Transcript chapter22 ppt

22
The Beginning of the
Twentieth-Century Crisis:
War and Revolution
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Europe in 1914
The Road to World War I = MAIN
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Nationalism and Internal Dissent
 Rivalries over colonies = imperialism
 Nationalism-ethnic and nationalistic ambitions in the Balkans
 2 Loose alliances=Germany, Austria, Italy (Central Powers) ;
France, Great Britain, Russia (Allies)
 The elites feared socialist and labor union strikes and violence
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Militarism
 Conscription- obligatory military service
• Russia an army of 1.3 million
• France and Germany, 900,000
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Influence of military leaders
• Development of inflexible plans in the event of war (ex: Shlieffen Plan)
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
World War I, 1914-1918
The Outbreak of War: Summer of 1914
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Serbia, supported by Russia, determined to create a large,
independent Slavic state in the Balkans
Austria, was determined not to allow Serbian independence (had
their own Slavic minorities and didn’t want their empire to collapse)
Archduke Francis Ferdinand and Sophia of Austria were assassinate,
on June 28, 1914 Bosnian terrorist organization (Black Hand)
Austrian declaration of war, July 28, 1914 on Serbia
 Austrians see chance to stop Serbian nationalistic movements
 Germany promises support to Austria
Russian mobilized, and refused to back down, Germany declared
war
Schlieffen Plan- Germany’s plan to fight a two-front war with France
and Russia (the two had formed an alliance in 1894); strike France
first (through neutral Belgium), then Russia
Britain had no choice but to declare war on Germany
The Great War
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1914-1915: Illusions and Stalemate
Prewar- Many political leaders believed that there were so many
political and economic risks and that it was not worth fighting; others
believed that “rational” diplomats could prevent war= Neither
happened
 Trench warfare- result of little change on the Western front
Failure of the Schlieffen Plan- did not work for Germany
 First Battle of the Marne, September 6-10, 1914-German army
stopped 20 miles from Paris
Russian failures
 Battle of Tannenberg, August 30, 1914- Russian army defeated in
eastern Germany
 Battle of Masurian Lakes, September 15, 1914-another loss for
Russian in Germany (they no longer were a threat to Germany)
 Austria was initially defeated by the Russians in Galicia and
thrown out of Serbia; With German aid Austrians pushed Russians
back to Russia. (Russian casualties 2.5 million)
World War I, 1914 – 1918
1916 – 1917: The Great Slaughter
 Trench
warfare
 “No man’s land”- 400 miles of trenches from
Switzerland to the English Channel, land between the
trenches were “no man’s land”
 No plan for fighting a trench war- both sides used barbed
wire, poison gas,
 Trenches were muddy, and soldiers had to deal with
decomposing bodies
 Battle of Verdun, 1916, 700,000 killed (Germany vs.
France)
 Horrors of trench warfare- read The Reality of War: Trench
Warfare (pg. 633)
The Widening of the War
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Russia, Great Britain, and France declare war on Ottomans
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Bulgaria enters the war, September 1915, on the side of the Central
Powers
Italy enters the war, May 1915, against Austria-Hungary
Middle East
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Battle of Gallipoli, April 1915 (Britain tries to knock out Ottomans, but fails)
T.E. Lawrence, Lawrence of Arabia (1888-1935)- led Arab uprisings against
Ottomans
Allies seize German colonies in Africa -- Togoland, Cameroons, South
West Africa, German East Africa, and Pacific- France drafted 170,000 Africans;
British used Indians, New Zealanders, and Australians
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Entry of the United States
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Sinking of the Lusitania, May 7, 1915- Germans sink passenger ship
First Germany agree to stop unrestricted submarine warfare; but don’t follow
through
United States enters the war, April 6, 1917; Russia is out due to Bolshevick
Revolution, 1917
The Home Front: The Impact of Total War
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Extension of government power
 Politics- military conscription now in Britain
 Economics- free-market capitol systems were put aside; wage and price
controls, food rationing, and nationalization of industries
 Internal dissent
• Defense of the Realm Act in Britain (DORA)- allowed government to
arrest war dissenters as traitors, censor and suspend publications
 Propaganda- every nation used propaganda (“Daddy what did you do in the
Great War?”)
New roles (jobs) for women
 Chimney sweeps, truck drivers, farm laborers, factory workers
 Wages less than men
 Lost jobs when men returned home
 Gained the right to vote in Britain, Germany, and Austria
 New styles and customs led to the “flapper” of the 1920s
The Russian Revolution
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ob4nV_3jgIY
The Russian Revolution
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Problems of Tsar Nicholas II
 Military problems- Russia was unprepared for the war, suffered 8 million
casualties
 Influence of Rasputin- wife Alexandria under his influence since he was the
only one who could heal for sick son
 Strikes in Petrograd, March, 1917, Led by women, Demand “Peace and bread”
 Soldiers joined the strike; Nicolas order to crush demonstrations, but troops
refused
 Duma takes control after Nicolas abdicates on March 15, 1917
Provisional government takes control led by Alexander Kerensky (1881-1970)decided to stay in war (bad decision)
Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution- Vladimir Ulianov Lenin (V.I. Lenin) (18701924) led the Bolshevik wing of the Russian Social Democratic Party (wanted a
violent revolution)- had three slogans “Peace, Land, Bread”; “Worker Control of
Production”; “All Power to the Soviets”
 Collapse of Provisional Government, November 6-7, 1917; Lenin announced
new government (the Council of People’s Commissars); he was the leader
 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918 gave eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland,
and Baltic provinces to Germany
Civil War
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Bolsheviks-Communist (Red) Army vs. Whites (from royalists to
anti-Lenin socialists)
Royal family executed in July 1918
 Leon Trotsky led the well-disciplined fighting Red force
White army were not unified nor as disciplined
How the Bolsheviks won War Communism- nationalized banks and most industries,
requisition of grain from peasants,and centralized state power
 Red Terror-used a new Red secret police, Chekka, destroyed any
opposition to the new regime
Allied invasion
 100,000 troops were stationed in Russia, Communist government
appealed to patriotic Russians to fight against foreign control of
their country
By 1921, the Communists were in full control of Russia
The Last Year of the War
 Last
German offensive, March - July, 1918
 Allied counterattack, Second Battle of the Marne,
July 18, 1918, with help of American forces,
Germany was defeated
 William II abdicated, November 9, 1918; a
German Republic was proclaimed
 Armistice was agreed , November 11, 1918
The Peace Settlement
 Palace
of Versailles, January 1919, 27 Allied nations
met
 Woodrow Wilson, introduced his Fourteen Points,
seemed favorable among most
 Georges Clemenceau of France concerned with his
nation’s security
 Clemenceau and Britain’s Lloyd George determined to
punish Germany
 Agreement to create the League of Nations
The Treaty of Versailles
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Five separate treaties signed with each of defeated nations (Germany,
Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey), the most important being
the Treaty of Versailles with Germany
 Treaty with Germany signed June 28, 1919
Article 231, War Guilt Clause- Germany had to pay reparations
Army reduced to 100,000 men, reduce navy, eliminate the air force
Return to France Alsace and Lorraine and sections of Prussia given to
Poland
Demilitarized zone on the Rhine
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viewed this treaty as an unfair “dictated peace”
The Other Peace Treaties
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Territorial changes in Europe
 Austro-Hungarian Empire disappears
 Germany and Russia lose territory
• New Nations: Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania,
Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary,
larger Romania, and Yugoslavia (an enlarged
Serbia)
As a result of compromises, virtually every eastern
European state was left with a minorities problem
Dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire
 League of Nation “Mandates”
• France given control of Lebanon and Syria while
Britain received Iraq and Palestine
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under
license.
Territorial Changes in Europe
and the Middle East after World
War I
The Futile Search for Stability
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Uneasy peace, uncertain security
Weaknesses of the League of Nations- America, Soviet Union,
Germany not members
Allied Reparations Commission, April 1921- settled a sum of 132
billion marks ($33 billion), payable annually 2.5 billion by Germany
 Germany paid in 1921, but couldn’t make any further payments
Outraged France, sent troops to occupy Ruhr Valley, Germany’s chief
industrial and mining center
Dawes Plan, August 1924; reduced Germany’s reparation payments
and stabilized German economy through loans
Treaty of Locarno, 1925; guaranteed Germany’s western borders with
France and Belgium
Disarmament; many nations were expected to disarm after Germany,
DAWES PLAN
The
Great
Depression
Two events set the stage for the depression
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Problems in domestic economies- agricultural prices dropped due to over
production of wheat
 International financial crisis- investment in American stocks meant fewer loans
to Germany
Problems of the 1920s
Crash of the American stock market, October 1929 led American investors to
withdraw their funds from Germany and other Europeans markets
Worldwide problems
 High unemployment
 Bank failures
Governments relied on:
 Balanced budgets, lowering of wages, and raising tariffs
Increased involvement of the government into economics
 Renewed interest in Marxist principles
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The Democratic States
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Britain
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France
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Revolving coalition governments during the 1930s
Popular Front (on the Left) formed in 1936, and made reforms but did not solve
depression problems
Germany
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Had an unemployment rate of 10 percent
Formed National coalition government in 1931, used traditional policies and
ignored John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) theories of deficit spending
Weimar Republic- no outstanding political leaders
Runaway inflation, 1922-1923
After a short period of Prosperity from 1924-1929, The Great Depression hit and
led to the rise of extremist political parties
United States
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New Deal (FDRs) instituted necessary reforms, but did not solve unemployment
Works Progress Administration (WPA)- employed 2 to 3 million people on
public projects
Social reforms- responsible for American Welfare and the Social Security Act
Socialism in Soviet Russia
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Problems facing Russia after the Civil War- industrial production only
20 percent
New Economic Policy (NEP)
 Modified capitalism; although heavy industry, banking, utilities,
and miners remained in hands of government
Lenin and the Communists renamed state to The Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics aka USSR-production had raised to 75 percent,
famine was brought to an end
Alexandra Kollontai (1872-1952) worked for Women’s rights and
social welfare
Death of Lenin, 1924 and struggle for power
Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)
 Eliminated Leon Trotsky as a rival
 By 1929 had eliminated the Old Bolsheviks and seized power
In Pursuit of a New Reality: Cultural and Intellectual
Trends
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Breakdown of middle-class values
Nightmares and New Visions
 Abstract painting
 Dadaism
• Tristan Tzara (1896-1945)
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Surrealism
• Salvador Dalí (1904-1989)
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Probing the Unconscious
 James Joyce (1882-1941), Ulysses
 Hermann Hesse (1877-1962)
 Mass entertainment
Discussion Questions
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What role did new technology play in World War I?
Why role did Europe’s African and Asian colonies play in
the conflict?
How did military setbacks contribute to the outbreak of the
Russian Revolution?
What were the objectives of the major powers at the
Versailles peace conference?
How did France, Great Britain, Germany, Russia, and the
United States respond to the challenges presented by the
Great Depression?