Transcript الشريحة 1

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Introduction
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Insects are arthropods
Arthropoda: "jointed feet“
General characteristics of insects: The body
is comprised of 3 distinct body regions -head, thorax, and abdomen
The thorax of adults bears 3 pairs of legs
and 2 pairs of wings
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Collection
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The purpose of the insect collection is to:
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Learn to locate and capture specific insects in
their habitats.
Learn the correct methods of preservating insects
for study or reference
Use diagnostic characters to identify insect
encounter
Form a reference collection for you future use.
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Equipment for collection of insects
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Forceps
Vials containing alcohol or other
preservatives
Killing bottles of various sizes.
Small boxes or containers
One or more aspirators
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A strong knife and a pair of scissors for
cutting labels
A small, fine brush
Notebook
A hand lens
Bags.
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Collection methods
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Hand collecting:
For large insects
Holding them by the sides of the thorax so
that they can not reach skin with their jaws
and/or stingers
For slowly movement of insects
Forceps must be used.
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Collecting Nets:
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Collecting nets come in three basic forms:
Aerial, sweeping, and aquatic.
Aerial net:
For collection of butterflies and other flying
insects.
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Sweeping net:
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Sweep nets are made of heavier-weight and
sturdier materials and are better suited for
collecting plant-infesting insects like bugs, beetles
and other chewing and sucking insects of
medium-small to large sizes.
Bags are made entirely or partially from heavier
cotton cloth.
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Aquatic nets:
 Aquatic nets are used for gathering insects
from water
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An aquatic net should offer minimum resistance
when dragged through water but have a fine
enough mesh to capture small specimens.
The bag of the net need not be deep, and should
be made of a synthetic mesh such as nylon
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Transparent material is preferable, to make
viewing of the catch possible.
The shape of the net:
Removable, rigid D-shape farm 30cm across,
mesh bag with thick cloth rim. Metal pipe handle
with rubber grip at the end.
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Beating sheets:
This method is useful for collecting
sessile or wingless groups such as some
beetles and bugs, stick insects, spider
and mites.
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Insect aspirator known as a‘pooter,’
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Is a convenient and effective device for collecting
small insects and mites.
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Berlese funnel
Berlese funnel is a good tool to collect
small insects from leaf litter
Barleys funnel consists off a funnel with
a coarse screen on the inside and a dish
of alcohol below to catch the insects as
they move out of the plant material.
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Traps
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Is defined as anything that impedes or stops the
progress of an organism, this subject is extensive,
including devices used with or without baits,
lures, or other attractants.
Trap depends on:
location, time of year or day, weather,
temperature, and kind of attractantused, if any.
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Light Traps
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This is the most common method of collecting
nocturnal specimens that hide or rest during the
day in places where they are unlikely to be seen.
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Sticky Traps
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In this type of trap, a board, piece of tape, pane of
glass, piece of wire net, cylinder, or other object,
often painted yellow, is coated with a sticky
substance and suspended from a tree branch or
other convenient object.
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Water trap:
Fly water trap
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Suction trap:
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They are used to collect ballooning spider and
small flying insect such as flies, aphids and
wasps.
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Food trap:
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Killing and temporary storage:
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Killing should be done immediately after
capture.
Killing and storage methods vary according to
the type of arthropods that has been collected.
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Killing methods
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Use of liquid:
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All soft bodies insect (e.g. aphids and
termites) and all eggs and all larvae must not
be allowed to dry out once they are dead. They
should be placed directly into a liquid
preservative usually 70%
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The following insects should NEVER be
placed in liquid: those
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With scales in their wings (e.g. Lepidoptera)
Insect covered with a waxy bloom ( some
Coleoptera)
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The liquid killing agents are:
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Ethyl acetate (CH3CO2 • C2H5)
Ether (diethyl ether, C2H5 • O •C2H5)
Chloroform (CHCI3)
Ammonia water (NH4OH solution).
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Refrigeration and Freezing
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Medium to large specimens may be left in
tightly closed bottles for several days in a
refrigerator and still remain in good condition
for pinning as will smaller specimens if left
overnight.
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Dry preservation
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It is standard practice to place many kinds of
insects in small boxes, paper tubes, or
envelopes for an indefinite period, allowing
them to become dry.
It is not advisable to store soft—bodied insects
by such methods.
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Diptera should never be dried in this manner
because the head, legs, and most of all the
antennae become detached very easily.
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Methods of preservation
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Pinning
Right
Wrong
Wrong
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Double mounting
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Setting:
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The wings of certain insect must be spread,
because the wing venation or wing pattern
is important for identification
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A small spreading block.
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