Transcript The Brain - davis.k12.ut.us

November 10
FINALIZE UNIT V PART I – TURN IN STUDY GUIDES
BEGIN PART II (NEW STUDY GUIDE)
Unit V Part II
STUDYING THE BRAIN
STRUCTURES OF THE BRAIN
Early Methods for Studying the Brain
1. Prior to technology, BRAIN DAMAGE was the only way
to understand the responsibilities of each area of the
brain.
 H.M.
(retrograde amnesia) – we saw a clip when we
discussed Case Studies.
 “TAN”
– language centers (later in this unit)
 Phineas
Gage
Phineas Gage

Phineas Gage #25

Railroad worker

Vermont

Tamping iron
Early Methods
Psycho-Surgery –
1.
2.
Removal of brain tissue or structures leads to an
understanding of those cells/structures.
(tumors/elective)
Lesion:
Removal of specific cells/neurons
Electrical Stimulation:
A surgical procedure. The brain is exposed surgically and ELECTRODES
are implanted. Physical and PSYCHOLOGICAL responses to the
stimulation provide an understanding of each brain area.
Examples:

Olds and Milner (hypothalamus implants)

Penfield and Delgado (motor cortex)
Technological Methods
4. Electroencephalagraph EEG
Traces CHARGES produced by IONS by filtering out everything but
the electrical wave created by an outside stimulus.
Technological Methods
Computerized Axial
Tomography
C/T or CAT SCAN
Still-life TWODIMENSIONAL photo
of the brain.
Technological Methods
6.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI)
A person’s head is placed in a
MAGNETIC FIELD where ATOMS are
disoriented by brief PULSES. When
atoms return to normal, they emit
SIGNALS -- a computer generates
images of the soft tissue from these
signals.
*Samples distributed in class
Technological Methods
7. Functional MRI (fMRI)
Active BLOODFLOW is measured and compared with MRI scans. This
results in a 3-D active imaging of the brain.
Watch the video clip about brain imagining and write a brief
description about how this works.
MRI
How We Study the Brain
8.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET SCAN)
Our brains consume GLUCOSE (sugar) when active.
An individual is INJECTED with a low dose of RADIOACTIVE sugar. The
scanner then shows full COLOR of each area of the BRAIN that consumes
the radioactive sugar by burning it. Actually picks up the HEAT rays
emitted by the cells when they burn the glucose.
“Hot Spots” are the orange and red areas indicating high activity.
PET scan: glucose burn
PET Scan
November 14
REWIND
CALENDAR UPDATE - CALENDAR
CCN/QUIZ
READING GUIDE UNIT VI
CONTINUE PART II
BRAIN MOBILE ASSIGNMENT
Practice - Imagine
Choose:
EEG
CT
MRI
fMRI
PET
Module 11
HINDBRAIN AND MIDBRAIN STRUCTURES
Brain Mobile Assignment
DUE WITH MIDTERM NOVEMBER 29
10. The brain is divided into THREE
regions - Diagram 1
Module 11
Hindbrain and Midbrain Structures
1.
Sub-Cortex (left hand):
The “OLD BRAIN”, Hindbrain
These structures are the earliest to EVOLVE according to evolutionary psychologists.
The sub-cortex is made up of structures that control our BASIC needs such as
INSTINCTS, EMOTIONS and INVOLUNTARY responses.
2.
The Midbrain/Limbic System: Contains the limbic system and thalamus
3.
The Forebrain/Cerebral Cortex(right hand): The “NEW BRAIN”, Cerebrum
This is the upper, WRINKLED layer of the brain divided into two HEMISPHERES and four
LOBES. The cerebrum is made up of structures that influence upper level
functioning such as LOGIC, LANGUAGE, LONG-TERM MEMORY and ABSTRACT
thought.
Overview of the Brain
11. Matter:
1.
White
Myelinated neurons of CNS
vs.
2.
Gray
Non-Myelinated neurons of CNS
Overview of the Brain
Fissures/Grooves
1.
Longitudinal
Separates
hemispheres (L/R)
2.
Central
Separates frontal lobes from
parietal lobes
3.
Lateral
Separates frontal and parietal
lobes(top) from temporal
lobes (bottom)
The Hindbrain/Sub-Cortex
Structures
13. Brain Stem(arm):
Extension of the spinal cord into the BRAIN. Approximately 3 INCHES
long. Controls AUTONOMIC functions such as:
14. Medulla(tap/cross wrists):
Nearest structure to the brain stem. 1.5 inches long. Controls
BREATHING, heart rate, blood pressure and is the sensory and motor
CROSS-over station.
The Hindbrain/Sub-Cortex
Structures
15. Pons(yawn):
This structure works with the PINEAL body to regulate SLEEP and WAKE
cycles (circadian rhythm) by stimulating the release of SEROTONIN.
A structure embedded in the pons called the BASAL GANGLIA helps to
communicate between the CEREBELLUM and the MOTOR CORTEX to
regulate balance and posture.
*Also located in the thalamus and forebrain (near motor cortex)
16. Pineal Body(yawn):
A part of the ENDOCRINE system. Releases the hormone MELOTONIN
Works with the pons to regulate sleep/wake cycles. Controlled by LIGHT
and DARK environments.
November 16
REWIND
CONTINUE PART II – NOTES/DIAGRAMS
*DON’T FORGET TO ADD TO YOUR NOTES IDEAS FOR YOUR MOBILES
Structures of the Hindbrain and
Midbrain
17. Cerebellum(back of wrist):
Also called the “LITTLE” brain because it is wrinkled like the fissures of
the cerebral cortex. Located behind the BRAINSTEM under the
OCCIPITAL lobe.
Related to BALANCE, posture, and VOLUNTARY movement.
18. Reticular Formation(snap/tic):
Also called the RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM (RAS). Filters incoming
sensory information to send it to the THALAMUS Related to mental
AROUSAL and the ability to focus attention.
SONG BREAK
BRAIN SONG
19. Pituitary:
 The MASTER gland. This
gland stimulates the
other glands
throughout the body to
function when
necessary.
 It also releases GROWTH
hormone that regulates
development early in
life.
Structures of the Hindbrain and
Midbrain
20. Thalamus - Thala MAIL amus (pass the mail):
Sends FILTERED sensory information to the CEREBRAL cortex to be
interpreted by these higher-level portions of the brain. Works as a
SENSORY relay station.
21. Corpus Callosum:
Large band of AXONS that communicate between HEMISPHERES of
the cerebral cortex. Many INTERNEURONS that relay information
back and forth.
Basal Ganglia
Coordinate movement
via pons, cerebellum,
motor cortex
Pineal Gland
Pituitary
Master gland/growth
Thalamus
Sensory relay
station
Diagram
2
The Limbic System:
The EMOTIONAL Brain
Made up of three structures. Associated with basic
emotions, basic drives, and basic memory formation.
22. Hippocampus:
Center of MEMORY. Initial formations occur
here for EPISODIC (personal) and SEMANTIC
(factual) memories.
Structures of the Hindbrain and
Midbrain
23. Amygdala(pinky/thumb):
Related to experiences of AGGRESSION and fear.
24. Hypothalamus:

Right below the THALAMUS. Hypo means “under”

Controls and regulates your basic DRIVES such as HUNGER, THIRST,
and SEX DRIVE.

A division of the hypothalamus called the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS is
considered to be your PLEASURE center.

The hypothalamus also controls fight or flight as instigated by the
AMYGDALA.
Midbrain
Structures –
Diagram 3
The Limbic System

Electrode implanted in
nucleus accumbens

http://www.learner.org/res
ources/series150.html?pop=
yes&pid=1613
Modules 12 and 13:
The Forebrain and Hemispheres
Forebrain Structures
Cortex:
“center of”
Sub Cortex
the center of lower level processes
Cerebral Cortex
the center of higher level processes
Forebrain Structures
F(lower) P.O.T.
Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal
OR
F(reud’s) M(other) S(mokes) P.O.T
Frontal
(motor)
(sensory)
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Frontal Lobes
Behind forehead
1. Pre-frontal Cortex
a. Personality, processing of emotions, abstract
thought, logic, judgment
2. Motor Cortex (on frontal lobe)
a. Speech production and muscle movement
b. Axons cross over at the MEDULLA.
c. Mapped for all muscle movement
Parietal Lobes
Behind Motor Cortex. Center/Top
Sensory (somatosensory) Cortex (on parietal lobes)

Mapped for all skin sensations

Cross over at MEDULLA.
Contains many association areas for memory,
thought, and coordination of neural networks.
Occipital Lobes
Back of Cerebrum/Above cerebellum
1. VISUAL Cortex
2.
Center of all visual processing
Contains association areas for language,
memory, and coordination of neural networks.
Forebrain Structures
Functional MRI
scan shows the
visual cortex
activated as the
subject looks at
faces
Temporal Lobes
Behind temples
1. AUDITORY Cortex
2. Association areas for memory processing, facial recognition,
understanding speech
Association Areas
Full of NEURAL Networks, or series of connected neurons that connect
at the synapse and grow in strength as you practice and/or learn.

More intelligent animals have larger areas of the brain dedicated to
these “uncommitted” areas.
Diagram 4
November 18
FINALIZE PART II
EXCUSES
BEGIN UNIT VI - CONSCIOUSNESS
Sensory and Motor
Cortices – Diagram 5
Motor Cortex
– rear frontal
lobes
Sensory Cortex
– front parietal
lobes
33. Language Centers
1. Broca’s Area: Broca/Boca
Works with muscles, face and jaw to produce speech. Located in left,
frontal lobe.
If it’s damaged, we can’t SPEAK.
2. Wernicke’s Area
Works to help us understand language. Located in
left, temporal lobe.
If it’s damaged, we can’t COMPREHEND.
3. Angular Gyrus:
Responsible for turning written words into auditory form so that we can
read language. Located between Wernicke’s and the Occipital Lobes in
left hemisphere.
If it’s damaged, we can’t READ.
Language Centers
– Diagram 6
Language Centers

PET Scan images - brain activity when hearing,
seeing, and speaking words
Tan

http://www.learner.org/resources/series142.html?pop=yes&pid=1574 – choose #6

Language Centers

Aphasia


Broca’s Aphasia (Disrupts speaking)


impairment of language, usually caused
by left hemisphere damage either to
Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to
Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding)
an area of the left frontal lobe that directs
the muscle movements involved in speech
Wernicke’s Aphasia (Disrupts understanding)

an area of the left temporal lobe involved
in language comprehension and
expression
Right and Left Brain
Which diagram
(from the handout)
“speaks” to you?
Personality tests referring to people as “right brained”
or “left brained” are Inaccurate exaggerations of how
the brain works.
 http://www.learningscientists.org/blog/2016/8/2-1

Our Divided Brain
Corpus callosum
Corpus Callosum
 large band of
neural fibers
 connects the
two brain
hemispheres
 carries
messages
between the
hemispheres
35. Split Brain Patients



a condition in which the two
hemispheres of the brain are
isolated by cutting the
connecting fibers (mainly those
of the corpus callosum) between
them
Roger Sperry and
Michael
Gazzaniga
http://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v=
aCv4K5aStdU
Multiple choice question
A word “key” is briefly flashed in the left visual field and the
word “ring” is briefly flashed to the right visual field of a splitbrain patient. The individual will be able to
a. say “key”
b. say “ring”
c. pick out a key from a box using the right hand
d. draw a picture of a key using the right hand
In general …
Left
Right
 Language
 Spatial
 Logic
 Facial
recognition
Conclusions?
Left & right hemisphere are RELATIVELY better at different
mental activities.
Differ in HOW they process tasks rather WHAT they process.
Neither hemisphere becomes “dominant” and takes over
a person’s personality, even if you are split-brained!!
37. Dual Processing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4x0HXC59Huw
Patient had two strokes – both affecting the Occipital Lobes

One part of the mind – the conscious track claims he cannot “see”
anything.

The other part of his mind – the unconscious track helps him to deftly
avoid obstacles in the hall.

He “sees” unconsciously – blind sight
Practice – What is your excuse?

One or two brain structures will be assigned to each group.

You have 2-4 minutes to prepare your excuse using the brain
structure assigned.

Select one person to present the excuse(s) to the class.

Make sure it is clear what the excuse is about …

Being late

Poor grades

Rebellious behavior

Sleeping in class

Etc.
Reminders
Reading guide Unit VI – DUE NEXT CLASS
Midterm exam handed out NEXT class.
DUE November 29th
Brain Mobile DUE November 29th
Study Guide Part II DUE November 29th
Diagnosis BRAIN!!
WHAT PART(S) OF THE BRAIN
ARE DAMAGED?
DISCUSS AND EVALUATE AS A
TEAM USING YOUR NOTES,
KNOWLEDGE, AND SUPER
DUPER ASSOCIATION AREAS.
Mr. Livingston

Mr. Livingston is a 39 year-old
African-American male who has
been brought into your
neurology clinic by his wife. She
has become increasingly
alarmed regarding her
husband’s health over the past
four months. Upon completion
of CT scans, it is determined that
Mr. Livingston’s condition is the
result of the presence of two
tumors that have developed in
his brain. Using this patient’s
medical history below,
determine where these two
tumors are probably located.
Mr. Livingston’s Symptoms










Muscle weakness
Vastly increased appetite (gained 25 lbs)
Inappropriate body temp fluctuations
Jerky movements
Decreased sexual desire
Poor balance when walking and standing
Increased urination
Inability to throw objects
Inappropriate sleeping patterns
Exaggerated efforts to coordinate movements when
completing a task.
Shooting Victim

At 1:30 a.m. you (a trauma surgeon)
are called for emergency surgery on
a 17 year old Caucasian female that
was shot in the head during a driveby shooting. After tedious surgery,
the patient remarkably remains alive
and doing reasonably well. The
bullet traveled completely through
the skull leaving a path of destroyed
tissue behind. You have decided to
speak with the parents about what
noticeable changes will occur in their
daughter due to the destruction of
the neural tissue. Based on the
information below, determine the
approximate path the bullet traveled
(i.e., what structures were damaged).
Symptoms
Limb numbness
 Inability to control movement in the left shoulder,
arm, forearm, and hand.
 Slow, laborious, nonfluent speech
 Inability to sound out words
 Difficulty finding appropriate words to use
 Irrational anger
 Easily startled and irritated by loud noises
 Reacts fearfully to sudden movements or changes
in her environment

Norman Folger

You are a pathologist in a
large northwestern city.
You are conducting the
autopsy on an 83 year-old
male who was found dead
in his home with no obvious
cause of death. During the
autopsy you discover the
individual suffered two
strokes. Based on the
functional information
below provided by the
next-of-kin, where were the
areas damaged by the
stroke?
Norman’s Symptoms












Failure to do certain, specific movements
Massive overeating
Disrupted circadian rhythms
Increased susceptibility to stress
Poor muscle tone
Inability to adjust heart rate
Inability to focus attention
Unrestricted water loss in kidneys
Inability to recognize faces
Temperature fluctuations
Memory disruption
Hearing loss
THE ANSWERS!!! 
1.
Cerebellum, Pons, Motor Cortex Hypothalamus
2.
Primary Motor Cortex(right hemisphere), Brocas Area, Amygdala
3.
Hypothalamus, Reticular Formation, Temporal Lobes