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Lecture # 09
History of Pakistan III (1526- 1900AD)
Recap of lecture # 08
Slave Dynasty
Qutub-ud- Deen Aybak (1192-1210)
Khalji Dynasty:(1290–1320)
Sayyid and Lodhi Dynasty:
Lodhi Dynasty (1451 1526)
overview of End of Salateen & European Entrance
Cont.
• Mughal Empire
• Challenges for Mughals
• Cultural & Political background of Pakistan
Movement
• Impact of Islam- Cultural & Religious Influence
• Din-I-Illahi
• Start of Different Religious and Educational
Movements from Muslims
Cont.
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Shah Wali Ullah’s Services
Ahmed Shaheed Barailvi
Fraizi Movement
Aligarh Movement and Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
Today’s topic: History of Pakistan III (1526- 1800AD)
Lecture # 09:History of Pakistan III (1526- 1800AD)
Mughals
• In 1526 in his fifth attempt, Babur defeated the last of the
Delhi Sultans, Ibrahim Shah Lodi, at the First Battle of
Panipat.
• The Mughal emperors were Muslims and direct
descendants of Genghis Khan through Chagatai Khan and
Timur.
• At the height of their power in the late 17th and early 18th
centuries, they controlled most of the subcontinent—
extending from Bengal in the east to Balochistan in the
west, Kashmir in the north to the Bay of Bangal in the south
Cont.
Cont.
• Mughal Empire: Zaheer-ud-Deen Baber: 1526-1530
• Effective rulers were:Nasir-ud-Din Humayun:153056, with a break from 1540 to 1555
• Jalal-ud-Din Akbar (1556-1605)
• Nur-ud-Din Jahangir (1605-27)
• Shihab-ud-Din Shah Jahan (1627-58) and
• Muhayyi-ud-Din Aurangzeb (1658-1707)
Cont.
Cont.
• Ineffective rulers were remained on the throne at Dehli
till 1857.
• Last ruler was Bahadur Shah Zafar
• The "classic period" of the empire started in 1556 with
the accession of Akbar the Great. Under his rule, India
enjoyed much cultural and economic progress as well
as religious harmony Akbar was a successful warrior; he
also forged martial alliances with several Hindu Rajput
kingdoms
Cont.
Cont.
• The rule of Shah Jahan, the fifth emperor, was the golden age
of Mughal architecture and the arts. He built many splendid
monuments, the most famous of which is the legendary Taj
Mahal at Agra, as well as the Pearl Mosque, the Red Fort,
Jama Masjid (Mosque), and the Lahore Fort.
• The Mughal Empire reached the peak of its territorial
expansion during the rule of Aurangzeb. During his lifetime,
victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to more
than 1.25 million square miles, ruling over more than 150
million subjects, nearly 1/4th of the world's population, with
a combined GDP of over $90 billion
Cont.
• By the mid-18th century, the Marathas had captured many
Mughal provinces from the Deccan to Bengal, and internal
dissatisfaction (as well as separatist agendas from the
Rajputs, Sikhs, and Jats) arose due to the weakness of the
Mughal Empire's administrative and economic systems.
• In 1739, a weakened Mughal Empire was defeated in the
Battle of Karnal by the forces of Nader Shah of Iran. Mughal
power was severely limited.
Cont.
• The last emperor, Bahadur Shah II had authority
over only the city of Shah-jahan-abad. He
supported the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and was
overthrown by the British.
Rivals of Mughals in Subcontinent
• 1- Afghans: (Sher Shah Suri, 1530– Humayun)
2- Ahmed Shah Durrni, 1747- Aurangzeb
• 3- Hindus: (Shiveji & Marhats 1646 – Aurangzeb)
• 4- Persians: ( Nadir Shah 1738 – Auranzeb Alamgir)
• 5- Sikhs: (Ranjeet Singh,1799-1849 – Shah Alam)
• 6- British: ( since the time of Jahngeer EIC was
trying to capture the power and wealth)
Cont.
• Bahadur Shah died in exile in
1862 in Rangoon. He was buried
there and that site later became
known as Bahadur Shah Zafar
Dargah.To the local Myanmar
Muslims, he was honoured as a
saint
• His wife Zeenat Mahal, who died
in 1886 and granddaughter
Raunaq Zamani are buried along
side him.
European Influence
• Vas Code Gama, a Portuguese navigator entered in
subcontinent in 1498
• East India Company was founded in 1600 which
governed with the consent of Parliament until
1858.Company bought a strip of sandy beach at
Madras in 1639,required a lease to part of Bombay.
• At that time Akbar and Jahangir (1605) was ruling in
Subcotinent
Cont.
• King Charles II in 1668 & in 1690 got permission of
settlement in Calcutta- the company built a fort
known as factory from which the British conducted
trade/business activities
Cont.
• The French got off to a slow start in their attempt to
build a trading empire in India and East India Company
French in 1664 but never succeeded in fostering a trade
volume comparable to that of British.
• In 1746, under the aggressive leadership of Joseph
Francis Duplex French army clutched Madras however
during the seven years war, the French surrendered &
peace treaty was concluded in 1763.
Cont.
• East India Company in the 1740’s, Clive’s greatest
triumph came at the Battle of Plassy
• In 1757, British also defected Maysour’s ruler, Hyder Ali
and his son Tippu Sultan in 1780s
• Different British Governor Generals ruled over India
from 1780 to 1947
Cont.
• In 1857 many traditional groups largely in north
revolted. British army defused & crushed revolts
one by one in different areas and also captured rule
in center Dehli and that was the complete down fall
of Mughal era
Cultural & Political background of Pakistan
Movement
• Challenges for Mughals & Muslims
1-Hindus: (Shiveji & Marhats 1646 – Aurangzeb)
2-Sikhs: (Ranjeet Singh,1799-1849 – Shah Alam)
3-British: ( since the time of Jahngeer EIC was
trying to capture the power and wealth)
Start of Muslim Political Struggle
• Shah Wali Ullah against Marhts invited Ahmed Shah
Abdli in 1761at 3rd Battle of Panipat
• Syed Ahmed Shaheed Baralvi against Ranjeet Singh in
1826 from Akora (N.W.F.P)
• Haji Shariat Ullah from Bengal in 1820 against British
• Sir Syed Ahmed Khan played a vital role in restoring
relations between the British & Muslim after war of
Independence and in helping Muslims to appreciate
the value of modern education
Start of Pakistan Movement
• Legislative Councils Act, 1861: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
indicated in the ‘Causes of Indian Revolt’, several weakness
of the British government and advised the government:
i- to give the representation to the local people in the
Legislative Council to create sentiments of loyalty
ii- enforcement of Legislative Council Act of 1861 was the
first step taken for the constitutional reforms in
Subcontinent in spite of its limited scope an opportunity to
the Indian people to safeguard their political interests.
iii- Sir Syed Ahmd Khan was nominated as the member of the
legislative council under the Act of 1861
Different Educational/Reforms Movements
• Aligarh Movement (western education)
• Tehrik-i-Deoband, Saharnpur(Islamic education &
traditions)
• Anjumn-i-Himyat-i-Islam Lahore(modern education
according to Islamic principles)
• Nadva-tul-Ulema Luckhnow (gereral reformation of
muslim society and to remove sectarian differences
among different groups of Ulema)
Aligarh Movement
• Based on two fold program
i) Muslims revival
ii)Cooperation with British government
• Different institutions of Aligarh
1)School of Muradabadin, 1859 (Persian & English)
2)School of Ghaziabad, 1864 (Translated work from English
to Urdu)
3)Scientific Society,1866. published a journal, Aligarh
Institute Gazette
Cont.
4)M.A.O high school was established in 1874
5)M.A.O College at Aligarh in 1877
6) The college raised to the level of university in 1920
• Political aspect of the Aligarh Movement
Sir Syed contend that his political vision gave an
independent political expression to the Muslim
community, which aided its goal of securing political
power in India.
Cont.
• His philosophy guided the creation of the All India
Muslim League in 1906, as a political party separate
from the Congress
• Sir Syed's ideas inspired both the liberal, pro-British
politicians of the Muslim League and the religious
ideologues of the Khilafat struggle.
• In the 1940s, the student body of Aligarh committed
itself to the establishment of Pakistan and contributed
in large measure to the activities of the Muslim League
Cont.
• Sir Syed's patronage of Urdu led to its widespread
use amongst Indian Muslim communities and
following the Partition of India its adoption as the
official language of Pakistan, even though Bengali
and Punjabi were more prevalent at the time.
Summary
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Mughals
Rivals of Mughals in Subcontinent
European Influence
Cultural & Political background of Pakistan Movement
Start of Muslim Political Struggle
Different Educational & Reforms Movements
Start of Pakistan Movement
Aligarh Movement
Quotation
Acquisition of knowledge of science and technology is
the only solution for the problems of Muslims.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
Thank you