Transcript HUMANBodysystems2010

Human Body Systems-an overview
of Anatomy and Physiology-Notes
The Nervous System
• General info---• Controls and coordinates functions and
______________________________________________
• The messages carried by the nervous systems are
electrical impulses called_______________________.
• These impulse carrying cells are
called______________________.
Responds to
internal and
external stimuli
impulses
neurons
• 3 types according to direction:
• ____________________from sense organs to spinal cord and
brain
• Motors neurons carry from brain and spinal cord to muscles
and glands.
• ______connect sensory and motor neurons and carry
impulses between them
Sensory
neurons
interneurons
Typical nerve cell
• Cell body-nucleus and cytoplasm
• _______________-extensions that carry impulse from
environment or other neurons to cell body
• _________-long fiber carrying away from cell body
• _____ contain neurotransmitter chemicals to transfer
impulse
• The myelin sheath is an insulating membrane
dendrites
axons
Axon terminals
• Nerves are made of a few to thousands of neurons
• An impulse begins when the nerve is stimulated by the
environment or other neurons
• An _________results from a temporary influx of
positive ions(Na+ ions in)-as impulse follows K+ ions
flow out to restore to resting potential
• ____________-location at which a neuron can transfer
an impulse to another cell.
Action potential
synapse
Divisions of Nervous System• Central nervous System relays
messages,processes them and analyzes infobrain and spinal cord
• CNS has 3 layers of connective tissue called
________________________
meninges
• Fluid within meninges is
called_________________________________
________________CSF
Cerebral spinal
fluid
BRAIN
• ___________________________-largest and most
prominent part of human brain-voluntary,conscious
activities,intelligence,judgement,learning
• Connecting hemisphere_________________________________________,one
side controls opposite side of body,outer layer cerebral
cortex-gray matter-packed nerve cell bodies ,CEREBRAL
CORTEX-processes info from sense organs and control
body movements/and inner layer-white matter (axons
w/myelin sheaths)and controls connects cortex and
brain stem
Corpus collasum
cerebrum
• _________________-2nd largest region at back –coordinates
and balances actions of muscles
• ___________-connects brain and spinal cord-pons and
medulla oblongata-neural “switch-boards’-controls blood
pressure,heart rate,______________________
• The thalamus and hypothalamus---between brain stem and
cerebrum-Thalamus receives receives info from sensory
reptors and directs to cerebrum for
processing/hypothalamus recognizes and analyzes
hunger,thirst,fatigue,anger and body temperature and
coordinates nervous and endocrine systems
cerebellum
Breathing and
swallowing
Brain stem
• Spinal Cord-31 pairs of spinal nerves branching out
• PNS-Peripheral Nervous System-outside CNS-sensory
division takes impulses from sense organs to CNS and
______________________________-takes impulses
from CNS to muscles or glands
• _______________________Nervous System-activities
under conscious control
• Autonomic NS regulates automatic or involuntary
response…..Sympathetic system increase ,for example
,heart rate while parasympathetic decreases heart rate
Motor division
sympathetic
SKELETAL SYSTEM• General info• Functions in protection,movement and mineral
reserves,blood cell formation
• ______________adult bones
• Axial and _____________________ skeleton
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appendicular
• Bones are solid network of living cells and protein
fibers surrounded by calcium salts
• ____________________-tough connective tissue
surrounding bone
• Haversion canals contain blood vessels and nerves
• _________________-mature bone cells
• ________________-break done bone
• _____________________produce bone
periosteum
osteocytes
osteoclasts
osteoblasts
• 3 types of joints-immovable,slightly movable
and freely movable
• _________________________--hold bones
together in a joint
ligaments
MUSCULAR SYSTEM_
• Skeletal,smooth and cardiac
• Proteins myosin and _________________control
contractions
• Fueled by ATP
• Neurotransmitter
_____________________controls muscle
innervations
• __________________-attach muscle to bones
acetylcholine
actin
tendons
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM-
• General info-skin,hair nails,some glands and body
coverings
• ______________--barrier against infection and
injury,helps regulate body temp,remove waste and
some protection from UV rays
• Skin has 2 layers:_______________ which has an outer
dead layer,living cells below with keratin-,melanin
producing cells and _______________which contains
collagen,blood vessels,nerve endings,glands(sweat and
sebaceous glands),sensory receptors,smooth muscles
and hair
• Follicles-below dermis is subcutaneous fatty tissue and
loose connective tissue
skin
dermis
epidermis
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM-
• Heart and blood vessels
• Heart is a muscle called ______________________________
• Surrounded by protective tissue called
____________________________________
• Average contractions 72 beats /min
• 4 chambered 2 upper atria and 2 lower ventricles/septum to
prevent mixing of O2 rich and O2 poor blood
myocardium
pericardium
• Right side pumps from heart to lungs_______________________ and left side to rest of body_____________
• Circulation through heart-blood enters heart through left
and right atria,contracts,then out ventricles to body or lungs
• ____________________-flaps preventing backflow
Pulmonary
circulation
Systemic circulation
valves
• ________________________carry O2 rich blood from
heart to tissues(with exception of pulmonary artery)
• ________________________________-smallest vessels
responsible for gas diffusion and transport of nutrients
• ___________________-returns O2 poor blood to heart
• Blood pressure- :Systolic-force felt in arteries when
ventricles contract
=120/80
•
Diastolic-force of
blood felt in arteries when ventricles relax
arteries
capillaries
veins
• BLOOD_
• RBC’s (5 mill/1 milliter)transport O2 w/ hemoglobin,old red
blood cells disposed in liver and spleen
• WBC’s much lesser in #-guard against infection,lymphocytes
produce antibodies
• ______________-enable blood clotting
platelets
• Lymphatic System-network of
vessels,nodes and organs that collect fluid
lost by blood________________________-and return it
to circulatory system-filtering out bacteria
,etc. and absorb nutrients-includes thymus
and spleen
lymph
• RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Process of gas exchange
• Bring exchange of O2 and CO2 between
blood,air and tissues
• DIGESTIVE SYSTEM• Mouth-mastication-chewing and chemical break down with
________________________
• Esophagus-with muscular action food passes from mouth down to
stomach
• Stomach-Chemically HCl activates ___________________-digestive
enzyme
• Mechanically stomach churns and mixes fluids and foods into
____________________ and then empties into small intestine
• Small intestine-1st-_______________________ where almost all digestive
enzymes enter-mix w/fluids from pancreas(an accessory digestive gland)
and liver-bile disperses fat/then jejunum and illium-all main function
absorption of nutrients
• Next large intestine-minus chime-functions in removing water from what
is left
• Next rectum
pepsin
Salivary amylase
chyme
duodenum
EXCRETORY SYSTEM-
• Remove waste from blood,maintain pH in blood,regulate
water and blood volume
• Kidney-functional units are___________________________each with its own blood supply-impurities are filtered out
and enter collecting duct,purified blood exits
• _________________cappilaries encased by bowman’s
capsule-their filtrate enters-water,urea,glucose,salts,amino
acids and vitamins-much renters blood
• Remaining material is _________________(inc. urea,salts
and water)-collects in loop of Henle,where water is
conserved and urine goes into bladder and out
_______________•
glomerulus
nephrons
urine
urethra