Transcript Unit 3 PowerPoint Biological basis of behavior-

BIOLOGICAL BASES
OF BEHAVIOR
Myers for AP
Kerri Dowd
 Neural
Communication
 Neurons
 Neurotransmitter
Influences
 The Nervous System
 Peripheral Nervous
System
 Central Nervous System
 The Endocrine system
UNIT OVERVIEW:
CHAPTER 3A
 Article
Review
 Psych Sim: Hemispheric
Specialization
 Psych Sim: Choose one of
the other four
 Quizlet
 Reading and Required
Objective Notes
 Zombie or Superhero Project
(partly in class)
WHAT DO I HAVE TO DO FOR
UNIT 3?














Biological psychology, p. 52
Neuron, p. 53
Sensory neurons, p. 53
Motor neurons, p. 53
Interneurons, p. 53
Dendrite, p. 53
Axon, p. 53
Myelin sheath, p. 53
Action potential, p. 53
Threshold, p. 54
Synapse , p. 55
Neurotransmitters, p. 55
Reuptake, p. 55
Endorphins , p. 57
KEY TERMS







Nervous system, p. 59
 Central (CNS), p. 59
 Peripheral (PNS), p. 59
 Somatic, p. 59
 Autonomic, p. 59
 Sympathetic, p. 59
 Parasympathetic, p. 59
Nerves, p. 59
Reflex, p. 61
Endocrine system, p. 62
Hormones, p. 62
Adrenal glands, p. 63
Pituitary gland, p. 63
 1972:
Rosenzweig,
Bennett and Diamond:
 Rat research showed that
enriched environments
contributed to more
complex neuronal
connections in the cortex.
 Showed impact of
environmental factors
(how nature and nurture
interact)
KEY STUDY
 Sensory
 Motor
neurons (afferent)
(efferent) neurons
 Interneurons
 Sidenote:
Humans have
about 100 BILLION
neurons!
NEURON





Provide support network of cells
surrounding blood vessels and
neurons
Outnumber typical neurons about 10
to 1
Oligondenroglia – CNS cells that
produce myelin
Schwann Cells – same function as
above except in PNS (Bonus – can
help axons regenerate!)
Astrocytes – star-shaped, form the
matrix in which neural cells are
embedded and absorb dead ones.
NEUROGLIA
Neurons
Neurons
Neurons
Neurons
Neurons
Neurons
Neurons
 What
does the axon do?
 What
gets released from
the terminal ends
(buttons)?
 What
is another name
for the cell body?
QUICK QUIZ
Action Potential
Action Potential
Action Potential
Action Potential
Action Potential
 Ions
= + or – charge
 Movement
= electricity
 Tendency
= more
crowded to less crowded
 Neuron
– packed with
negatively charged ions
inside (positive ions
outside)
 Neurotransmitters
weaken
the cell membrane and
allow exchange
 The
sodium/potassium
pump makes it happen
 Keep
it coming...
NODES OF RANVIER
How Neurons Communicate
How Neurons Communicate
How Neurons Communicate
How Neurons Communicate
How Neurons Communicate






Do now: Quick Quiz (no peeking)
What happens to the
neurotransmitters when they are
released from the terminal of the
axon?
What was all that business about
positive and negative charges
(action potential) Describe!
http://science.education.nih.gov/su
pplements/nih2/addiction/activities/
lesson2_neurotransmission.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
aMzOKpF0zuQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
udHw0I3MFw4
REINFORCEMENT: VIDEOS!
 Yup.
We’re going.
Come on!
A TRIP TO THE BATHROOM

DO NOW!
How is flushing a toilet similar to the process of
neurotransmission?

depolarization - toilet flushing

all-or-none principle – It flushes completely
or not

direction of impulse - the toilet only flushes
one way

refractory period - It won’t flush again for a
certain period of time, even if you push the
handle repeatedly

threshold - it won’t flush until you push the
handle past a critical point (the level of
excitatory neurotransmitters a neuron must
absorb before it will fire )

resting potential- in a tank toilet, the water
represents resting potential--the overall
negative charge inside the neuron waiting
for depolarization

action potential - opening the flap in the
tank and the water rushing out
 Acetylcholine
(AcH)
 Dopamine
 Serotonin
 Norepinephrine
 GABA
 Glutamate
 Endorphins
HOW NEUROTRANSMITTERS
INFLUENCE US
 Agonists
versus
antagonists
 Agonists
 Antagonists
HOW NEUROTRANSMITTERS
INFLUENCE US
Agonists and Antagonists
Agonists and Antagonists
Agonists and Antagonists
Agonists and Antagonists
 http://www.methproject.org
/answers/what-does-methdo-to-your-brain.html#TheBrain-on-Meth
 Discussion:
Knowing what
you know about agonists
and antagonists, can you
think of a flaw in the Rat Park
study?
 Flashback:
What are
the four components of
ethical experiments?
DO NOW
 Review
specific definitions
on pages 59-62
 Watch this video:
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=x4PPZCLnVkA&list
=SP3EED4C1D684D3ADF&in
dex=26
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
FIGHT OR
FLIGHT &
RETURN TO
NORMAL
THE
ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM: THE
BODY’S
“SLOW”
MESSENGER
SYSTEM
 The
Pituitary Gland: Often
called the MASTER gland
 Pea-sized
 Two lobes
 Produces hormones that
control many functions of
other endocrine glands
 It’s controlled by the
hypothalamus
I DON’T KNOW WHY THE BOOK
DOESN’T GIVE MORE SPACE TO
THIS:






Growth hormone
Puberty hormones (or
gonadotrophins)
Thyroid stimulating hormone
(TSH, which stimulates the
thyroid gland to make
Thyroxine)
Prolactin
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone
(ACTH, which stimulates the
adrenal stress hormone, cortisol).
The fluid-balance hormone
called anti-diuretic hormone
(ADH)
HORMONES IT MAKES:
 Quick
review:
 What is the difference
between an agonist and
an antagonist?
 What is the main purpose
of the thyroid gland?
DO NOW
 Key
People:
 Paul
Broca
 Phineas
Gage
 Michael
Gazzaniga
 Roger
 Carl
CHAPTER 3B:
OVERVIEW
Sperry
Wernicke







Tools for looking at brains:
Electroencephalogram
(EEG), p. 67
CT (computed tomography)
scan, p. 68
PET (positron emission
tomography) scan, p. 68
MRI (magnetic resonance
imaging), p. 68
fMRI (functional MRI), p. 68
KEY TERMS








Miscellaneous terms
Lesion, p. 67
Aphasia, p.
Plasticity, p. 82
Neurogenesis, p. 83
Split brain, p. 84
consciousness, p. 89
cognitive neuroscience, p.
89
dual processing, p. 90










Brainstem, p. 69
Medulla, p. 69
Reticular formation, p. 70
Thalamus, p. 70
Cerebellum, p. 70
Limbic system, p. 71
Amygdala, p. 71
Hypothalamus, p. 72
Cerebral cortex, p. 74
Glial cells (glia), p. 74
PARTS OF THE BRAIN

Frontal lobes, p. 74

Parietal lobes, p. 74

Occipital lobes, p. 74

Temporal lobes, p. 74

Motor cortex, p. 75

Sensory cortex, p. 77

Association areas, p. 78

Broca’s area, p. 80

Wernicke’s area, p. 80

Corpus callosum, p. 84

Electroencephalogram (EEG):
Electrodes on scalp measure waves
of electricity across the brain’s
surface

CT (computed tomography) scan:
A computerized composite of a
series of x-rays from different angles

PET (positron emission tomography)
scan: A visual image of where
radioactive glucose travels in the
brain during a task

MRI (magnetic resonance
imaging): Uses a strong magnetic
field and radio waves to create
images of soft tissue

fMRI (functional MRI): Repeated
MRIs during activity (during
functioning)
TOOLS FOR LOOKING IN
YOUR HEAD
WHICH IS WHICH?
 Insert
videos:
 Brain plasticity
(Jodie Miller)
 Split-brain
research from
file (Joe)
 Phineas Gage
BRAIN PLASTICITY
 Just
visuals to make it
easier
Pinky & the Brain -- Brain Parts
 Wrinkles on the brain are made by
fissures and folds called gyri
(grooves) and sulci (humps)
(singular gyrus and sulcus). Linked to
intelligence
 Sylvian fissure: Deepest and most
prominent coritcal fissure – separates
the temporal and frontal lobes in
both hemispheres
 Pineal gland: produces melatonin;
regulates circadian rhythms

JUST FOR FUN (AND REVIEW)
 What
did researchers
(Bouchard, Plomin, et. al)
discover about adoptive
families in terms of Impact
on children’s personality?
 Impact
values?
 Rate
on children’s
of abuse and
divorce?
DO NOW









Key People:
Thomas Bouchard
David Buss
Francis Collins
Charles Darwin
Alice Eagly
David Lykken
Robert Plomin
Wendy Wood
3C – GENETICS, EVOLUTIONARY
PSYCHOLOGY, AND BEHAVIOR
KEY TERMS

Behavior genetics, p. 95

Environment, p. 95

Chromosomes, p. 95

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), p. 95

Genes, p. 95

Genome, p. 96

Identical twins, p. 96

Fraternal twins, p. 97

Heritability, p. 100

Interaction, p. 101

Molecular genetics, p. 102

Evolutionary psychology, p. 103

Natural selection, p. 103

Mutation, p. 104

46 chromosomes (23 +23)

Made of DNA

Genes are small segments of DNA

You have about 30,000 genes

Some are expressed, some are
inactive

Environment can turn them “on”

Turned on = creating protein
molecules (building blocks)

Genome = all the coded instructions
for making an organism
SUMMARY STUFF

TWINS:

Identical:

Same gender

Same genes but
different number
of copies

Usually same
placenta

Also called
monozygotic
Fraternal:

Can be mixed
genders

No more similar
than other
siblings
Heritability: “the variation among
individuals that we can attribute to
their varying genes.”
 So important to understand that the
book said it twice. P. 100.
 So… let’s repeat again
 “We can never say what
percentage of an individual’s
personality or intelligence [or other
trait] is inherited…. Heritability
refers instead to the extent to
which differences among people
are attributed to genes.”

OTHER KEY CONCEPTS IN THE
CHAPTER
 Some
genes express no
matter what
 Some
genes react to the
environment
 Those
genes are selfregulating
 Molecular
genetics:
Discussion – how far is too
far?
GENE STUFF
 Natural
selection
 Mutation
 Adaptation
 Fitness
EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY

Evolutionary Success Helps Explain
Similarities


Outdated Tendencies


Behaviors that contribute to survival are
found throughout cultures
Genetic traits which helped our
ancestors survive may harm us today
Similarity across cultures

No more than 5 percent of the genetic
differences among humans arise from
population group differences.

Three main concerns:
 EPs start with an effect and
work backwards to explain
 EP theory gives too little
emphasis to social
influences
 The EP viewpoint absolves
people from taking
personal responsibility for
their actions
CRITIQUES OF EVOLUTIONARY
PSYCHOLOGY
We are Biopsychosocial
AHHH…. BALANCE: