Transcript Ancient Civilizations

GLOBAL HISTORY
Review - AFRICA
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BELIEF SYSTEMS:
in Africa & Asia

Animism

Hinduism
Buddhism
Jainism
Confucianism & Daoism
Legalism & Shintoism




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BELIEF SYSTEMS: Animism
• Things in Nature have SPIRITS
• IMPACT:
- Appreciation & respect for things in Nature
- Ancient Egyptians prayed
to “the God of the Nile … the Giver of Life”
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PRE-HISTORIC
? ? ? BCE
• Paleolithic (Old Stone Age)
- 4 million years ago
- STONE tools/ CAVES / HUNTING
• Neolithic Revolution (30,000 BCE )
- agriculture
- begin civilizations
- often “subsistence” agriculture
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Which of the following occurred
during the Neolithic Revolution?
1. the change from hunting and food-gathering
to farming
2. a war for independence
3. a rejection of Paleolithic values
by Neolithic people
4. the movement of people across the land bridge
from North America to Asia
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Which of the following occurred
during the Neolithic
Revolution?
1. the change from hunting and food-gathering
to farming
2. a war for independence
3. a rejection of Paleolithic values
by Neolithic people
4. the movement of people across the land bridge
from North America to Asia
. . . Leads to development of cities
& later civilizations. . . Ancient Egypt . .
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The Neolithic Revolution
is often considered a turning point in history because
(1) city dwellers learned to control fire
(2) societies became more nomadic
(3) nuclear families evolved into extended families
(4) permanent settlements developed in river Valleys
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The Neolithic Revolution
is often considered a turning
point in history because
(1) city dwellers learned to control fire
(2) societies became more nomadic
(3) nuclear families evolved into extended families
(4) permanent settlements
developed in river Valleys
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What was an important result of the Neolithic Revolution?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Food supplies became more reliable.
New sources of energy became available.
People became more nomadic.
Populations declined.
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What was an important result of the Neolithic Revolution?
(1) Food supplies became
more reliable.
(2) New sources of energy became available.
(3) People became more nomadic.
(4) Populations declined.
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What is one characteristic of a society
that practices subsistence agriculture?
(1) growth of surplus crops for export
(2) production of crops mainly for its own use
(3) establishment of large state-owned farms
(4) dependence on the use of slave labor for
the production of crops
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What is one characteristic of a society
that practices subsistence agriculture?
(1) growth of surplus crops for export
(2) production of crops mainly for its own use
(3) establishment of large state-owned farms
(4) dependence on the use of slave labor for
the production of crops
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3500 BCE - 500 BCE
- Ancient Civilizations
• Sumeria & Mesopotamia
… Tigris & Euphrates Rivers
• Ancient Egypt ... Nile River
• India … Indus River
• China ... Huang He (Yellow) River
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EARLY CIVILIZATIONS
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Ancient Civilizations:
Sumeria/Mesopotamia
• Code of Hammurabi
- set of written laws
• Cuneiform
- writing system
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Ancient Civilizations:
Ancient Egypt
• Pharaoh [Absolute Monarch]
•
•
•
•
Pyramids
Hieroglyphics
Polytheistic religion
Irrigation system
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Which would be a primary source of information
about Ancient Egypt?
1. A history of ancient Egypt,
written by an English scholar
2. Hieroglyphics on a wall inside a pyramid
3. A novel about the love affairs of Cleopatra
4. Your world history book
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Which would be a primary source
of information
about Ancient Egypt?
1. A history of ancient Egypt,
written by an English scholar
2. Hieroglyphics on a wall inside a pyramid
3. A novel about the love affairs of Cleopatra
4. Your world history book
PRIMARY SOURCE
= 1st … original source … first hand account … you were there & saw
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what happened
Golden Ages
• DEFINITION
… great achievements in art, literature,
science, math, architecture … etc.
• Examples
… Gupta, Elizabethan Era, Athens
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The Age of Pericles in Athens, the Gupta Empire in
India, and the Tang dynasty in China all experienced
a golden age with
1. advancements in the principles of democratic
governments
2. outstanding contributions in the arts and
sciences
3. the end of foreign domination
4. the furthest expansion of their borders
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The Age of Pericles in Athens, the Gupta Empire in
India, and the Tang dynasty in China all experienced
a
golden age with
1. advancements in the principles of democratic governments
2. outstanding contributions in the arts and
sciences
3. the end of foreign domination
4. the furthest expansion of their borders
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Throughout history, many cultures
experienced GOLDEN AGES.
This means that these cultures
1.
2.
3.
4.
had little regard for the well-being of the people.
were military dictatorships.
had periods of intellectual and economic growth.
lasted only a brief period of time.
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Throughout history, many cultures
GOLDEN AGES.
experienced
This means that these cultures
1. had little regard for the well-being of the people.
2. were military dictatorships.
3. had periods of intellectual
and economic growth.
4. lasted only a brief period of time.
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Sub-Saharan Africa
• Mali Empire
- Timbuktu & Mansa Musa
•
•
•
•
Songhai Empire
Benin
Zimbabwe
Bantu
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28
The contributions of the ancient civilizations
of Ghana, Axum, Kush, and Mali demonstrates
that
1. industrial technology was needed
for African civilizations to develop
2. many African civilizations developed
in southern Africa
3. most of the African Continent was unified
under a single political system
4. advanced societies developed in Africa
before Europeans colonized this region
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The contributions of the ancient civilizations
of Ghana, Axum, Kush, and Mali
demonstrates that
1. industrial technology was needed
for African civilizations to develop
2. many African civilizations developed
in southern Africa
3. most of the African Continent was unified
under a single political system
4. advanced societies developed in Africa
before Europeans colonized this region
. . . west African Trade: gold & salt . . .
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Much of the wealth
of the West African kingdoms of Ghana and Mali
was gained from the
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
sale of slaves to Europeans
taxation on goods brought by Indian merchants
creation of colonies on the Mediterranean coast
control of the trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt
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Much of the wealth
of the West African kingdoms of Ghana
was gained from the
and Mali
(1) sale of slaves to Europeans
(2) taxation on goods brought by Indian merchants
(3) creation of colonies on the Mediterranean coast
(4) control of the
trans-Saharan trade
in gold and salt
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Industrial Revolution
• Agricultural Revolution
- Land Enclosure + Science
• Mass Production by machine
• Great Britain FIRST due to
* Materials * Coal * Markets
* Technology
* Ports
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IMPERIALISM 2
Nationalism
+
Industrialism
= Imperialism + War
[ i.e. Great Britain … “Victorian Age” ]
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Land controlled by Great Britain .. 1900
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Imperialism & mercantilism helped bring about
the Industrial Revolution by
1. increasing markets
and the demand for goods.
2. increasing the power of feudal lords.
3. reducing the size of the middle class.
4. reducing the wealth of European monarchs.
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Imperialism & mercantilism helped bring about
the Industrial Revolution by
1. increasing markets
and the demand for goods.
2. increasing the power of feudal lords.
3. reducing the size of the middle class.
4. reducing the wealth of European monarchs.
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One way in which Kwame Nkrumah, Jomo Kenyatta,
and Kenneth Kaunda are similar is that they all
1. supported the United Nations military action
in the Persian Gulf War.
2. rejected financial aid from the World Bank.
3. played a major role in independence movements in Africa.
4. opposed the Pan-African movement
.
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One way in which Kwame Nkrumah, Jomo Kenyatta,
and Kenneth Kaunda are similar is that they all
1. supported the United Nations military action
in the Persian Gulf War.
2. rejected financial aid from the World Bank.
3. played a major role in
independence movements in Africa.
4. opposed the Pan-African movement
.
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Before a nation can begin to industrialize,
that nation must first develop
1.
2.
3.
4.
a democratic government
a rigid class structure
a strong religious foundation
an adequate food supply
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Before a nation can begin to industrialize,
that nation must first develop
1. a democratic government
2. a rigid class structure
3. a strong religious foundation
4. an adequate food supply
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A main characteristic of laissez-faire capitalism was
1.
2.
3.
4.
government control of the economy
an increased number of government rules
that government did not interfere with business
government ownership of business
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A main characteristic of laissez-faire capitalism was
1. government control of the economy
2. an increased number of government rules
3. that government did not interfere
with business
4. government ownership of business
Laissez-faire … “leave it alone” … let business regulate itself
… competition in the market place
… PriceChopper … ShopRite … Stop & Shop
Mr. Adam Smith wrote “Wealth of Nations”
- he was behind this idea
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Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels developed a theory that
economic conditions would significantly improve for the
working class only when
1.
2.
3.
4.
governments accepted the capitalist system
workers (the proletariat) negotiated with the capitalists
the owners (the bourgeoisie) became the ruling class
workers (the proletariat)
controlled the means of production
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Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels developed a theory that
economic conditions would significantly improve for the
working class only when
1.
2.
3.
governments accepted the capitalist system
workers (the proletariat) negotiated with the capitalists
the owners (the bourgeoisie) became the ruling class
4. workers (the proletariat)
controlled the means of production
Workers get to keep the profits …
HINT: Please make sure you know the vocab terms
which are underlined …
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The needs of the Industrial Revolution in 19th-century Europe
greatly contributed to the
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
growth of overseas empires
beginning of the triangular trade
development of international peacekeeping organizations
promotion of political and economic equality
in North America and Australia
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The needs of the Industrial Revolution in 19th-century Europe
greatly contributed to the
(1) growth of overseas empires
(2) beginning of the triangular trade
(3) development of international peacekeeping organizations
(4) promotion of political and economic equality
in North America and Australia
Factories need raw materials
… cotton grown in India, diamonds from South Africa
… sugar (cane) from Cuba
These items, which are not available in Europe
are then refined (processed) & sold back to the colonies
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IMPERIALISM
2
• “Berlin Conference” (Late 1800s)
- “Scramble for Africa”
- Imperialism
- Colonialism
- Mercantilism
• Suez Canal
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One of the most important motives
for the European “Scramble for Africa”
in the late 1800s was that Africa provided a source of
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
raw materials used in industry
religious inspiration
free labor for the Americas
technologically innovative practices
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One of the most important motives
for the European “Scramble for Africa”
(Berlin Conference)
in the late 1800s was that Africa provided a source of
(1) raw materials used in industry
(back in factories in Britain,
Germany & France)
(2) religious inspiration
(3) free labor for the Americas
(4) technologically innovative practices
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POST World War II: AFRICA
NATIONALISM - - - > INDEPENDENCE
• Africa
- Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana)
- Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya [ Mau Mau ] )
- Rwanda (Tribalism: Hutu vs Tutsi)
- Sudan: Dafur (Ethnic fighting: Arab vs African)
+ PAN – AFRICANISM … OAU
• South Africa
- 1910
- Apartheid.. whites (Boers/Afrikaaners) vs Bantus
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- Nelson Mandela
Africa .. “carved up”
the Europeans (Berlin Conference)
Africa - “gaining its independence”
… Post World War II
… 1945 - 1990
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Laws of APARTHIED .. A part / separate
• 1949 – Mixed Marriage Law
.. Prohibited marriages between white people and people of other
races.
• 1950 .. Group Areas Act
.. creating different residential areas for different races. Led to forced
removals of people living in "wrong" areas
SEGREGATED LIVING
… Johannesburg (white) … Soweto (black)
• 1952 .. Natives Act .. the Pass Laws ..
.. forced black people to carry identification with them at all times.
.. A pass included a photograph, details of place of origin,
employment record, tax payments, and encounters with the police.
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The Fight against Apartheid
• 1960s - Sharpeville Massacre ... white police attack
Africans protesting against the Pass Laws
• 1970s - Soweto ... African children attacked for protesting
against having to learn AFRIKAAN
• (language of white South Africans)
• 1990s: Nelson Mandela released from jail ... becomes
President of South Africa . retired several years ago
• ... still much to be done to overcome affect of Apartheid ...
economically, socially
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Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu are similar
in that both sought to
1.
2.
3.
4.
make Africa more industrial than agricultural.
put an end to the policy of apartheid.
run for political office.
achieve their goals using military force.
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Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu are similar
in that both sought to
1.
2.
3.
4.
make Africa more industrial than agricultural.
put an end to the policy of apartheid.
run for political office.
achieve their goals using military force.
. . . World pressure . . .
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During the 20th & 21st centuries
there has been much bloodshed
in Rwanda and Darfur (Sudan).
On cause of this is
1.
2.
3.
4.
tribalism
monotheism
global warming
democracy
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During the 20th & 21st centuries
there has been much bloodshed
in Rwanda and Darfur (Sudan).
On cause of this is
1.
tribalism
2. monotheism
3. global warming
4. democracy
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The term Pan-Africanism can best be defined
as a movement whose purpose is to
1.
2.
3.
4.
promote African unity
support cultural diversity
encourage European investment in Africa
advocate a return to colonial conditions
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The term Pan-Africanism can best be defined
as a movement whose purpose is to
1. promote African unity
2. support cultural diversity
3. encourage European investment in Africa
4. advocate a return to colonial conditions
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TRIBALISM: Rwanda
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TRIBALISM: Rwanda
• early 1990s … Hutu vs Tutsi … ETHNIC CLEANSING
• 850,000 people massacred in first 100 days
• 11% of all females … 535,000 women were raped
• LIFE EXPECTANCY
• Female: 39.2 years
• Male: 38.14 years
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TRIBALISM: Sudan - Darfur
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TRIBALISM: Sudan - Darfur
• Sudan … 80 different ethnic groups
• Began … 2003
• between 2 Muslim groups
… vs the Sudan government
• 400,000 dead = GENOCIDE
• 10,000 dying every month
• 2.5 million refugees … (people forced to flee)
… 15,000 dying each month in the refugee camps
… Lack of clean water
… diarrhea & malnutrition
leading causes of death in the camps
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Many of the new African nations
are having difficulty uniting their people
because
1. there are many disloyal Europeans.
2. many people are still influenced
by their religion.
3. most African nations
are still ruled by Europeans.
4. many people are loyal to their tribes
than they are to their nations.
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Many of the new African nations
are having difficulty uniting their people
because
1. there are many disloyal Europeans.
2. many people are still influenced
by their religion.
3. most African nations
are still ruled by Europeans.
4. many people are loyal to their tribes
than they are to their nations.
. . . TRIBALISM vs Nationalism
. . . . . . Rwanda . . . .
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What would a study of the recent civil wars in
Sudan, Rwanda, and Bosnia-Herzegovina
(Yugoslavia) show about these conflicts?
1. Ethnic conflict was not a factor
in the late 20th century.
2. The United Nations was successful in resolving
these disputes.
3. Genocide was used as a political and
military tactic.
4. Civilians were not affected by these disputes.
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What would a study of the recent civil wars in
Sudan, Rwanda, and Bosnia-Herzegovina
(Yugoslavia) show about these conflicts?
1. Ethnic conflict was not a factor
in the late 20th century.
2. The United Nations was successful in resolving
these disputes.
3. Genocide was used as a political and
military tactic.
4. Civilians were not affected by these disputes.
… contributing factors in all conflicts:
ethnic traditions vs modern-day nationalism
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In the 1990s, which two countries dominated the headlines
because genocide was occurring in those countries?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Switzerland and Poland
Vietnam and Singapore
Sudan and Rwanda
Costa Rica and Jamaica
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In the 1990s, which two countries dominated the headlines
because genocide was occurring in those countries?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Switzerland and Poland
Vietnam and Singapore
Sudan and Rwanda
Costa Rica and Jamaica
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In many African nations, a sense of national unity has been
difficult to achieve because of the
1.
2.
3.
4.
desire not to offend former colonial rulers
Lack of strong national leaders
lack of natural resources
Hostility between ethnic groups
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In many African nations, a sense of national unity has been
difficult to achieve because of the
1.
2.
3.
desire not to offend former colonial rulers
Lack of strong national leaders
lack of natural resources
4. Hostility between
ethnic groups
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GLOBAL COOPERATION
• United Nations
= PEACE … (collective security)
... U.N. Security Council
• OAS (Latin America)
• OAU (Pan- Africanism)
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The major goal of the United Nations is to
1.
2.
3.
4.
decrease world trade
increase the size of colonial empires
establish democracy in all nations
maintain peace among nations
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The major goal of the United
Nations is to
1. decrease world trade
2. increase the size of colonial empires
3. establish democracy in all nations
4. maintain PEACE among nations
… U.N. Security Council ...
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One barrier to (something that slows)
economic progress
in developing African nations
has been a shortage of
1. hot weather.
2. unskilled workers.
3. armies and navies.
4. money.
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One barrier to (something that slows)
economic progress
in developing African nations
has been a shortage of
1. hot weather.
2. unskilled workers.
3. armies and navies.
4. money.
. . . Pan- Africanism . . .
. . . . . WATCH “skilled” vs “Unskilled”
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A major reason the United Nations has been more successful
than the League of Nations
is that the United Nations has
1. had greater participation on the part of the major powers
2. avoided programs to aid economic development
in developing nations
3. eliminated war among its members
4. removed all trade barriers between members
81
A major reason the United Nations has been more successful
than the League of Nations
is that the United Nations has
1. had greater participation on the
part of the major powers
2. avoided programs to aid economic development
in developing nations
3. eliminated war among its members
4. removed all trade barriers between members
The United States, who was behind the League of Nations
never joined … some countries who did join only followed
the League’s rules when it met their convenience
or was of benefit to them
82
GLOBAL ISSUES
• Human Rights (Civil Liberties)
• Overpopulation
• Disease
• desertification
• deforestation
83
Which statement about the impact of the AIDS
epidemic in both Africa and Southeast Asia is most
accurate?
1. Life expectancy in both regions is declining.
2. The availability of low-cost drugs has cured most
of those infected.
3. The introduction of awareness programs has
eliminated the threat of the disease.
4. Newborn babies and young children have not
been affected by the disease.
84
Which statement about the impact of the AIDS
epidemic in both Africa and Southeast Asia is most
accurate?
1. Life expectancy in both regions is declining.
2. The availability of low-cost drugs has cured most of those infected.
3. The introduction of awareness programs has eliminated the threat of
the disease.
4. Newborn babies and young children have not been affected by the
disease.
HINT:
… Another term for
“AIDS” is a “disease”
which kills people around the world
85
Which problem in the savanna regions of Africa is
caused by population pressures and overuse of the
land?
1.
2.
3.
4.
rain forest destruction
desertification
air pollution
flooding
86
Which problem in the savanna regions of
Africa is caused by population pressures
and overuse of the land?
1. rain forest destruction
2. desertification
3. air pollution
4. flooding
HINT:
… desertification
= soil erosion … to become a desert
87
Geography
• NATURAL RESOURCES
- “fresh” water, oil, gold, uranium,
navigable rivers
• OR LACK OF
- Natural resources … water, energy
- “fresh” water
- energy sources: oil, nuclear, water, wind
- navigable waterways
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Geography
• Manipulation of resources
… control flooding
… hydroelectricity
- Aswan Dam (Egypt)
- Three Gorges Dam (China)
• Desalinization … fresh water from salt water
… Saudi Arabia
89
Geography
• Slash & Burn Agriculture
• Deforestation for Timber
90
Which characteristic did the early civilizations
that developed along the Nile, the Tigris-Euphrates,
and the Hwang-Ho (Yellow River) have in common?
1. Each society’s religious beliefs
were based on monotheism.
2. Urban communities were built
using iron and steel tools.
3. The form of government in each community
was based on male suffrage.
4. Transportation and communication were promoted
by a mild climate, fertile soil, and natural waterways.
91
Which characteristic did the early civilizations
that developed along the Nile, the Tigris-Euphrates,
and the Hwang-Ho (Yellow River) have in common?
1. Each society’s religious beliefs
were based on monotheism.
2. Urban communities were built
using iron and steel tools.
3. The form of government in each community
was based on male suffrage.
4. Transportation and communication
were promoted
by a mild climate, fertile soil,
and natural waterways.
92
GLOBAL Problems
• Environmental
- Desertification …. Desert expands,
farmland decreases
- Deforestation
• Natural Resources
- Water
- Trees: paper, furniture, housing
- Arable Land …. You can “grow” food
- Energy:
93
* Coal * Nuclear * Trees * Hydroelectric
DESERTIFICATION
94
Which of the following demonstrates
“desertification”?
1. Malaysians chopping down trees in the rainforest.
2. Knights in shining armor
headed towards Jerusalem.
3. Winds coming off the Sahara
devouring valuable Egyptian farmland
4. An earthquake occurring off the coast of Japan
generating a tidal wave
95
Which of the following demonstrates
“desertification”?
1. Malaysians chopping down trees in the rainforest.
2. Knights in shining armor
headed towards Jerusalem.
3.Winds coming off the Sahara
devouring valuable
Egyptian farmland
4. An earthquake occurring off the coast of Japan
generating a tidal wave
Desertification = desert sands expanding … covering land
96
GLOBAL Problems
• Overpopulation
- Hunger, Famine, Infant Mortality
- China (1 Child Policy)
- India (Sterilization)
• Urbanization
* Slums * Labor Abuse *Modern ?
97
The term “infant mortality rate” deals with
1.
2.
3.
4.
Abundant crops … large amounts of food
Global warming
Child labor in the 19th century
The # of children who do not live to past 2 years old
98
The term “infant mortality rate” deals with
1. Abundant crops … large amounts of food
2. Global warming
3. Child labor in the 19th century
4. The # of children who do
not live to past 2 years old
“mortality = death”
… thus they’re asking how many children die
99