Transcript Industrial Revolution

British History IV
Linye Han
School of English Studies
Chapter Outline
IV. The Rise and Fall of British Empire
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The Industrial Revolution
The Victorian Era
The Building of British Empire
Britain during WWI and WWII
Postwar Britain
The Industrial Revolution
• It occurred in the late 18th and early 19th
centuries (1750s—1840s).
• It refers to the mechanization of industry
and the consequent changes in social and
economic organization in Britain.
• It first took place in Britain, and then
spread to other parts of Europe and the
world.
Key Industries
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Iron and steel manufacture
the production of steam engines
textiles
machine-building sector
Why Industrial Revolution first
took place in Britain?
It began in Britain because political, economical,
legal, social and other conditions there were
particularly favorable to change.
Political Factors
• The limited monarchy resulted from the glorious
revolution ensured that the economic groups
could exert their influence over government
policy;
• The predictable, stable rule of law in Britain
meant that monarchs and aristocrats were less
likely to arbitrarily seize earnings or impose taxes
than they were in many other countries.
Economical Factors
• Britain’s government pursued a relatively handsoff economic policy.
• The book The Wealth of Nations written by Adam
Smith was published in 1776, which encouraged
free trade and free competition.
• England, Scotland and Wales formed a customs
union after 1707 and this included Ireland after
1807 (the national market not hindered by
internal customs barriers);
Legal Factors
• Property rights, such as those for patents on
mechanical improvements, were well established.
• The inventors (e.g. James Watt) were well-respected
and they solved practical problems.
• Britain was the first country which made the patent
law.
Scientific Foundation
• Great scientists like
Issac Newton founded
the modern science in
the middle of 17th
century, which
provided theoretical
tools for inventors to
make technical
improvement.
Technical Innovation
• First occurred in
textile industry;
• In 1765, a new
energy source—
steam engine was
also invented.
Four Important Inventions
• John Kay’s flying
shuttle in 1733
• James Watt’s steam
engine in 1765
• James Hargreaves’s
spinning jenny in
1766
• Richard Arkwright’s
water frame in 1769
Foreign Expansion
• Colonies were acquired by military means,
which provided huge markets and abundant
natural resources for the Industrial
Revolution.
• The so-called British Empire was being built.
Other factors
• Risk-taking and investment in new business
ventures stimulated economic growth, because free
and international trade brought wealth to British
businessmen.
• They had much safer earnings and could gain wealth,
social prestige, and power more easily than people
on the European continent.
• Protestant work ethic inspired people, i.e. creating
wealth, pursuing profits, communicating with God by
real-world success.
• The enclosures and other improvements in
agriculture made contributions by providing food
for the population, labor for the factories and raw
materials needed by industry.
• Britain is well-placed geographically to participate
in European and world trade.
• British main towns were near to seaports and
rivers, which was convenient for the distribution
of products.
What changes did Industrial Revolution
bring about?
• Urbanization: growth of urban population
and cities
• Workshop of the world
• Improved transportation
• Effects on labor
• Britain became the most powerful country
and the first modernized nation, which
helped the rest of the world to follow its
suit.
Urban Population
• In the early 1770s， Manchester numbered only
25,000 inhabitants. By 1850, after it had become
a center of cotton manufacturing, its population
had grown to more than 350,000.
• In pre-industrial England, more than threequarters of the population lived in small villages.
By the mid-19th century, however, the country
had made history by becoming the first nation
with half its population in cities. By 1850，
millions of British people lived in crowded, grim
industrial cities.
Growth of Cities
• New manufacturing towns and cities grew
dramatically. Many of these cities were close to the
coalfields that supplied fuel to the factories.
• The names of British factory cities soon symbolized
industrialization to the wider world: Liverpool,
Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Sheffield, and
especially Manchester.
Workshop of the World
• Britain—a single
nation produced more
iron than the total
volume of iron
produced by all other
countries in the world.
• It produced two thirds
of the world’s coal.
• It also produced half of
the world’s cotton.
Improved Transportation
• Locomotive was
invented in 1814.
• The first British
railway was built in
1830.
• 22 British railway
networks were
established in 1851,
which was as long as
13,000 km.
Effects on Labor
• Division of labor: each worker is assigned to a
different task, or step, in the manufacturing
process, and as a result, total production
increases.
• As this illustration shows, one person performing
all five steps in the manufacture of a product can
make one unit in a day. Five workers, each
specializing in one of the five steps, can make 10
units in the same amount of time.
Division of Labor
Effects on Labor
• The movement of people away from agriculture
and into industrial cities brought great stresses
to many people in the labor force.
• Traditional handloom weavers could no longer
compete with the mechanized production of
cloth. Skilled laborers sometimes lost their jobs
as new machines replaced them.
Effects on Labor
• With the development of the Industrial
Revolution in Britain in the 18th century, child
labor was practiced on a large scale in the new
“manufactories.”
• In the factories, people had to work long hours
under harsh conditions, often with few rewards.
Factory owners and managers paid the minimum
amount necessary for a work force, often
recruiting women and children to tend the
machines because they could be hired for very
low wages.
The Most Powerful Country
• By that time, Britain had changed forever. The
economy was expanding at a rate that was more
than twice the pace at which it had grown before the
Industrial Revolution.
• Although vast differences existed between the rich
and the poor, most of the population enjoyed some
of the fruits of economic growth.
The House of Hanover
George I
George II
grandfather
George III
grandson
George IV
brothers
William IV
niece
Victoria
Edward VII
George I
(1714-1727)
• 1701 Act of
Settlement—sought
to guarantee a
Protestant succession
• Cabinet system of
government; 1st
Prime Minister in
Britain—Robert
Walpole(罗伯特·沃波
尔)
George III
(1760-1820)
• 3rd Hanoverian monarch, 1st
born in England and to use
English as the first language
• Losing the American colonies:
1765 Stamp Act, 1773 Boston
Tea-dumping; 1775 American
Revolution; 1776 Declaration of
Independence
• Losing his mind in the 1780s
and permanently deranged in
1810, and the Prince of Wales
ruled the country in his place
• In 1801, under the Act of Union Great
Britain and Ireland were united into a
single nation—the United Kingdom.
• George III was thus the first king of the new
nation.
George IV
(1820 -1830)
• Naturally gifted;
well-taught in
classics; multilingual
• He became Prince
Regent while his
father was very ill.
• Triumph over French
and Spanish fleets at
Trafalgar in 1805;
• Defeated Napoleon
at Waterloo in 1815
under the
leadership of Duke
of Wellington;
William IV
(1830-1837)
• Sailor King
• Silly Billy
• Died without issue
and his niece Victoria
succeeded
Queen Victoria
(1837-1901)
• reigned for 64 years,
the longest reign in
the history of England;
Those years, from
1837
to
1901,
became known as the
Victorian Era and
were marked by the
rise of the middle
class and a deeply
conservative morality.
Mother of a Growing Empire
• Victoria (1819-1901), queen of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901) and
empress of India (1876-1901). Her reign was the
longest of any monarch in British history and came to
be known as the Victorian era.
• Queen Victoria was the official head of state not only
of the United Kingdom but also of the growing
worldwide British Empire, which included Canada,
Australia, India, New Zealand, and large parts of
Africa.
British Economist William Stanley Jevons: “北美和俄国
的平原是我们的玉米地；芝加哥和敖德萨是我们
的粮仓；加拿大和波罗的海是我们的林场；澳大
利亚、西亚有我们的牧羊地；阿根廷和北美的西
部草原有我们的牛群；秘鲁运来它的白银；南非
和澳大利亚的黄金则流到伦敦；印度人和中国人
为我们种植茶叶；而我们的咖啡、甘蔗和香料种
植园则遍及印度群岛；西班牙和法国是我们的葡
萄园；地中海是我们的果园；长期以来早就生长
在美国南部的我们的棉花地，现在正在向地球的
所有的温暖区域扩展。”
Economy
• The Industrial Revolution developed to its
heights;
• Locomotives were invented, throwing the
country into a frenzy of railway building;
• Agriculture was further mechanized.
• Trade and commerce grew immensely.
Foreign Affairs
• Opium War against China in 1840;
• Wars suppressing the revolt of Canada and
India;
• Crimean War(1853-1856) against Russia;
• A more flexible approach in foreign
expansion: Canada, Australia and New
Zealand were all granted self-government;
• Victoria became Empress of India;
• Imperialism was achieved.
Chartist Movement
(1838-1848)
• The Chartist movement was the first mass
movement driven by the working classes.
• In 1839, 1842 and 1848, the Chartist
movement urged Parliament to adopt three
great petitions, but was rejected by the
government for each time.
Three Petitions
• In June 1839, the Chartists’ petition was
presented to the House of Commons with
over 1.25 million signatures, but was rejected
by Parliament. This provoked unrest which
was swiftly crushed by the authorities.
• A second petition was presented in May 1842,
signed by over three million people but again
it was rejected and further unrest and arrests
followed.
• In April 1848 a third and final petition was
presented. A mass meeting on Kennington
Common in South London was organized.
• The third petition was also rejected but the
anticipated unrest did not happen.
People’s Charter
1838
• All men to have the vote (universal manhood
suffrage);
• Voting should take place by secret ballot.
• Parliamentary elections every year, not once
every five years;
• Constituencies should be of equal size.
• Members of Parliament should be paid (so
that poor men could serve).
• The property qualification for becoming a
Member of Parliament should be abolished.
Chartist Legacy
• The Chartists’ legacy was strong. Further
Reform Acts were passed in 1867 and 1884.
• By 1918, five of the Chartists’ six demands
had been achieved—only the stipulation
that parliamentary elections be held every
year was unfulfilled.
Improved Social Conditions
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Secret voting: in 1872;
Right to vote: male workers in 1876;
Compulsory education was adopted;
Women students admitted to universities;
Oxford and Cambridge universities were free
to enroll students, who were not Anglican
Church believers
Literary& Scientific Achievements
• Charles Darwin published Origin of Species
in 1859;
• A group of influential writers—Bronte
sisters, Dickens, Thackeray, George Eliot—
appeared.
• Lake poet: William Wordsworth—one of
the earliest romantic poets
Family Life
• Queen Victoria married her first cousin, Prince
Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha of Germany, in
Feb. 1840.
• Between 1840 and 1857, they had nine
children.
• Prince Albert died at the age of 42 in 1861,
while the Queen remained in mourning for
decades to come.
Grandmother of Europe
• Some of Victoria’s children and grandchildren
eventually married the heirs to thrones of
Germany, Spain, Russia, Sweden, Norway and
Romania.
• Because of her descendents, Victoria became
known as the “Grandmother of Europe”.
House of Windsor
George V
Edward VIII
George VI
Elizabeth II
George V
(1910-1936)
Edward VIII
1936
Abdication of Edward VIII
• After being proclaimed king in 1936, Edward VIII of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland announced his intention to marry Wallis
Warfield Simpson, an American divorcee. Because
the British and Commonwealth governments
strongly opposed the marriage, Edward abdicated on
December 11, 1936. He and Simpson were married
in France on June 3, 1937.
George VI
(1936—1947)
Queen Elizabeth II
(1952— )
• Elizabeth II became queen of
the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
in 1952 upon the death of
her father, King George VI.
Throughout her reign she has
been a symbol of unity and
continuity within the United
Kingdom
and
the
Commonwealth of Nations.
Winston Churchill
• Churchill, Sir Winston Leonard Spencer (1874-1965),
British politician and prime minister of the United
Kingdom (1940-1945, 1951-1955), widely regarded
as the greatest British leader of the 20th century.
Churchill is celebrated for his leadership during
World War II (1939-1945). His courage, decisiveness,
political experience, and enormous vitality enabled
him to lead his country through the war, one of the
most desperate struggles in British history.
Winston Churchill
• Winston Churchill’s public life extended from the
reign of Queen Victoria in the late 19th century to
the Cold War. During this long political career,
Churchill held every important cabinet office in the
British government, except foreign minister. Churchill
was also known for the many books on British history
and politics he wrote throughout his lifetime. His
command of the English language not only made him
a great orator but earned him the Nobel Prize for
literature in 1953.
Margaret Hilda Thatcher
• Thatcher, Margaret Hilda, (1925-?), first woman to
hold the office of prime minister of the United
Kingdom (1979-1990).
• Victorious in the June 1987 elections, she became
the first British prime minister in the 20th century
to serve three consecutive terms. During
Thatcher's years as prime minister, unemployment
rose, almost doubling in her first term. Thatcher
opposed the socialist programs of the Labour
party and worked to decrease the role of the
government in the economy.
Margaret Hilda Thatcher
• She privatized some nationalized industries and
social programs, including education, housing, and
health care. In 1990 controversy over Thatcher's tax
policy and over her reluctance to commit the United
Kingdom to full economic integration with Europe
inspired a strong challenge to her leadership. She
resigned in November and was succeeded as party
leader and prime minister by her protégé, John Major.
Margaret Thatcher
• Thatcherism refers to Prime Minister Margaret
Thatcher’s Policy in the 1980’s.
• It places much emphasis on privatization and
monetarism, namely, on minimum state intervention
in the economy and tight fiscal policy.
• Her policies held down inflation, and brought forth a
relatively rapid economic growth in England.
The British Empire
• The British Empire expanded through either
aggression or annexation.
• It extended its influence to nations by means of
aggression. India and China were both victims of this
policy. Britain also enlarged its empire by annexing
un-inhabited or sparsely-populated lands such as
America and Australia.
• By 1900, Britain had built up a big empire consisting
of a great many protectorates, Crown colonies,
spheres of influences, and self-governing dominions
almost everywhere around the globe.
Three International Conflicts in the
2nd half of the 20th Century
The United Kingdom
was involved in the
War of Aggression
against North Korea
in 1950, the Suez
Canal Crisis in 1956
and the Falkland
Islands War in 1982.