Transcript File - Corkill`s World History

Early Modern World History
1450-1750
AP World History
Important Themes
• Impact of Interaction – The Development of a
Global Economy
• State-building
• Systems of forced labor
• Cultural and Intellectual Changes
Impact of Interaction – Global Economy
• European Exploration
– Trade shift … Asian-centered economy in global
economy
– Motivation = new resources, new trade routes, spread
of Christianity
– Asian spices
– New technology
• Sternpost rudder, lateen sail, magnetic compass, astrolabe
– Portugal led the way … sugar plantations off the
coast of Africa first …
Impact of Interaction – Global Economy
• European Explorers
– Bartolomeu Dias (1488)
– Christopher Columbus (1492)
– Vasco da Gama (1497)
– Ferdinand Magellan (1519-1522)
Impact of Interaction – Global Economy
• Trading Post Empires
– European goal to control trade, not conquer
(Portugal first)
– Built fortified cities from West Africa to East
Asia
– English & Dutch … joint-stock companies
Impact of Interaction – Global Economy
• Colombian Exchange
– Biggest change of this period was the incorporation
of the Americas in the global trade network.
– Global diffusion of plants, food, crops, animals,
humans, and diseases.
– Smallpox > 90-95% killed
– Global diffusion of food and animals = increase in
nutritional value of diets and population worldwide
Impact of Interaction – Global Economy
• Role and impact of silver
– Most abundant precious metal in the Americas
– Stimulated global trade network
– China’s products were in high demand and silver from
the Americas changed China’s economy
• Role and impact of sugar
– Complex production of land, labor, buildings, animals,
capital, and technical skills
– Required heavy labor and specialized skills ≠ use of
Indian labor > African labor
– Harsh working conditions for the African slaves leading
to significant disease and death > Atlantic Slave Trade
State-Building
• Ottoman Empire (~ 1300’s to 1923)
– Turkish group … replaced Mongols’ power in the
Middle East … “Gunpowder Empire”
– Janissaries … 1453 > ended Byzantine Empire …
Istanbul
– Suleyman the Magnificent … centralized absolute
monarchy … rebuilt Istanbul
– Vizier
– Political succession problems
– Sultan’s harem very influential
– Trade “middle-man”
– Reached its peak in the mid-17th century … outpaced
by the Europeans in naval technology first
State-Building
• Mughal Empire (1523-mid 1700’s)
• Babur’s (founder) empire temporarily replaced
the long history of decentralization in India
• Akbar
– Abolished jizya; great patron of arts; Din-i-alahi
• Taj Mahal (Shah Jahan)
• Aurangzeb … ended toleration … persecutred
Hindu’s
State-Building
• Songhay (1464-1591)
• West African state succeeded Mali … Muslim
state
• Sunni Ali
• Trans-Saharan trade & Gao (salt, textiles, and
metal in exchange for gold and slaves)
• Timbuktu’s Islamic university
• Their fall coincided with the arrival of the
Europeans in the late 16th century but did not fall
because of the Europeans
State-Building
• Kongo (~1300’s-1600’s)
• Centralized state … west coast of Central Africa
• Portuguese arrival in 1482 … commercial
relations at first … many Kongolese converted
to Christianity
• Equal relationship in the beginning …
eventually Portuguese turn on King Afonso I
and began systematic slave raids …
undermined king
• Kongo eventually lost war with Portugal in 1665
State-Building
• Spanish & Portuguese in the New World
• Spanish Conquistadors --- three G’s
• New Spain (Mexico) & New Castille (Peru) –
viceroy
• Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
• Multicultural & ethnically mixed population:
– Peninsulares – creoles – mestizos – mulattoes –
(Natives, Africans, zambos) made up the bottom
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Encomienda system
Repartimiento system
Plantation system
Missionaries
Roman Catholicism
State-Building
• Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
• “Manchu”
• Outlawed intermarriage b/n Manchu & Chinese –
Chinese were not allowed to learn Manchurian
languages – Chinese men had to wear their hair
in a queue as a sign of submission
• Bureaucracy based on Confucian traditions –
civil service examination
• Active role in the global trade network
• Favored stability over technological innovation
State-Building
• Russian Empire (1480-1917)
– Emerged on its own after Mongol collapse
– Ivan III (The Great)– strong centralized
government with an absolute monarch (czar)
– head of the Russian Orthodox Church
– – Ivan IV the Terrible?? expansion
– Romanov family emerged and ruled until
1917
– Peter the Great – westernization – St.
Petersburg
– Catherine the Great – continued
westernization – embraced some
Enlightenment ideas – placed more
restrictions on serfs and Russia expanded to
Alaska
State-Building
• Tokugawa Shogunate (1600-1867)
– Tokugawa Ieyasu – ended civil wars with use of
western guns – then bans guns
» Increased control over daimyos by making them
stay in the capital of Edo (Tokyo) every other year
– Contact with outside world closely controlled
» No Japanese could travel abroad
» Only Dutch were allowed to trade (Nagasaki)
– Despite restrictions Japanese economy prospered
b/c agricultural output & population increased
– By 1580 > 150,000 Japanese Christians – government
ordered them tortured and executed those that
remained
– “Pax Tokugawa” followed
Systems of Forced Labor
• Atlantic Slave Trade
– Forced migration of ~ 15 million .. Outcome of the
Age of Exploration and Colombian Exchange
– African slave trade already existed prior to WE
– Europeans tapped into well-developed slave trade
– African role in slave trade?
– Plantations .. Trans-Atlantic trade
– Triangle Trade … “Middle Passage”
– Cash crops (sugar, tobacco, cotton, coffee)
– African syncretism in the New World?
Systems of Forced Labor
• Encomienda System
– Gave Spanish settlers the right to demand
labor in the mines and fields of native peoples
– Worked hard and several punished
– Cortez & Pizarro introduced this system
– Haciendas
– Repartimiento system replaced encomienda
system (required them to work but they had to
be compensated)
– New Castille (Peru) tapped into mita labor
system (labor tax) used by Inca but workers
were paid low wages
Systems of Forced Labor
• Russian Serfdom
– After Mongol rule many peasants owed large
debts and were forced onto large estates
– Government encouraged this process as a way
“to regulate the peasants” .. Boyars were their
masters
– Serfs could be bought and sold, gambled
away, and punished by their noble masters
(boyars)
– Serfs were illiterate and poor; paid high taxes;
owned extensive labor service to their
landlords (agricultural, mining, or
manufacturing)
– Future looked bleak
Cultural and Intellectual Changes
• Renaissance (began in the 15th century)
– Crusade impact?
– Greco-Roman works re-introduced … “rebirth”
• new view of man as a creative and rational being
• Rediscovery of ancient Greco-Roman knowledge
• Unparalleled accomplishments in literature, music,
and art
• Celebration of the human individual (humanism)
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Medici family impact?
Leonardo da Vinci … “Renaissance Man”
Eventually moved to northern Europe
Gutenberg’s printing press
Cultural and Intellectual Changes
• Reformation (early 16th century)
– Renaissance created an atmosphere that encouraged
debate and criticism of the existing order
– Catholic Church = great power
– Martin Luther (1517) & “Ninety-Five Theses”
• Divisions of the papacy, in which more than one Pope
claimed authority
• Some religious traditions and rituals were not derived from
the Scriptures
• Corrupt practices such as the sale of indulgences
• Church finances and income
• Lack of piety in the priesthood
– Excommunication of Luther
– Protestants spread from central Europe to Holland,
Switzerland, and Scandinavia.
Cultural and Intellectual Changes
• Reformation (cont.)
– Major outcomes of the Protestant movement:
• Redrawing of the religious map of Europe >
Protestants dominated the north, Catholics the south
• A decline in the power of the Roman Catholic Church
• Further power strugglesv between the citizenry and
monarchs
– England (Civil War, Protestants took Parliament, king
executed)
• Series of religious wars pitted Catholics vs.
Protestants for the next 200 years (Thirty Years’ War
1618-1648)