Transcript Factors leading to WWI

WORLD WAR I
I. Causes
II. Warfare
III.Propaganda
IV.Consequences
OA 1
1. What do you know about WWI?
2. WWI was called the “Great
War” and the “War to end all
wars.” Why do you think it was
called those things?
I. CAUSES OF WWI
What were the causes of WWI?
What triggered the war?
Causes/Factors leading to WWI:
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Militarism – Glorifying power and keeping an army
prepared for war was the goal of several European
nations.
Alliances – a union or association formed for mutual
benefit, especially between countries or organizations
◆ Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
◆ Triple Entente: England, France, Russia
Imperialism – Political and Economic control over
foreign territory.
Nationalism – Feeling of strong pride for one’s
country.
Total Defense Expenditures (spending) for the Great
Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.]
in millions of £s.
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1914
94
130
154
268
289
398
1910-1914 Increase in
Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%
The Allied powers (blue) surround
The Central powers (red),
illustrating the two front
war that would
have to be
fought.
Nationalism
■
Loyalty and devotion to a nation
■Primary emphasis on
promotion of its own culture and
interests over others
Nationalism in Europe
■Otto von Bismarck
■Chancellor of Prussia
■His goal was to strengthen
the Royal Family of
Prussia and to unite all the
German speaking states
■Bismarck “liberated”
German speaking
territories of
Denmark
■Austro-Prussian War
◆Annexed Austria
■Franco-Prussian War
1870
◆Prussia will take
the French territory
known as the
Alsace Lorraine
(Rhineland)
Kaiser
Wilhelm I
Birth of Germany
■January 1871 the Second
Reich—German Empire is
born, through “blood and
iron.”
■Wilhelm I of Prussia will
becomes the Kaiser
◆German Emperor
Kaiser
Wilhelm II
The Balkans
The Balkans held Slavic territories that included Serbia, Bulgaria,
Macedonia and Bosnia. These territories were under the control
of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empires (non-slavic
empires)
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Of Austria (Heir to the throne)
The Assassination at
Sarajevo, Bosnia
The Archduke Franz
Ferdinand and his wife,
boarding the car in which
they would be assassinated.
The bodies of the Archduke and his wife lay in
state.
The Assassin: Gavrilo
Princip
Serbian
terrorist
The Trigger of War:
Spring July 28th 1914
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary
assassinated by a Serbian national.
Austria Hungary declares war on Serbia
The young country of Serbia had been promised
protection by Russia!
Germany declares war on Russia to protect its ally
Austria-Hungary
France joins the war due to their alliance with
Russia (to fight Germans)
Germany declares war on France
OA
1. What were the causes of WWI?
2. What triggered the war?
1. What do you see in the picture?
2. What is the main message of the political cartoon?
European Nations take sides:
Summer 1914
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War is declared by everyone. By August 1914,
sides were taken in the first World War
The Central Powers – Germany, AustriaHungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire (Italy
decided not to fight with it’s allies)
The Allied Powers – Great Britain, France,
Russia, (United States, Japan, Italy, Belgium, and
Serbia would join later)
The Ottoman Empire
■Caliphate, the politicalreligious state
comprising the Muslim
community and the
lands and peoples under
its dominion in the
centuries following the
death (632 ce) of the
Prophet Muhammad.
◆Islamic Empire/State
The Ottoman Empire
■Distrust of the Allied Powers
◆France’s occupation of Tunisia (in 1881)
◆Great Britain’s control of Egypt (1882)
◆Russian empire was planning on taking
lands that belonged to Ottomans that had
large Slavic and Armenian (Christian)
population.
■Friendly relationship with Germany
■German officers were employed to oversee
the organization of the Ottoman army and
helped build railways and reorganize
The Allied powers (blue) surround
The Central powers (red),
illustrating the two front
war that would
have to be
fought.
The Schlieffen Plan
Germany’s plan to invade France
through Belgium
German Atrocities in Belgium
The Alliance System
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
The Major Players: 1914-17
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Nicholas II
[Russia]
Wilhelm II
[Germany]
George V
[Britain]
Victor Emmanuel
II [Italy]
Franz Josef
Pres. Poincare
[France]
Enver Pasha
[Austria-Hungary] [Turkey –
Ottoman
Empire]
Fighting a World War
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Many thought it would be a short war, no
preparation was taken for winter.
The Central Powers tried to move quickly, but
were pushed back by the Allies outside of Paris.
◆ The Schliefflen Plan (fails)
◆ Great Britain joins the war to stop Germany
Russians pushed on Germany and AustriaHungary from the east.
The Central Powers found themselves fighting a
“two-front” war, a Western Front and an Eastern
Front
II. Warfare
1. How did new technology affect
the warfare?
2. What was trench warfare and
No Man’s land?
3. Why was WWI called the war
of attrition?
New Techniques of Warfare
New weapons such as the machine
gun, poison gas, and the tank made
this war look like no other.
■ Trenches were dug to protect soldiers
from these terrible new weapons.
■ A No man’s land was created between
trenches of enemy countries. Little
land was won or lost during this
trench warfare.
■
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
Barbed Wire
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
Heavy artillery
U-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
Clockwise from upper left: German zeppelin, French soldier fitting gas
mask, German tank, water cooled machine gun, English field gun shell
French Renault Tank
British Tank at Ypres
A Multi-Front War
The Western Front
Western Front
Trench Warfare
Stalemate
Deadlock in which
neither side is able to
defeat the other.
Battle lines remained
unchanged
“No Man’s Land”
area of land between two
enemy trench systems
Verdun – February, 1916
•
•
German offensive.
Each side had 500,000
casualties.
The Somme – July, 1916
Sacrifices in War
Total War – Using all of a country’s human,
economic, and political resources to win.
Human Example: Conscription – “The Draft”
Economic Example: Rationing – using less
food and materials at home
Economic Warfare – Blockades – military
strategy to cut off supplies or
communication.
British navy prevents goods from reaching
Germany
– thousands of civilians die of starvation
German blockade uses U-boats – prevent
supplies from reaching Britain
Allied Ships Sunk by German UBoats
The Sinking
of the Lusitania
German propaganda showing the sinking of the Lusitania
1. What new weapons and
technologies were used in
WWI?
2. How did these new technology
affect the warfare?
3. What was trench warfare and
No man’s land?
III. Propaganda
Essential Questions
■What is propaganda?
■What can you conclude about
what the governments wanted
their people to think and do
during World War I?
■How did they achieve these
goals?
Lesson Goals
■You will learn what a propaganda
is
■You will analyze the propaganda
posters from World War I.
■ You will be able to conclude what
the governments wanted their
people to during the wartime.
Propaganda – spreading ideas to
support a cause or damage an opposing
cause
Governments use propaganda to
influence how citizens think and behave
Examples – Censored or exaggerated
stories of enemy states
The First World War was the first war in
which mass media and propaganda
played a significant role
Propaganda Today
What does the media tell us about
North Korea?
Essential Questions
■What is propaganda?
■What can you conclude about
what the governments wanted
their people to think and do
during World War I?
■How did they achieve these
goals?
IV. End of the War /
Consequences
• What ended the War?
• What was the Treaty of
Versailles? What did the treaty
do to Germany?
• What were the consequences
of the War?
War fatigue
1. Britain – bankrupt
2. Germany – enlisting 15
yr. olds
3. France – soldiers refuse
to fight anymore
4. Russia – drops out in
1917
■Russians fought the
Germans in the Eastern
Front.
◆Poorly Equipped
◆Poor Transportation
◆Poor Commanding
◆There will be a revolution in
Russia
The United States gets closer to
entering the war
America’s neutrality
■ Assisting the Allied powers during the
war effort
1. French and the British had Democratic
governments
■ Supplied them with weapons
◆Created propaganda against the central
powers
2. The Sinking
of the Lusitania
120 American citizens
died from this attack
Imagine yourself lending a lot of money to your
friend. And what would happen if your friend was
to suddenly die? What’s going to happen to your
money?
3. United States wanted to
protect their interests in Europe
The Last Straw!!!
4. The Zimmerman telegram was
intercepted by Great Britain on it’s
way from Germany to Mexico.
OA: Read the Zimmerman Telegram.
Summarize it’s contents.
The Last Straw
4. The Zimmerman telegram:
■ Germany asked Mexico to help fight the
Americans
■ In return Germany would award Mexico
with Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona
■ Americans were outraged. The U.S.
declared war on Germany and it’s allies on
April 2nd, 1917.
Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points –
Wilson’s pitch to Congress
■
President Wilson had a plan for post-war
Europe called the Fourteen Points.
■
Self-Determination
A fair peace
Disarmament
Fair treatment of colonies
Creation of the League of Nations
No secret treaties
Freedom of the Seas and Free trade
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A Short Road Lies Ahead
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U.S. joins the Allies - 1917
Russia pulls out of the War due to a
revolution
◆ Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Kaiser Wilhelm II steps down
The Armistice to end World War I was
signed on November 11th, 1918.
■ Armistice – is an agreement to stop
fighting (truce)
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!
America's Woodrow Wilson, Vittorio Orlando of
Italy, Georges Clemenceau of France, and David
Lloyd George of Great Britain: The Big Four
The Treaty of Versailles
■
Britain and France didn’t like the U.S. plan, and The
Treaty of Versailles was adopted instead.
◆ War Guilt Clause – Germany was responsible for starting
the war!
◆ War Reparations – Payment for the damages of war $33
Billion
◆ Limited Military
◆ Loss of German territories
◆ German Colonies were given to France and Britain
◆ Alsace and Lorraine were given to France
◆ German territories were turned into Poland and
Czechoslovakia
Treaty of Versailles
The Legacy of the War
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Millions of casualties
■ The war cost $338 billion.
The fall of empires
Creation of the League of Nations
Japan & Italy felt cheated (entered war to
get European colonies in Asia & Africa)….
would we ever hear from them again?
Millions of Casualties
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Great Britain
Italy
Turkey
US
Mobilized
Dead
Wounded
Missing/PoW
Russia
12,000,000
1,700,000
4,950,000
2,500,000
Germany
11,000,000
1,773,700
4,216,058
1,152,800
Great Britain
8,904,467
908,371
2,090,212
191,652
France
8,410,000
1,375,800
4,266,000
537,000
Austria-Hungary
7,800,000
1,200,000
3,620,000
2,200,000
Italy
5,615,000
650,000
947,000
600,000
US
4,355,000
126,000
234,300
4,526
Turkey
2,850,000
325,000
400,000
250,000
Bulgaria
1,200,000
87,500
152,390
27,029
Japan
800,000
300
907
3
Rumania
750,000
335,706
120,000
80,000
Serbia
707,343
45,000
133,148
152,958
Belgium
267,000
13,716
44,686
34,659
Greece
230,000
5,000
21,000
1,000
Portugal
100,000
7,222
13,751
12,318
50,000
3,000
10,000
7,000
Montenegro
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Fear of national security
from the Armenians led to
a genocide -- systematic
destruction of all or part
of a racial, ethnic,
religious or national group
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western
Armenia in Turkey
1914
1922
Erzerum
215,000
1,500
Van
197,000
500
Kharbert
204,000
35,000
Diarbekir
124,000
3,000
Bitlis
220,000
56,000
Sivas
225,000
16,800
Western Anatolia
371,800
27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria
309,000
70,000
European Turkey
194,000
163,000
73,390
15,000
2,133,190
387,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites
in Turkey
Trapizond District
Total
The League of Nations
■International
Organization
◆Fight against
aggressive nations
◆Collective Security
◆U.S. will not join
this organization
Fall of the Empires and creation
of new independent states
■German Empire
■Austria Hungary
■Russian Empire
■Ottoman Empire
Arab Revolt
■Arabs although
united by a
language and
heritage were not
a nation
■ The British had
promised the
Arabs self
determination in
return for their
assistance in the
war against the
Ottomans.
Mandate System
However, after the
War, the British and
French divided up the
former Ottoman
territories.
Syria and Lebanon
became French
Mandate
Iraq and Palestine
became British
Mandate
OA
1. What helped the Allies win the
War?
2. What did Germany have to do
because of the Treaty of
Versailles? Do you think it was
fair?
3. What were some consequences
of the War?
Map Activity
Pg 373 Europe 1920
■Label and color each of the
countries
■Compare this map with the
previous
■What differences do you
see?