Transcript The Latin West 1200-1600

The Latin West
1200-1500
Chapter 16
• In 1200 most western Europeans were serfs
living in poverty
• Inefficiency of farming practices
• Obligations to land owners
• Rapid growth of population
• Population growth led to more productive ways
of farming.
• 3-field system
• Used horses (instead of oxen) to pull plows
• Developed new farmland
Rural Growth and Crisis
• Black Death struck Europe in 1347
• Started in Asia and carried by Mongols
• Brought to Italy and France by Genoese merchants and quickly
spread
• May have killed 1/3 of western Europeans
• Symptoms of the plague
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Egg-sized boils in groins and armpits
Black blotches on skin
Foul body odors and severe pain
Death came within a few days of first symptoms
• Now known to be bubonic plague
• Spread by bites of fleas that infested fur of certain rats
• Spread person to person
• Caused psychological damage as well as physical
Rural Growth and Crisis
Illustration of the Black Death from the
Toggenburg Bible (1411)
Inspired by the Black Death, The Dance of
Death, an allegory on the universality of death,
is a common painting motif in the late medieval
period.
Buboes in a victim of plague
• Black Death set off social changes in western Europe
• Surviving skilled workers demanded higher pay
• Authorities tried to freeze wages leading to revolts
• Serfdom practically disappeared
• Peasants bought their freedom or ran away
• Some free persons saved and bought their own land
• Landowners grew less labor-intensive crops or relied on
animals
• More meat/leather was available and welfare of masses
improved
• Overall economy shrank but per capita production
actually rose
Rural Growth and Crisis
• Trade of Italian cities with eastern Mediterranean was
strengthened
• Fourth Crusade
• Venetian-inspired assault against Constantinople
• Latin Christians against Greek Christians
• Crippled Byzantine power allowing Venice to expand trading
colonies around the Black Sea
• Westward expansion of Mongol Empire
• Opened trade routes from the Mediterranean to China
• Led to Marco Polo’s 24 year adventures and subsequent book
Urban Revival
• Northern cities of Flanders became important trading and
manufacturing cities
• Flanders was in parts of present day Belgium, France, and
the Netherlands
• Skilled artisans turned raw wool from English sheep into a
fine cloth
• Important trading cities rose on the trade route connecting
northern Italy and Flanders (Champagne)
• English monarch raised taxes on the export of wool and
much of the textile manufacturing business moved to
England
Urban Revival
Flemish weavers, 14th c
The spread of textile weaving gave employment to many people in the Netherlands. The city of Ypres
in Flanders (now northern Belgium) was an important textile center in the thirteenth century. This
drawing, from a fourteenth-century manuscript, shows a man and a woman weaving cloth on a
horizontal loom, while a child makes thread on a spinning wheel. (Stedelijke Openbare Bibliotheek,
Ypres)
• Trading cities in Europe offered people more social
freedom than rural places
• Most cities were autonomous
• Became a refuge for ambitious individuals
• Cities were home to most of Europe’s Jews
• Welcomed in cities for manufacturing and business skills
• Subject to violent religious persecutions or expulsions in
times of crisis (such as the Black Death)
• In 1492 the Spanish monarchs expelled all Jews in the name
of religious and ethnic purity
• Only papal city of Rome left its Jews undisturbed
throughout the centuries before 1500
Urban Revival
• Guilds dominated civic life in most towns/cities
• Associations of craft specialists (e.g. silversmiths) who worked in
a particular trade
• Regulated prices and practices of members, trained apprentices,
and promoted members’ interests
• The growth of commerce gave rise to a new class of wealthy
merchant-bankers
• Specialized in money changing, loans, and investments
• Merchants as well as ecclesiastical and secular officials used their
services
• Medici family of Florence operated banks in Italy, Flanders, and
London
• Most money lenders were Jews – Christian bankers had to find
ways around the Church’s condemnation of usury
• Most residents of European cities lived in poverty and squalor,
and cities lacked public amenities (even for the wealthy)
Urban Revival
• The finest and most expensive buildings erected in this era
were Gothic cathedrals.
• Replaced Roman (round) arch with Gothic (pointed) arch
• Flying Buttresses stabilized columns allowing for higher, thinner
walls and
• Stained glass windows
• Vaulted ceilings
• Spires
Urban Revival
Gothic cathedral: Notre Dame Paris
This view from the south of Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, offers a fine example of
the twin towers (left), the spire, the great rose window over the south portal, and
the flying buttresses that support the walls and the vaults. Like hundreds of other
churches in medieval Europe, it was dedicated to the Virgin. With a nave rising
226 feet, this Gothic cathedral was the tallest building in Europe. (David R.
Frazier/Photo Researchers)
• Before 1100 Byzantine and Islamic scholarship generally
surpassed that of Latin Europe
• Gradually, Greek and Arabic manuscripts came into
Western hands and were translated into Latin
• The first modern universities were established in Paris
and Oxford, and by 1500 there were about 80 universities
in Europe
• Universities were similar to guilds – they set standards
for membership, trained apprentices, and defended their
professional interests.
• Apprentices passed exams to obtain a “license” to teach
• More advanced students became “masters” and “doctors”
Learning, Literature, & the
Renaissance
• All university courses were taught in Latin, so students could
seek out the university that offered the courses they wanted
• Universities offered a variety of programs of study but
generally were identified with a particular specialty
• Bologna – law
• Montpellier and Salerno – medicine
• Paris and Oxford – theology (“queen of the sciences”)
• Scholasticism – attempt to reconcile reason and faith
• Thomas Aquinas – Dominican priest/professor at Univ. of Paris
• Summa Theologica organized Christian beliefs on Aristotelian
principles
Learning, Literature, & the
Renaissance
Dante Alighieri
• The Divine Comedy
• Story written in the
vernacular (Italian)
which tells the story of
a man’s journey
through heaven and
hell.
• Made use of GrecoRoman themes and
mythology
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Geoffrey Chaucer
• English poet influenced by Dante
• Most famous for the Canterbury Tales
• Tells the story of fictional pilgrims on their way to the
shrine of Thomas a Becket in Canterbury
• Helps us understand the attitudes of various types of
medieval people
There was a Knight, a most distinguished man,
Who from the day on which he first began
To ride abroad had followed chivalry,
Truth, honor, generousness, and courtesy.
He had done nobly in his sovereign’s war
And ridden into battle, no man more,
As well in Christian as heathen places,
And ever honored for his noble graces….
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• Humanists admired the classical Greco-Roman tradition and
felt they were living in a “dark age.”
• Restored original texts of Greco-Roman writers and the Bible
and eliminated errors introduced by generations of copyists
• The humanists’ greatest influence was in the area of secondary
education.
• Curriculum centered on the languages and literature of the GrecoRoman world
• This curriculum (called “the humanities”) dominated Western
education well into the twentieth century
Learning, Literature, & the
Renaissance
Erasmus
Dutch humanist and Catholic theologian
Produced a critical edition of the
New Testament in Greek. Erasmus
was able to correct many errors and
mistranslations in the Latin text that
had been in general use throughout
the Middle Ages.
• In Praise of Folly
• Book in which Erasmus
criticizes the areas of society
that were in most need of
reform, such as monasteries and
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church corruption.
The Printing Revolution
• In 1456, Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using movable metal type on a machine called
a printing press.
• Printed books became less expensive and
easier to produce than hand copies.
• Readers gained access to broad range of
knowledge. (Medicine to Religion)
• Literacy increased as books became more
widely available.
• The printing press would greatly contribute to
the Protestant Reformation.
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Medieval Art
Artists depicted subjects
in an unrealistic twodimensional style to
indicate the importance
of the soul over the body
(religious theme).
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Some of the great
artwork was in the
stained glass windows,
but again, it was twodimensional
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Three Dimensional (3-D)
Realistic & Lifelike
Linear Perspective: Vanishing point
Influenced by Greco-Roman culture; its forms
and its themes (i.e. beauty of the human body)
• New media: Oil on canvas
• And old: Frescos
• The importance of religion in art
Characteristics of
Renaissance Art
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• The patronage of wealthy and
educated merchants and church
officials did much to foster and artistic
blossoming in the cities of northern
Italy and Flanders.
Learning, Literature, & the
Renaissance
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Leonardo Da Vinci
Italian artist, scientist, engineer, etc.
a true “Renaissance Man”
• The Last Supper
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Leonardo Da Vinci
• Mona Lisa
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Michelangelo
discovered by Lorenzo de’ Medici
Italian painter, sculptor, architect, poet, etc.
• The Pieta
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Michelangelo
• The Last Judgment
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Michelangelo
• David
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Donatello
Italian sculptor
• David
Portrays David holding
Goliath’s sword and standing
over Goliath’s head
First major Renaissance
sculpture – first free-standing
nude sculpture since classical
times
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Raphael
Italian Painter
• Best known for his
portrayals of the
Madonna – the
mother of Jesus
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Raphael
• School of Athens
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St. Peter’s Cathedral in the Vatican
• Michelangelo
(with others)
•World’s largest church
•The pope lives here.
•A candle is always lit in his window.
•Contains Sistine Chapel
•Contains Vatican museum
•Holds Pieta
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Sistine Chapel Ceiling
Michelangelo
My stomach is thrust toward my chin
My beard curls up toward the sky
My head leans right over onto my back…
The brush endlessly dripping onto my face.
Michelangelo, Poems
Creation of Adam
Over four years,
Michelangelo painted
12,000 square feet of
ceiling with Biblical stories.
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Fall of Man
Dome of the Cathedral of Florence
• Brunelleschi
• Part of the cathedral was
built in the Middle Ages in
the Gothic Style
• The dome was added by
Brunelleschi in the 1400s.
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Machiavelli
Italy
*Machiavelli was a political
philosopher.
*The Prince advised kings how
to rule – do what is
necessary to stay in
power and keep stability
*In Machiavelli’s way of
thinking, the end justifies
the means.
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The Renaissance Moves North
• Because of the plague, it was not until 1450
that northern Europe enjoyed the economic
growth that helped support the Renaissance in
Italy.
• Northern artists and writers imitated Italian
styles while adding new methods and ideas of
their own.
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Albrecht Durer
Flemish artist now called the “German Leonardo”
because of his wide-ranging interests
Adoration of the Magi
Engraving –
The artist etches a design
on a metal plate with acid,
then uses the plate to make
prints.
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Jan van Eyck
Flemish artist who helped develop oil paint
• Giovanni Arnolfini
and Bride
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• In 1200 knights were still the backbone of
western European fighting forces
• New weapons challenged this system and the
system of feudalism that supported knights.
• Crossbows with metal-tipped arrows
• Firearm
Political and Military
Transformations
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• As kings gained power, the church resisted royal control
• Pope Boniface VIII asserted that divine law made the papacy
superior to “every human creature” including monarchs
• King Philip of France sent an army to arrest the pope
• Hastened Pope Boniface’s death
• Philip engineered the election of a French pope
• Established a new papal residence in Avignon, France
• Great Western Schism
• A period when rival papal claimants at Avignon and Rome vied for the
loyalties of Latin Christians
• Eventually papacy returned to Rome, but the church never regained
medieval power
Political and Military
Transformations
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• France and England developed centralized governments
• France
• King Louis IX issued ordinances without first obtaining nobles
consent
• England
• Norman conquest of 1066 began consolidation of power
• King John forced to sign Magna Carta in 1215– affirmed
monarchs were subject to established law and guaranteed rights of
nobles
• Monarchs and nobles entered into strategic marriages in order
to increase land, wealth, and power
Political and Military
Transformations
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• Hundred Years War between England and France (1337-1453)
• New Military Technology
• Longbow
• Cannon
• Joan of Arc
• French peasant girl who led French to victories
• Captured by English army, tried by church, and burned as a witch
• England lost land in France and focused on gaining territory
within British Isles while France began consolidating control
over powerful noble families
Political and Military
Transformations
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• Reconquista
• Reconquest of Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule
• Portugal
• Had gained control by 1212 and spread to North Africa by seizing the port
city of Ceuta in Morocco
• Led to exploration
• Spain
• Princess Isabella (Castile) and Prince Ferdinand (Aragon) married in
1469 leading to a union of their kingdoms into Spain when they each
inherited their thrones.
• Conquered last Muslim stronghold of Granada in 1492
• Expulsion of Jews and Muslims
• Spanish Jews were ordered from Spain in 1492
• Muslims were forced to convert or leave Spain by 1501
• Portugal expelled Jews in 1496 (including 100,000 who had fled Spain)
Political and Military
Transformations
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