Transcript Lecture # 1-Expansion of Islam in the Sub-continent

Lecture# 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Indians before Islam
• Arab traders relation with Indians Trade of horses, spices, and silk
• Setup trade colonies on the coastal areas of west India
• Many Indians accepted Islam to be closer to Arab Traders
2. Different Religions in India
• Before Islam, three religions existed namely; Hinduism, Buddhism, and
Jainism
• Islam spread out in India and shook the whole foundation of caste-ridden
Hinduism
• Islam preached equality of human beings and worship of one GOD
instead of thousands Gods
3. Expeditions to India
• After the death of Holy Prophet (PBUH) many expeditions were sent
towards sub-continet
• First Expedition was sent by Hazrat Umar towards small port near
Mombay
• Makran the coastal area of Balochistan was conquered under the reign of
Hazrat Usman
• Hazrat Ali also sent expeditions respectively
4. The most Important Expedition
• Ruler of Sri Lanka sent gifts to eastern Ruler Hajjaj Bin Yousaf
• These ships were attacked and looted by some pirates
• Incident took place under the reign of Indian ruler Raja Dahir
5. Muhammad Bin Qasim’s Attack on Sindh
• He was helped by lower castes Hindus and also by the followers of
Jainism because they were under great oppression of Raja Dahir
• He conquered the whole Sindh and Multan
6. Effects of Conquest
• The conquest had political, social, cultural, and religious effects
• Islamic Principles of Tauheed, Equality, and Fraternity allured a lot of nonMuslims to Islam
• They felt themselves as human beings and Islam increased their social
status
7. Intellectual & Cultural Contacts of Muslims & Hindus
• Hindus learnt art of trade, art of navigation, the art of dressing and
eating
• Arabs learnt numerals and knowledge of Astrology
• Missionary traders and sailors went to far East and spread Islam in
Malaya and Indonesia
• Due to weak Abbasaid’s government and moral bankruptcy of Arab
Muslims Arabi rule was restricted
8. Mahmood Ghavnavi’s Invasion
• Turk entered India through Khyber Pass
• He invaded India many a times from 1001 to 1027 AD
• His intentions were to consolidate his power in central Asia not to spread
Islam
• Ghaznavids ruled India from 976 to 1148 AD
• Ghauris ruled from 1148 to 1206 AD
• From 1206 to 1526 five different dynasties which included
• Slave Dynasty
• Khiliji
• Taghluq
• Lodhi, and
• Syed Dynasty
• After them Mughal came into power
9. Mughal Rule in India
• Mughal ruled India from 1526 to 1707, though they rule nominally till
1857
• Era of glory for the Muslims
• Muslims flourished in every field i.e. culturally, intellectually, economically,
and socially
• Mughal were considered the great Muslim rulers, though Akbar found
trying to mar the true spirit of Islam
• Efforts of Muslim Scholars like Hazrat Mujadad Alf Sani and Shah Waliullah
saved it
10. Effects of Islam on Sub-Continent
• Islam completely changed the living and thinking of the people of subcontinent
• Turks introduced Persian which while mingling with Arabia and gave birth
a new language URDU
• This language later became an identity of the Muslims
11. Emergence of Pakistan
• From 1857, the war of independence till 1947, the British Ruled India as
their colony
• On the 14th August, 1947 Pakistan emerged on the map of the world as
an independent Muslim State with the slogan of Two Nation Theory
1. Weak Successors of Aurangzeb
• After his death, his weak and incapable successors had not stamina of
holding his vast empire
• War amongst his sons and grandsons for acquiring the throne
• After 1707 AD, Mughal rulers indulged in luxury and indolence/lethargic
• The rulers like Muhammad Shah Rangila loved dancing and singing then
affairs of empire
2. Weak Central Government
• Strong central Government is backbone of any empire/Sultanate
• Muslim rulers lost their control on the central government and Marathas of
Deccan, Sikhs of Punjab and Jats of Agra and Delhi exploited the
situation
• They setup several independent states
3. No rule for Succession
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Mughals had not set rule for succession
Ruler died many royal princes appeared to claim for the right
The victorious prince slay his opponents and succeed to the throne
Many experience generals were slain
The succession war took place among the sons of Shah Jehan caused a great
damage to the good-will of the Mughal Dynasty.
4. Lack of Resources
• Weakness of Mughal Rulers: the provinces of Bengal, Gujrat, Deccan and
Oudh became autonomous and independent
• As a result, the financial resources of the government became less and
treasury became empty
• Emperors were the pensioners of British administration.
• Couldn’t manage to hire army for defense
• Worsening conditions of economy became the cause of decline
5. Backward in Education
• Education system completely depended on the religious institutions
• Emperors neither cooperated with conquerors nor did they want to learn
English language which was the fate way to modern sciences
• This backwardness shamelessly affected their economy and political life
• As a results Hindu occupied high positions in government and left the Muslim
behind in every walk of life.
6. Luxurious Life
• Wealth and prolonging of the Mughal rule made the Mughal princes fond of
luxurious life
• At royal court, the jesters and musicians were preferred to the brave and the
warrior soldiers.
• All others choose the same course as they saw likewise getting more respect
and honour
7. Undue Liberal Policy of Akbar
• He setup an effective administration in his vast empire
• He was so liberal that he married Hindu women and appointed Hindu on
key posts
• Hindu became influential and they began exercise their powers in state
affairs.
• He introduced a new religion Deen-i-Illahi which led him to take such
measures as were against the tenets of Islamic faith
• This policy caused a great harm to his vast empire and led it on the way
to decline
8. Deen-i-Illahi
i.
ii.
Combining features of Hinduism and Islam
All religions would be united in a way that the advantage of all the
religions would be gained and that the evils of all the religions would be
disregarded
iii. Akbar sanctioned a number of un-Islamic practices which included the
worship of sun, fire and artificial lights
iv. It was required to bow before the emperor in adoration/respect
v. Cow slaughtered was prohibited and Azan call for prayers was forbidden
vi. The mosques were to be used as warehouse
vii. He ordered that no child will be named as Muhammad in future
viii. The immediate result of the promulgation of Deen-i-illahi was the loss of
Muslim political hegemony in the Indian Society
ix. Hindus were elevated to the equal status and their social position was
greatly enhanced
x. Akbar’s experiment in the religious field gained nothing other than hatred
and vigorous reaction by the Muslim saints Mujadid Alf Sani who exposed
the fallacy of Deen-i-Illahi
9. Weak Military force
• Did not give importance to develop modern weapons and latest
techniques of warfare
• Soldiers were dependent on arrows and lances which were not enough to
face challenges
• Generals hardly went into the battle field and European nation took
advantage of the weakness of Muslim army and took possession
10. Lack of Naval Power
• They had no naval force to defend themselves from European countries
• They easily conquered the coastal areas with the force of navy
• The pilgrims had to take permission from the Portuguese before
proceeding for pilgrimage.
11. Foreign Invasions
• The massacre carried out by invaders (Nadir Shah & Ahmed Shah Abdali)
shattered the economy of the country and Mughal Empire altogether lost
his dignity.
• Marathas also paralyzed even the remaining powers of Mughal
12. Internal Conspiracies
• The incompetent successors of Aurangzeb made the Royal court an area
of conspiracies
• Jealousy and Hypocrisy ruled the country
• The nobles quarreled among themselves for power
• Such state affairs turned the country too weak to survive
13. Loss of Spirit of Jehad
• The spirit of Jehad has always been the main spring of Islamic Government
• The local recruiters loved the life of ease and Mughal princes were indulged
in luxuries
• Life and the army had become indolent/lazy
• This factor faded/weakened the Muslim army and was no longer to defend
the country
14. Disloyalty to Nation
• No shortages of persons who didn’t hesitate to put the nation at stake for
their vested interests
• Meer Jaffar and Meer Sadiq were notorious for their treacherous character
they played in the politics of sub-continent
• They showed disloyalty to their own nation and in turn suffered disgrace even
at the hands of Britisher
15. Foreign Intrigues/conspiracies
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The English took full advantage of internal anarchy/disorder
They conspired with Meer Jaffar and became the masters of Bengal
In maysore, they won over Meer Sadiq to betray Tipu Sultan
They used their advanced military power as well as intriguing/alluring
tricks to weaken the Muslim Government and succeeded in their
imperialistic designs
• After the failure of the independence war (1857), they put an end to the
Muslim rule and brought the whole continent under their possession.
Have a Nice Day
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