germany.
The prince had little power over
the nobility
PRUSSIA: HOUSE OF
HOHENZOLLERN
PRUSSIA
Hohenzollerns had little power until 30 Years’
War
elector of Brandenburg = position bestowed no real power
Brandenburg: land-locked, no natural defenses, poor land
Prussia: separated from Brandenburg, basically part of
Poland
30 Years’ War weakened the Estates (rep.
assemblies) allowed monarchs to take more
power
– HOHENZOLLERN RULERS:
Frederick William, the “Great Elector”
(r. 1640-1688)
Frederick III, “the Ostentatious”
(r. 1688-1713)
Frederick William I, “the Soldiers’ King”
(r. 1713-1740)
Frederick William, the “Great Elector”
(r. 1640-88)
Strict Calvinist but
granted religious
toleration to
Catholics and Jews
Admired the Swedish
system of
government and the
economic power of
the Netherlands
Ongoing struggle between
Sweden and Poland for
control of Baltic after 1648
and wars of Louis XIV
created atmosphere of
permanent crisis
STEPS TOWARDS POWER
Most significant:
Oversaw Prussian
militarism and created
the most efficient army
in Europe.
Encouraged industry
and trade
Employed military
power and taxation to
unify his Rhine
holdings, Prussia, and
Brandenburg into a
strong state.
“ Junkers” formed the
backbone of the
Prussian military
officer corps; these
nobles and
landowners
dominated the
Estates of
Brandenburg and
Prussia.
FREDERICK WILLIAM, THE “GREAT ELECTOR
strengthened central authority:
unified 3 provinces: Brandenburg,
Prussia, lands along the Rhine
forced Estates to accept permanent
taxation w/o their consent
created permanent standing army
factors enabling his success:
foreign invasions (from Russia) Estates more willing to
issue funds for army
In exchange for keeping privileges, the nobility supported
him
Frederick I (Elector Frederick III) “The Ostentatious” (16881713); 1st “King of Prussia”
Elector of
Brandenburg/Prussia
was now recognized
internationally as the
“King of Prussia” in
return for aid to
Habsburgs.
Thus, Frederick I was
the first “King of
Prussia
FREDERICK III, “THE OSTENTATIOUS”
(R. 1688-1713)
focused on copying
Louis XIV’s style
Louis XIV
Frederick III
FREDERICK WILLIAM I, “THE SOLDIERS’
KING” (1713-1740)
most influential in est. Prussian absolutism
military obsessed
strengthened royal authority:
created best army in Europe
created strong, centralized bureaucracy
honest and conscientious
worked to develop economy (schools for peasants)
eliminated threat from nobility by enlisting Junkers in
army (became officers)
almost always at peace
civil society became militarized – very rigid & disciplined
Frederick William I “Soldiers’ King”
Most important Hohenzollern
regarding the development
of Prussian absolutism
Infused militarism
into all of Prussian
society
Prussia became known
as “Sparta of the North”
Junkers became an
of ficer caste
Best army in Europe
Became Europe’s 4 th
largest army (next to
France, Russia & Austria)
Nearly doubled the size of
the army
80% of gov’t
revenues went
towards the
military
Prussian army was
designed to avoid
war through
deterrence.
“I
must serve with life and limb, with
house and wealth, with honour and
conscience, everything must be
committed except eternals salvation-that
belongs to God, but all else is
mine.”(571)
Muscovy began to emerge as
the most significant principality
that formed the nucleus of what
later became Russia.
RUSSIA
During the Middle Ages
the Greek Orthodox
Church was significant
in assimilating
Scandinavian ancestors
of the Vikings with the
Slavic peoples of
eastern Europe.
In the 13th century, the
Mongols from Asia
invaded eastern Europe
and ruled the eastern
Slavs for over two
centuries- ”Mongol
Yolk”
JIGSAW!- 10 MINUTES
Row1- Get together
and discuss the rise
and impact of Ivan
III
Row 2- Get together
and discuss Ivan the
Terrible, Times of
Troubles and rise of
Romanovs
Row 3- Get together
and discuss the rise
and impact of Peter
the Great on Russia.
What made him so
Great?
Have a recorder type
information.
Ivan III (“Ivan the Great”) (1442-1505)
1480, ended Mongol
domination of
Muscovy
Established himself
as the hereditary
ruler of Muscovy
This was in response
to the fall of the
Byzantine Empire and
his desire to make
Moscow the new
center of the
Orthodox Church: the
“Third Rome
The tsar became the head
of the church
The “2 nd Rome” had been
Constantinople before it
was conquered by the
Ottoman Empire in 1453
Many Greek scholars,
craftsmen, architects and
artists were brought into
Muscovy
Tsar claimed his
absolute power
was derived from
divine right as
ruler
Ivan struggled with
the Russian boyars
(nobels) for power.
Eventually, the
boyars’ political
influence
decreased but
they began
exerting more
control of their
peasants.
Ivan IV (“Ivan the Terrible”) (1533-1584)
Grandson of Ivan
III
First to take the
title of “tsar”
(Caesar)
Married a
Romanov
POLICIES…
Controlled the
Black Sea region
Gained huge
territories in the
Far East
Gained territories
in the Baltic region
Began westernizing
Muscovy
Encouraged trade
with England and
the Netherlands
For 25 years, he fought
unsuccessful wars against PolandLithuania
Cossacks: Many peasants fled the
west to the newly-conquered
Muscovite territories in the east and
formed free groups and outlaw
armies. Gov’t responded by
increasing serfdom
Reduced the power of
the boyars
All nobles had to
serve the tsar in
order to keep
their lands
Serfdom
increased
substantially to
keep peasants
tied to noble
lands
Many nobles were
executed
Ivan blamed the boyars for
his wife’s death and thus
became increasingly cruel
and demented
Merchants and artisans
were also bound to their
towns so that the tsar could
more ef ficiently tax them
This contrasts the
emergence of capitalism in
western Europe where
merchants gained influence
and more security over
private property
“Time of Troubles” followed Ivan IV’s death in 1584
Period of famine,
power struggles
and war
Cossack bands
traveled north
massacring nobles
and officials
Sweden and Poland
conquered Moscow
In response, nobles
elected Ivan’s
grand-nephew as
new hereditary tsar
and rallied around
him to drive out the
invaders
Romanov Dynasty
Lasted from the ascent
of Michael Romanov in
1613 to the Russian
Revolution in 1917.
Michael Romanov
(1613-1645)
Romanov favored
the nobles in return
for their support
Reduced military
obligations significantly
Expanded Russian
empire to the
Pacific Ocean in
the Far East.
Fought several
unsuccessful wars
against Sweden,
Poland and the
Ottoman Empire
RUSSIAN SOCIET Y CONTINUED TO
TRANSFORM IN THE 17 CENTURY
Nobles gained more
exemptions from
military service.
Rights of peasants
declined
Bloody Cossack
revolts resulted in
further restrictions
on serf
With Religion-“Old
Believers” of the
Orthodox Church
resisted influx of new
religious sects from the
west (e.g. Lutherans and
Calvinists)
WESTERN IDEAS GAINED GROUND
Western books
translated into
Russian
new skills and
technology, clothing
and customs (such as
men trimming their
beards)
First Russian
translation of the
Bible began in 1649
By 1700, 20,000
Europeans lived in Russia
By 1689, Russia was the
world’s largest country (3
times the size of Europe)
Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725)
His sister, Sophia, ruled
as his regent early on.
Her plot to kill him failed
and Peter had her
banished to a monastery;
his mother Natalia took
over as his regent
Peter began ruling in his
own right at age 22
He was nearly 7 feet tall
and so strong he could
bend a horse shoe with
his bare hands
GAINS POWER
Revo lt o f t h e St re l s ki ( n o bl e -bo rn
M o s c ow g a rri son) wa s de fe a te d by
Pete r i n 1698
Th e s e M o s c ow g ua rds h a d
ove r t h row n prev i ous l e a der s
Th e s e c uri t y o f Pete r’ s re i g n wa s
n ow i n t a c t
M i lit ar y p o we r w a s Pe ter’ s g re ate s t
c o n c ern
E a c h Rus s ian v i llage wa s re q ui red
to s e n d re c rui t s fo r t h e Rus s ian
a rmy ; 2 5 - ye a r e n l ist ment s
7 5 % o f t h e n a t i onal budg et wa s
s pe n t o n t h e m i lit a r y
Roya l a rmy o f ove r 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 m e n
pl us a ddi t i onal 10 0 , 0 00 s pe c ial
fo rc e s o f C o s sac ks a n d fo re i gner s
E s t a blished roya l , m i lit ar y a n d
a r t i l ler y a c a de mies
A l l yo un g m a le n o bl e s re q ui re d to
l e ave h o m e a n d s e r ve 5 ye a r s o f
c o m pul sor y e duc a t i o n
La rg e n av y bui l t o n t h e B a l t i c
GREAT NORTHERN WAR (1700-1721)
Russia (with Poland,
Denmark and Saxony as
allies) vs. Sweden (under
Charles XII)
Battle of Poltava (1709)
was the most decisive
battle in Russia defeating
Sweden.
Treaty of Nystad (1721):
Russia gained Latvia and
Estonia and thus gained
its “Window on the West”
in the Baltic Sea.
MODERNIZATION AND WESTERNIZATION WAS
ONE OF PETER’S MAJOR FOCUSES
He imported to Russia
substantial numbers of
western technicians and
craftsmen to aid in the
building of large factories
By the end of his reign,
Russia out-produced
England in iron
production (though
Sweden and Germany
produced more)
Industrial form of
serfdom existed in
factories where workers
could be bought and sold
State-regulated
monopolies created
(echoed mercantilist
policies of western
Europe)
Actually stifled economic
growth
Industrial serfs created
inferior products
GOVERNMENT REFORMS?
ruled by decree (example
of absolute power)
Tsar theoretically owned
all land in the state;
nobles and peasants
served the state
No representative
political bodies
All landowners owed
lifetime service to the
state (either in the
military, civil service, or
court); in return they
gained greater control
over their serfs
Table of Ranks -Set
educational standards for
civil servants (most of
whom were nobles) •
Peter sought to replace
old Boyar nobility with
new service-based
nobility loyal to the tsar
Russian secret police
ruthlessly and efficiently
crushed opponents
Taxation-Heavy on trade
sales and rent, head tax
on every male
ST. PETERSBURG
Sought to create a city
similar to Amsterdam and
the Winter Palace with
the grandeur of Versailles
By his death, the city was
the largest in northern
Europe (75,000
inhabitants)
became the capital of
Russia
Cosmopolitan in
character
Construction began in
1703; labor was
conscripted
ordered many noble
families to move to the
city and build their
homes according to
Peter’s plans
Merchants and artisans
also ordered to live in the
city and help build it
Peasants conscripted
heavy labor in the city’s
construction (heavy death
toll—perhaps 100,000)
LEGACY
Peter’s reforms
modernized Russia
and brought it closer
to the European
mainstream
More modern
military and state
bureaucracy.
Emerging concept of
interest in the state,
as separate from the
tsar’s interest
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FREDERICK II (“FREDERICK THE
GREAT”) – (R. 1740-1786)
Most powerful and
famous of the Prussian
kings
Considered to be an
“Enlightened Despot”
for his incorporation of
Enlightenment ideas
into his reign.
Instituted a number of
important reforms
Increased Prussia’s
territory at the expense
of the Austrian
Hapsburgs