Transcript wh unit 5 notes

World History 1500 to Present
Unit 5 : WWII, 20th century genocides,
Cold War, major Cold War conflicts and
detente
SOLs: WHII 10 c; 11 a,b,c; 12 a,b,c
Era VII: Era of Global Wars, 1914 to 1945
• WHII.10:The student will demonstrate knowledge
of political, economic, social, and cultural
developments during the Interwar Period by….
• C: examining events related to the rise, aggression,
and human costs of dictatorial regimes in the
Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, and Japan, and
identifying their major leaders: (Joseph Stalin,
Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Hirohito, and
Hideki Tojo)
The United States “between the wars” at home:
The United States “between the war” abroad:
• isolationist
Causes of the Great Depression
• Over speculation on stocks using
borrowed money (buying on
margin)
• collapse of the nation’s banking
system leading to severe
contraction in the nation’s supply
of money (LESS $$) in circulation
• High protective tariffs +
• ….Retaliatory tariffs in other
countries =
• SLOW/STRANGLE of World
Trade
Impact of the Great Depression
• Unemployment and
homelessness
• Collapse of financial
system (bank
closings)
• Political unrest
(growing militancy of
labor unions)
• Farm foreclosures
and migration
New Deal (Franklin Roosevelt)
• This program changed
the role of the
government to a more
active participant in
solving problems
• Roosevelt rallied a
frightened nation
unemployed. (“We have
nothing to fear, but fear
itself.”)
• Relief measures provided
direct payment to people
for immediate help
(Works Progress
Administration—WPA).
New Deal (Franklin Roosevelt)
• Recovery programs were
designed to bring nation
out of depression over
time (Agricultural
Adjustment
Administration—AAA).
• Reform measures
corrected unsound
banking and investment
practices (Federal
Deposit Insurance
Corporation—FDIC).
• Social Security Act
offered safeguards for
workers.
• And many more….
How do dictators come to power?
• Conditions that COULD produce a dynamic
leader who can take power for himself:
• Why do many dictatorships foster “totalitarian
regimes?”
•A communist dictatorship
was established by
Vladimir Lenin after the
Russian Revolution and
continued by Joseph Stalin
in the Soviet Union.
•Economic disruptions
following World War I led
to unstable political
conditions. (Worldwide
depression in the 1930s)
Totalitarian Regimes
• Features review from Unit 4:
• Single party dictatorship
• State control of the economy
• Secret police/state sponsored terrorism
• Censorship & Propaganda/government
control of the media
• Schools used to indoctrinate citizens
• Unquestioning obedience to a single ruler
Interwar reading
• Read together
• Highlight or
underline your copy
as we read and
make notes in the
margins
• Answer the
questions that
follow
•The Treaty of Versailles worsened economic and
political conditions in Europe and led to the rise
of totalitarian regimes in Italy and Germany.
•Japan emerged as a world power after World
War I and conducted aggressive imperialistic
policies in Asia.
1. Why did dictatorial
governments
emerge in Germany,
Italy, Japan, and the
U.S.S.R. after
World War I?
• 2. How did these
regimes affect the
world following
World War I?
Axis Aggression and Appeasement
• Identify examples of
“territorial aggression”
by Germany, Italy and
Japan
• Be able to look at a map
of the world and
pinpoint where they
went and what they did
• Pacifism
• What is
APPEASEMENT?
• Forms of appeasement
may include:
– Sanctions (penalties)
– Embargoes
– boycotts
U.S.S.R. during the Interwar Period —
Joseph Stalin ** NOT AN AXIS POWER!!
• Entrenchment of
communism
• Stalin’s policies: Fiveyear plans,
collectivization of farms,
state industrialization,
secret police
• Great Purge rid him of old
Bolshevik
soldiers/officers
Germany during the Interwar Period —
Adolf Hitler
• Inflation and depression
• Democratic government
weakened
• Anti-Semitism
• Extreme nationalism
• National Socialism
(Nazism)
• German occupation of
nearby countries
Italy during the Interwar Period —
Benito Mussolini
• Rise of fascism
• Ambition to
restore the glory
of Rome
• Invasion of
Ethiopia
Japan during the Interwar Period —
Hirohito and Hideki Tojo
• Militarism
• Industrialization
of Japan, leading
to drive for raw
materials
• Invasion of
Korea,
Manchuria, and
the rest of China
Key Totalitarian/Militarists Leaders:
Representative 20th Century Dictators
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•
• The Fascists
Benito Mussolini- Italy
Adolph Hitler- Germany
Fransico Franco- Spain
Juan Peron- Argentina
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•
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•
•
• The Communists
Joseph Stalin - USSR
Mao Zedong- China
Ho Chi Minh- Vietnam
Fidel Castro- Cuba
Tito- Yugoslavia
Francisco Franco
• Spain: General 18921975Francisco Franco
• resulted from a civil
war with communists
• aided by Italy and
Germany
• Spanish Civil War is
called “dress rehearsal
for WWII” by many
historians
Benito Mussolini 1883-1945
Il Duce
• Italy- in political and economic
crisis
• had support of middle class
seeking stability
• 1922- march on Rome- Victor
Emmanuel made him PM
• Could legislate by decree,
police state
• Created Young Fascists
Adolph Hitler 1889-1945
Der Fuhrer
• Anti-Semitic
• wrote “Mein Kampf” in
jail in 1920’s
• built Nazi party on
German dissatisfaction
after WWI
• won over elite and
establishment
• HATED communists
The Nazi State 1933-1945
• Building the
Totalitarian Nazi State:
– propaganda masters
• Joseph Goebbels : Reich
Minister of Propaganda
– mass demonstrations
– Book burnings
– Kristallnacht
• Leni Riefenstahl:
– Movies of rallies, Olympia,
Triumph of the Will
The Nazi State 1933-1945
– Rearmament of the
military
– SS control of police
using terror based
on Nazi ideology
(secret police,
camps, execution
and extermination)
– Churches and youth
groups under state
control
Joseph Stalin and
Communist State ….“USSR”
• 3rd to Lenin, had Trotsky
murdered in Mexico
• oppression of the masses
• ownership of production
and land by the state
• forced rapid
industrialization
• Collectivizations/5 year
plans
• Great Purge (get rid of old
Bolshevik officers)
Path to World War II
• Germans want “living space” (lebensraum)
• Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia
– Munich Conference- BR. N. Chamberlain believed
Hitler would not demand more: “Peace for our
time”
– APPEASEMENT
• repudiated the Versailles Treaty-entered Rhineland
• 1938 annexed Austria
• Poland invasion Sept. 1, 1939 (GB and France
declared war)
• Blitzkrieg (fighting strategy)
Blitzkrieg- Lightening War
• Poland surrendered in 4 weeks
• Same speed took Denmark, Norway
Belgium, Holland and France (south of
Paris…”Vichy France”)
• Troops on continent trapped at Dunkirk
• Importance of air war- bombing of England
• Allied with Italy- took North Africa
Allied Offensive 1943-45
• Began in North Africa
• The United States enter war in 1941 after Pearl
Harbor attack (Dec. 7, 1941)
• Normandy- June 6, 1944 largest invasion in
history
The Holocaust- the “Final Solution”
• Concentration Camps become extermination
Camps (more than 100 of these)
• Brought Jews and any in opposition from all over
Europe (Denmark the exception)
• Labor Camps- Arbeit Mach Frei (Work will set
you free)
• killed approx. 6 million
• Another 9-10 million more (blacks, gypsies,
homosexuals, mentally retarded, disabled and any
political opposition……)
Pacific War
Japan, China , US GB
• Japan had invaded and controlled much of
China-- resisted by Mao Zedong and Chiang
Kai-Shek
• Dec 7, 1941- Bombs on Pearl Harbor
• Economy- rationing- war machines built
• Midway: puts Japanese on the defensive
• MacArthur begins “island hopping”
campaign to get closer to Japan
Making Plans for Peace
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The Big Three: Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
Locations: Teheran, Yalta, Potsdam (Truman)
VE Day
Atomic Bombs Dropped on Japan
Ended War = VJ Day
Churchill “An Iron curtain has descended in
Europe” Beginning of the Cold War
“The Big Three”
• Cairo (Nov. ‘43): How to
deal with Japan and Asia
after the war
• Tehran(Nov. ‘43): try to
form the United Nations
• Yalta (Feb. ‘45): dividing
up of Germany
– United Nations
– entry of Soviet forces
into the Far-Eastern
front (Japan)
– the future of Poland
WHII.11
The student will demonstrate knowledge of the
worldwide impact of World War II by…..
• A: explaining economic and political causes,
major events, and identifying leaders of the
war, with emphasis on Franklin D. Roosevelt,
Harry Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower,
Douglas MacArthur, George Marshall,
Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler,
Hideki Tojo, and Hirohito;
What were the causes of World War II?
What were the major events of World War II?
Who were the major leaders of World War II?
Many economic and political causes led to
World War II. Major theaters of war included
Africa, Europe, Asia and the Pacific.
Leadership was essential to the Allied victory.
1. What were the causes of World War II?
2. What were the major events of World War II?
3. Who were the major leaders of World War II?
Economic and political causes of World
War II
• “The Great
Depression goes
global”
• Protective tariffs
and retaliatory
tariffs slow
international
TRADE!
• Isolationist policies
• Aggression by the
totalitarian powers of
Germany, Italy, Japan
• Nationalism
• Failures of the Treaty of
Versailles
• Weakness of the League of
Nations
• Appeasement
• Tendencies towards
isolationism and pacifism in
Europe and the United
States
Major events of the war (1939–1945)
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•
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German invasion of Poland (Sept. 1, 1939)
Fall of France
Battle of Britain
German invasion of the Soviet Union
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
D-Day (Allied invasion of Europe)
Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki
Major leaders of the war
• Franklin D. Roosevelt: U.S. president
• Harry Truman: U.S. president after death of
President Roosevelt
• Dwight D. Eisenhower: US General and Allied
commander in Europe
• Douglas MacArthur: U.S. general
• George C. Marshall: U.S. General, Chief of
Staff ; Secretary of State/Marshall Plan
• Chester Nimitz: US Admiral in the Pacific
• George Patton: US General in N. Africa/Europe
Major leaders of the war
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Winston Churchill: British prime minister
Joseph Stalin: Soviet dictator
Adolf Hitler: Nazi dictator of Germany
Hideki Tojo: Japanese general
Hirohito: Emperor of Japan
Benito Mussolini: fascist leader of Italy
Yamamoto: Japanese admiral
Outcomes of World War II
• Loss of empires by European powers
• Establishment of two major powers in the
world: The United States and the U.S.S.R.
• War crimes trials
• Division of Europe, Iron Curtain
• Establishment of the United Nations
• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• Marshall Plan
• Formation of North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) and Warsaw Pact
GENOCIDE
• The systematic and
purposeful
destruction of a
racial, political,
religious, or
cultural group
Elements leading to the
Holocaust
• Totalitarianism combined
with nationalism
• History of anti-Semitism
• Defeat in World War I and
economic depression blamed
on German Jews
• Hitler’s belief in the master
race
• Final solution:
Extermination camps, gas
chambers
Other examples of genocide
• Armenians by leaders of the Ottoman Empire
• Peasants, government and military leaders,
and members of the elite in the Soviet Union
by Joseph Stalin
• Artists, technicians, former government
officials, monks, minorities, and other educated
individuals by Pol Pot in Cambodia
• Tutsi minority by Hutu in Rwanda ( to be
continued in Unit 6)
GENOCIDE in Cambodia
• Vietnam reunites in the
1973,…soon other nations
in former “Indochina” had
communist governments
(Laos and Cambodia)
• Pol Pot was leader of the
Khmer Rouge:
Cambodian communists
who wanted to get rid of
intellectuals and enemies
of the regime
International Cooperative Organizations
• United
Nations
• North
Atlantic
Treaty
Organization
(NATO)
• Warsaw Pact
Efforts for reconstruction of Japan
• United States occupation of Japan under
MacArthur’s administration
• Democracy and economic development
• Elimination of Japan’s military offensive
capabilities; guarantee of Japan’s security by
the United States
• Emergence of Japan as dominant economy in
Asia
Efforts for reconstruction of Germany
• Democratic government installed in West
Germany and West Berlin
• Germany and Berlin divided among the four
Allied powers
• Emergence of West Germany as economic
power in postwar Europe
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• Established and adopted
by members of the United
Nations
• Provided a code of
conduct for the treatment
of people under the
protection of their
government
Beginning of the Cold War
(1945–1948)
• The Yalta Conference and the Soviet control of
Eastern Europe
• Rivalry between the United States and the
U.S.S.R.
• Democracy and the free enterprise system vs.
dictatorship and communism
• President Truman and the Policy of Containment
• Eastern Europe: Soviet satellite nations, the Iron
Curtain
Truman Addresses Congress to describe the fundamental
differences that form the basis for the Cold War:
“At the present moment in world
history nearly every nmation must
choose between alternative ways of
life. The choice is too often not a
free one.
One way of life is based upon the
will of the majority and is
distinguished by free institutions,
representative government, free
elections, guaranties of individual
liberty, freedom of speech and
religion, and freedom from political
oppression…………
• “…..The second way of
life is based upon the
will of a minority
forcibly imposed upon
the majority. It relies
upon terror and
oppression, controlled
press and radio, fixed
elections and the
suppression of personal
freedoms.”
Characteristics of the Cold War
(1948–1989)
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
vs. Warsaw Pact
• Korean War
• Vietnam War
• Berlin and significance of Berlin Wall
• Cuban Missile Crisis
• Nuclear weapons and the theory of deterrence
Collapse of communism in the Soviet
Union and Eastern Europe
• Soviet economic
Balkans after the breakup
collapse
of Yugoslavia early 1990s
• Nationalism in
Warsaw Pact
countries
• Tearing down of
Berlin Wall
• Breakup of the
Soviet Union
• Expansion of NATO
“containment”
• A policy for preventing the expansion of
communism
Conflicts and revolutionary
movements in China
• Division of China into two nations at the end of the
Chinese civil war
• Jiang Jieshi: Nationalist China (island of Taiwan)
• Mao Zedong): Communist China (mainland China)
• Continuing conflict between the two Chinas
• Communist China’s participation in Korean War
•
Conflicts and revolutionary
movements in Vietnam
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Role of French Imperialism
Leadership of Ho Chi Minh
Vietnam as a divided nation
Influence of policy of containment
The United States and the Vietnam War
Vietnam as a reunited communist country
today