Transcript D. Microglia

NEUROSCIENCE EXAM 1
LECTURES 1-7
(WITH NOTES)
LECTURE 1
SKULL
• Which of these is in the correct order from
superficial to deep?
A. Dura, Outer Table, Diploe, Inner Table
B. Outer Table, Diploe, Dura, Inner Table
C. Dura, Inner Table, Diploe, Outer Table
D. Outer Table, Diploe, Inner Table, Dura
SKULL
• Which of these is in the correct order from
superficial to deep?
A. Dura, Outer Table, Diploe, Inner Table
B. Outer Table, Diploe, Dura, Inner Table
C. Dura, Inner Table, Diploe, Outer Table
D. Outer Table, Diploe, Inner Table, Dura
SKULL
Superficial
Outer table
Diploe
Inner table
Dura Mater
Deep
• Where does this bone get most of its blood?
A. External carotid a.
B. Dural a.
C. Vertebral a.
D. Internal carotid a.
SKULL
Superficial
Outer table
Diploe
Inner table
Dura Mater
Deep
• Where does this bone get most of its blood?
A. External carotid a.
B. Dural a.
C. Vertebral a.
D. Internal carotid a.
FORAMINA
• Which of these foramina does not have a cranial
nerve passing through it?
A. Jugular foramen
B. Foramen magnum
C. Foramen spinosum
D. Optic canal
FORAMINA
• Which of these foramina does not have a cranial
nerve passing through it?
A. Jugular foramen (CN IX, CN X, and CN XI)
B. Foramen magnum (CN XI)
C. Foramen spinosum
D. Optic canal (CN II)
SECTIONS
• Which one of the following structures is found in the
diencephalon?
(A) thalamus
(B) cerebral hemispheres
(C) globus pallidus
(D) caudate nucleus
(E) internal capsule
SECTIONS
• Which one of the following structures is found in the
diencephalon?
(A) thalamus
(B) cerebral hemispheres
(C) globus pallidus
(D) caudate nucleus
(E) internal capsule
LECTURE 2-3
NEUROCRANIUM
• Which inner tissue divides the cerebellum into
hemispheres?
A. Falx cerebri
B. Tentorium cerebelli
C. Falx cerebelli
D. Diaphragma sellae
NEUROCRANIUM
• Which inner tissue divides the cerebellum into
hemispheres?
A. Falx cerebri
B. Tentorium cerebelli
C. Falx cerebelli
D. Diaphragma sellae
NEUROCRANIUM
• What is protected by the diaphragma sellae?
A. Pineal gland
B. Pituitary gland
C. Internal carotid artery
D. Vertebral artery
NEUROCRANIUM
• What is protected by the diaphragma sellae?
A. Pineal gland
B. Pituitary gland
C. Internal carotid artery
D. Vertebral artery
SPINAL CORD
• Which of these serves as an anchor for dura mater
in the spinal cord?
A. Anterior longitudinal ligament
B. Ligamentum flavum
C. Posterior longitudinal ligament
D. Denticulate ligament
SPINAL CORD
• Which of these serves as an anchor for dura mater
in the spinal cord?
A. Anterior longitudinal ligament
B. Ligamentum flavum
C. Posterior longitudinal ligament
D. Denticulate ligament
SINUSES
• Dural venous sinuses collect blood form the scalp
through which of these veins?
A. Great saphenous
B. Cerebral
C. Diploic
D. Emissary
SINUSES
• Dural venous sinuses collect blood form the scalp
through which of these veins?
A. Great saphenous
B. Cerebral
C. Diploic
D. Emissary
LECTURE 4
VA
• A 50-year-old hypertensive woman complains of
numbness and weakness in her left leg and foot.
Occlusion of which of the following vessels may
account for this complaint?
(A) Anterior choroidal artery
(B) Anterior cerebral artery
(C) Interior carotid artery
(D) Middle cerebral artery
(E) Posterior artery
VA
• A 50-year-old hypertensive woman complains of
numbness and weakness in her left leg and foot.
Occlusion of which of the following vessels may
account for this complaint?
(A) Anterior choroidal artery
(B) Anterior cerebral artery
(C) Interior carotid artery
(D) Middle cerebral artery
(E) Posterior artery
ACA
MCA
ICA
• At which segment does the internal carotid artery
travel through a venous structure?
A. Cervical
B. Cavernous
C. Petrous
D. Cervical
ICA
• At which segment does the internal carotid artery
travel through a venous structure?
A. Cervical
B. Cavernous
C. Petrous
D. Cervical
COW
• Which of these structures is not part of the Circle of
Willis?
A. anterior cerebral aa. (A2)
B. posterior communicating aa.
C. posterior cerebral aa. (P1)
D. internal carotid aa.
E. anterior communicating a.
COW
• Which of these structures is not part of the Circle of
Willis?
A. anterior cerebral aa. (A2)
B. posterior communicating aa.
C. posterior cerebral aa. (P1)
D. internal carotid aa.
E. anterior communicating a.
COW
• A 40-year-old female graduate student had an excruciating
headache. When she looked in the mirror, she noticed that
her eyelid was drooping; when she lifted the eyelid, she saw
that her eyeball was looking down and out and her pupil was
huge. She complained of both blurred and double vision. An
MRA scan showed an aneurysm of the circle of Willis.
Which artery gives rise to the offending aneurysm?
(A) Heubner’s
(B) anterior communicating
(C) posterior communicating
(D) Charcot-Bouchard’s
(E) anterior choroidal
COW
• A 40-year-old female graduate student had an excruciating
headache. When she looked in the mirror, she noticed that
her eyelid was drooping; when she lifted the eyelid, she saw
that her eyeball was looking down and out and her pupil was
huge. She complained of both blurred and double vision. An
MRA scan showed an aneurysm of the circle of Willis.
Which artery gives rise to the offending aneurysm?
(A) Heubner’s
(B) anterior communicating
(C) posterior communicating
(D) Charcot-Bouchard’s
(E) anterior choroidal
VA
• Your patient, a 56 yo construction worker, presents to
you with following a transient ischemic attack (TIA). In
addition to motor deficits your patient is complaining of
hearing loss in his right ear. What artery will you tell the
radiologist to focus on during diagnostic imaging?
A. Labyrinthine a.
B. Lenticulostriate aa.
C. Hypophyseal aa.
D. Pontine aa.
E. Ophthalmic aa.
VA
• Your patient, a 56 yo construction worker, presents to
you with following a transient ischemic attack (TIA). In
addition to motor deficits your patient is complaining of
hearing loss in his right ear. What artery will you tell the
radiologist to focus on during diagnostic imaging?
A. Labyrinthine a. (Also known as the internal auditory a.)
B. Lenticulostriate aa.
C. Hypophyseal aa.
D. Pontine aa.
E. Ophthalmic aa.
SPINAL CORD
• What would happen to a patient if they were to
sever their Artery of Adamkiewicz?
A. They would lose blood to the posterior segment of
their spinal cord
B. They would lose blood to the anterior segment of
their spinal cord
C. They would lose blood to the lower 2/3 of their
spinal cord
D. They would lose blood to the upper 2/3 of their
spinal cord
SPINAL CORD
• What would happen to a patient if they were to
sever their Artery of Adamkiewicz?
A. They would lose blood to the posterior segment of
their spinal cord
B. They would lose blood to the anterior segment of
their spinal cord
C. They would lose blood to the lower 2/3 of their
spinal cord
D. They would lose blood to the upper 2/3 of their
spinal cord
LECTURE 5
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• What is Wallerian degeneration?
A. Destruction of an axon distal to a lesion
B. Retrograde transport of neurotransmitter to cell
body for recycling
C. Breakdown of neurotransmitter in a synaptic cleft
D. Demyelination of an axon
E. The end result of DC’s new Suicide Squad movie
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• What is Wallerian degeneration?
A. Destruction of an axon distal to a lesion
B. Retrograde transport of neurotransmitter to cell
body for recycling
C. Breakdown of neurotransmitter in a synaptic cleft
D. Demyelination of an axon
E. The end result of DC’s new Suicide Squad movie
TRANSPORT
• Which of these axonal molecules is responsible for
retrograde transport in the axon?
A. Titan
B. Kinesin
C. Capsid protein VP26
D. Dynein
TRANSPORT
• Which of these axonal molecules is responsible for
retrograde transport in the axon?
A. Titan
B. Kinesin
C. Capsid protein VP26
D. Dynein
GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME
• Guillain-Barre Syndrome is a demyelinating
condition of the PNS. In which direction would you
expect to see neurological deficits with GuillainBarre Syndrome?
A. Starting in the hands and going medial
B. Starting in the head and going caudal
C. Starting in the legs and going rostral
D. Starting in the midline and going distal
GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME
• Guillain-Barre Syndrome is a demyelinating
condition of the PNS. In which direction would you
expect to see neurological deficits with GuillainBarre Syndrome?
A. Starting in the hands and going medial
B. Starting in the head and going caudal
C. Starting in the legs and going rostral
D. Starting in the midline and going distal
LECTURE 6
CHEMICAL SYNAPSE
• What is the role of Ca2+ in the chemical synapse?
A. It depolarizes the axon allowing action potential
B. It prevents action potential from firing backwards
C. It allows fusion of vesicles at the terminal bouton
D. It inhibits reuptake of ACh
CHEMICAL SYNAPSE
• What is the role of Ca2+ in the chemical synapse?
A. It depolarizes the axon allowing action potential
B. It prevents action potential from firing backwards
C. It allows fusion of vesicles at the terminal bouton
D. It inhibits reuptake of ACh
NOREPINEPHRINE
• What are two areas in the brain that are responsible
for making norepinephrine?
A. Locus ceruleus and lateral tegmental area
B. Lateral tegmental area and thalamus
C. Locus ceruleus and thalamus
D. Thalamus and pons
NOREPINEPHRINE
• What are two areas in the brain that are responsible
for making norepinephrine?
A. Locus ceruleus and lateral tegmental area
B. Lateral tegmental area and thalamus
C. Locus ceruleus and thalamus
D. Thalamus and pons
DRUGS
• What is marijuana’s mechanism of action?
A. Blocks dopamine reuptake
B. Blocks GABA inhibition
C. Stimulates norepinephrine
D. Stimulates dopamine
DRUGS
• What is marijuana’s mechanism of action?
A. Blocks dopamine reuptake
B. Blocks GABA inhibition
C. Stimulates norepinephrine
D. Stimulates dopamine
EXCITOTOXICITY
• Excitotoxicity is one of the possible complications of
stroke brought on by anoxia. Which of these
neurotransmitters when released at toxic levels
results in excitotoxicity?
A. GABA
B. Dopamine
C. Glycine
D. Glutamate
EXCITOTOXICITY
• Excitotoxicity is one of the possible complications of
stroke brought on by anoxia. Which of these
neurotransmitters when released at toxic levels
results in excitotoxicity?
A. GABA
B. Dopamine
C. Glycine
D. Glutamate
LECTURE 7
HYDROCEPHALUS
• Who is most at risk for developing normal pressure
hydrocephalus?
A. Infants
B. Children
C. Adolescents
D. Middle-aged adults
E. Elderly
HYDROCEPHALUS
• Who is most at risk for developing normal pressure
hydrocephalus?
A. Infants
B. Children
C. Adolescents
D. Middle-aged adults
E. Elderly
HYDROCEPHALUS
• Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of
normal pressure hydrocephalus?
A. Urinary incontinence
B. Dementia
C. Gait disturbance
D. Hearing-loss
HYDROCEPHALUS
• Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of
normal pressure hydrocephalus?
A. Urinary incontinence
B. Dementia
C. Gait disturbance
D. Hearing-loss
HYDROCEPHALUS
• What is a common cause of normal pressure
hydrocephalus?
A. Infection damaging the arachnoid villi
B. Blockage of the fourth ventricle
C. Overproduction of CSF
D. Complication of epidural hematoma
HYDROCEPHALUS
• What is a common cause of normal pressure
hydrocephalus?
A. Infection damaging the arachnoid villi
B. Blockage of the fourth ventricle
C. Overproduction of CSF
D. Complication of epidural hematoma
GLIA
• Astrocytes serve an important role in both spatial
and substrate buffering. How do they buffer K+
within the nervous system?
A. By phagocytising excess K+
B. By forming a syncytium via gap junctions
C. By forming a syncytium via tight junctions
D. By using Na pumps to actively transport excess K+
E. By using Ca pumps to actively transport excess K+
GLIA
• Astrocytes serve an important role in both spatial
and substrate buffering. How do they buffer K+
within the nervous system?
A. By phagocytising excess K+
B. By forming a syncytium via gap junctions
C. By forming a syncytium via tight junctions
D. By using Na+ pumps to actively transport excess K+
E. By using Ca2+ pumps to actively transport excess
K+
GLIA
• Buffering in the brain is important as pH imbalance
in the brain reduces seizure threshold. Which of
these cells contains the most carbonic anhydrase?
A. Ependyma
B. Neurons
C. Oligodendrocytes
D. Microglia
E. Astrocytes
GLIA
• Buffering in the brain is important as pH imbalance
in the brain reduces seizure threshold. Which of
these cells contains the most carbonic anhydrase?
A. Ependyma
B. Neurons
C. Oligodendrocytes
D. Microglia
E. Astrocytes
They are also involved with iron
metabolism
GLIA
• Which of these cells is an important site of
neurotransmitter synthesis?
A. Ependyma
B. Neurons
C. Oligodendrocytes
D. Microglia
E. Astrocytes
GLIA
• Which of these glial cells is an important site of
neurotransmitter synthesis?
A. Ependyma
B. Neurons
C. Oligodendrocytes
D. Microglia
Astrocytes synthesize ~20 neuroactive
E. Astrocytes
compounds, including glutamate and GABA
GLIA
• Which of these cells did not originate form neural
plate cells?
A. Ependyma
B. Neurons
C. Oligodendrocytes
D. Microglia
E. Astrocytes
GLIA
• Which of these cells did not originate from neural
plate cells?
A. Ependyma
B. Neurons
C. Oligodendrocytes
They are related to Macrophages and thus arise
D. Microglia
form mesenchymal cells
E. Astrocytes